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BEQUEST OF
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TORONTO. 1901.
TEUTONIC NAME-SYSTEM.
THE
TEUTONIC NAME SYSTEM
APPLIED TO THE
FAMILY NAMES
OF
FRANCE, ENGLAND, & GERMANY.
BY
EGBERT FERGUSON,
Author of *' The River-Names of Europe," " Swiss Men
AND Swiss Mountains," &c.
V
LONDON : WILLIAMS k NORGATE,
14, HENRIETTA STREET, COVENT GARDEN ;
AND 20, SOUTH FREDERICK STREET, EDINBURGH.
CARLISLE : R. & J. STEEL.
1864.
CARLISLE :
PRINTED BY R. AND J. STEEL, ENGLISH STREET.
TO
JOHN ANSTER, LL.D.,
FKOM HIS FRIEND
THE AUTHOR.
PREFACE.
The present work, though founded on one pre-
viously published by me under the title of
" EngHsh Surnames and their place in the
Teutonic Family/' is so entirely changed, not only
in its general principle but also in all its details,
that it cannot be considered in any other light
than that of a new work. Even the former title,
as inadequately describing its present contents,
has necessarily been abandoned.
It is now put forward as an attempt to con-
nect the family names of France, England, and
Germany — so far as the ancient Teutonic element
in each is concerned — as members of one common
family, and to form them into a definite system
in accordance with the nomenclature of the old
Germans. It undertakes to shew that as the
Saxons and other German tribes in the names of
England and Germany, so are the old Franks
represented in the present names of France. And
it further undertakes to shew that in each case
this correspondence does not consist merely in
the casual resemblance here and there of individual
names, but is to be traced in the coincidence of a
Vlli PREFACE.
complete and connected system common both to
the old peoples and the new.
The basis of my theory is the Altdeutsches
Namenbuch of Forstemann, in which the ancient
names of Germany are collected, arranged, and in
most cases explained. Of this work, which I fear
is not so well known in England as it deserves, I
cannot speak in terms more suitable than those
in which Mr. Taylor refers to the companion
volume on the names of places, as a work " which
even in Germany, must be considered a marvel-
lous monument of erudite labour.''
But Forstemann draws the line of the Old
German period sharply at the end of the 11th
century, and as has been shewn by Stark in a
Kttle work containing some observations and
criticisms on the Altdeutsches Namenbuch, an
extension of the survey over the three centuries
following would throw much additional light
upon the subject. From this little work (which
I have unfortunately mislaid and of which I am
consequently not able to give the precise title)
are taken the few ancient names which are of a
later date than the 11th century.
A more important supplement to the Alt-
deutsches Namenbuch will be found in the names
which I have introduced from our own early
records, and in particular from the Codex Diplo-
maticus of Kemble, and the Liber Vitye or list
of benefactors to the shrine of St. Cuthbert at
Durham. The latter record commences about
PREFACE. IX
the ninth and is continued up to the thirteenth
century, but the names which I have introduced
may be taken to be generally of the early period-
For the names of later date taken from the
Hundred Rolls drawn up in the reign of Edward
1st I am indebted to the Patronymica Britannica
of Mr. Lower.
Though the explanation of Old German names
is a subject which has engaged the attention of
almost all the leading philologists of Germany,
and though conclusions have in many cases been
arrived at which have met with general accept-
ance, there still remains much which is unsettled
and obscure. And further — there are many
names now for the first time brought to light
through the labours of Forstemann, of which in
some cases he has offered an explanation and in
others not. Though as a general rule I have
adopted the conclusions of the German scholars,
I have in some instances ventured to express a
difference of opinion, and in a still greater number
of cases I have been thrown upon my own
resources for the explanation of names not dealt
with by any other writer.
The English names, with very few exceptions,
are taken from the London Directory, the two
works of Mr. Lower, and that of Mr. Bowditch.
The little work by Mr. Clark called " Surnames
metrically arranged," and which, by the way, is
executed with no little ingenuity, contains a few
names not found elsewhere. The French names
X PREFACE.
are taken from the directory of Paris, and the
Modern German names from the works of Forste-
mann, Pott, and the other writers elsewhere enu-
merated. It has not always been an easy task
to ascertain the nationality of a name, particularly
as the directory of Paris does not generally give
the christian names, which might be a guide in a
doubtful case. The same remark applies to Suffolk
Surnames, some of the names of which look very
much like German in an English guise. The
interchange which has taken place between the
respective countries at a comparatively recent
period, as for instance the immigration of French-
men into England at the Revocation of the Edict
of Nantes and of Scotchmen at an earlier period
into France, must also be taken into account.
This introduces an element of uncertainty which
must to a certain extent modify the particular
classification of modern names, though not affect-
ing the general theory of their origin.
In the arrangement of the different groups I
have taken, first the simple form or the stem-
name, and then the various forms which have
grown out of, or which have been built upon it.
It will be observed that while there are some
groups, as at pages 115, 202, 231, 289, 454, which
shew the connection between the ancient and
modern names in a very complete form, there are
many others which exist in a more or less frag-
mentary state — the system which I have adopted
allowing the missing links, as they may turn up,
PREFACE. XI
to fall into their respective places. It follows,
therefore, that a random reference to any par-
ticular group might be by no means convincing,
and that my theory must be judged as a whole.
The dates which I have aflfixed to the Old
German names, and for which I am indebted
to Forstemann, shew the earliest period at which
that particular form has so far been found — as to
the real antiquity of the name of course they are
no guide whatever.
In conclusion, while expressing my obligation
to the scholars of Germany for the standing point
on which to form my theory, I may perhaps
not be thought presumptuous in expressmg a
hope that I have done at least something to pay
off the debt which I have incurred — no such
systematic attempt having as yet been made
even in Germany to connect the past and the
present in men's names as will be found in these
pages.
R. F.
Morion^ Carlisle.
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED.
Altdeutsches Namenbuch, von Dr. Ernst Forstemann. Vol.
I., Personennamen. Nordhausen, 1856.
Die Personennamen, insbesondere die Familiennamen, von
August Friedrich Pott. Leipzig, 1853.
Grimm. Deutsche Grammatik. Gottingen.
Grimm. Deutsche Mythologie. Gottingen, 1854.
Grimm. Geschichte der Deutschen Sprache.
Leipzig, 1848.
Grimm. Frauennamen aus Blumen. Berlin, 1852.
Weinhold. Die Deutschen Frauen in dem Mittelalter.
Vienna, 1851.
Weinhold. Altnordisches Leben. Berlin, 1856.
Graff. Althochdeutscher Sprachschatz. Berlin, 1834.
Zeuss. Die Deutschen und die Nachbarstamme.
Munich, 1837.
Mone. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Teutschen
Helden sage. Leipzig, 1836.
Gliick. Die bei C. Julius Caesar vorkommenden Keltischen
Namen. Vienna, 1857.
Wassenberg. Verhandeling over de Eigennaamen der
Friesen. Franeker, 1774.
Frohner. Karlsruher Namenbuch. Karlsruhe, 1856.
Outzen. Glossarium der Friesischen Sprache.
Copenhagen, 1837.
Islands Landnamabok, hoc est, liber originum Islandise.
Copenhagen, 1774.
Kemble. Codex Diplomaticus -^vi Saxonici.
London, 1845-48.
Kemble. Names, Surnames, and Nic-names of the Anglo-
Saxons. London, 1846.
LIST OF THE PRINCIPAL WORKS CONSULTED. XUl
Liber Vitas Ecclesise Dunelmensis, published by the Surtees
Society. London^ 1841.
Polyptyque de I'Abbe Irminon ou Denombrement des
manses, des serfs, et des revenus de I'Abbaye de Saint-
Germain-des-Pres sous le regne de Charlemagne.
Paris, 1841
Polyptyque de I'Abbaye de Saint Remi de Reims, ou Denom-
brement des manses, des serfs, et des revenus de cette
abbaye vers le milieu du neuvieme siecle de notre ere.
Paris, 1853.
Salverte. History of the names of men, nations, and places.
Translated by the Rev. L. H. Mordacque.
London, 1862.
Lower. English Surnames. London, 1849.
Lower. Patronymica Britannica. London, 1860.
Bowditch. Suflfolk Surnames, 3rd Edition. Boston, 1861.
(Suffolk means Boston and its vicinity^ hut the work in reality takes in
a much wider range.)
Miss Yonge. History of Christian Names. London, l^QZ.
Taylor. Names and Places. London, 1864.
Thorpe. Northern Mythology. London, 1851.
Thorpe. The Anglo-Saxon poem of Beowulf, the Scop or
Gleeman's tale, and the fight at Finnesburg.
Oxford, 1845.
Worsaae. Danes and Norwegians in England, Scotland,
and Ireland. London, 1852.
Bosworth. Origin of the English and Germanic languages
and nations. London, 1848.
Talbot. English Etymologies. Lond(m, 1847.
Halliwell. Archaic and Provincial Dictionary.
London, 1831.
Wedgwood. Dictionary of English Etymology.
London, 1859-62.
Brockie. The Family Names of the Folks of Shields traced
to their Origin. Shields, 1857.
CONTENTS.
Chapter I. Page.
INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter II.
SIMPLE FORMS 17
Chapter III.
DIMINUTIVES 20
Chapter IV.
PHONETIC ADDITIONS 28
Chapter V.
PATRONYMICS 31.
Chapter VI.
COMPOUNDS ... 34
Chapter VII.
LETTER CHANGES 44
Chapter VIII.
OUR NATURAL ENEMIES 50
Chapter IX.
MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER 67
Chapter X.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES 67
Chapter XI.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH 113
Chapter XIL
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH 145
Chapter XIII.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS 161
Chapter XIV.
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND 260
Chapter XV.
ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN 287
Chapter XVI.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER 295
CONTENTS. XV
Chapter XVII.
THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE 320
Chapter XVIII.
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE 327
Chapter XIX.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE 347
Chapter XX.
THE TRUMPET OF FAME 368
Chapter XXI.
WEALTH AND PROSPERITY 381
Chapter XXII.
THE OUTER MAN 389
Chapter XXIII.
THE INNER MAN 426
Chapter XXIV.
THE STATION IN LIFE 451
Chapter XXV^
ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS 464
Chapter XXVI.
THE STUFF A MAN IS INIADE OF 474
Chapter XXVIL
THE CHRISTIAN ERA 482
Chapter XXVIII.
THEY CALL THEIR LANDS AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES 489
Chapter XXIX.
OLD SAXONS AND ANGLO-SAXONS 504
Chapter XXX.
THE SCANDINAVIAN VIKINGS 510
Chapter XXXI.
A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS 516
Chapter XXXII.
CONCLUSION 526
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS...
INDEX
529
531
CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTION.
The Directory of London is perhaps the crown-
ing wonder of that wonderful place. There may
have been in ancient times — who knows 1 — cities
as great. There may be even now an uncounted
population as prodigious at Pekin. But was there
ever a city so registered, and classified, and
chronicled, as is this teeming Babylon of ours 1
No poor man in a dark corner can turn his face
to the wall and give up the key of his house un-
noticed— no petty shop be shut — no humble name
be painted out. As surely as the place which
knew him loiows him no more, ere many months
can pass there is a new name in the Domesday of
London.
Here it is — the book of the Modern Babylon
— bound in her own scarlet too — two thousand
two hundred and sixty pages of names ! How
dreary seems the catalogue, and yet what a world
of hidden history is there within the pages of this
book ! For of all these thousands of names not
one has been given in vain. There are deeds of
forgotten valour that are summed up in a word —
there are trivial incidents that have named genera-
tions of men — there are good Christians that are
called after heathen gods — there are gentle women
A
2 INTRODUCTION.
that are called after savage brutes — there are
nanies on the signs of Regent Street that were
given in the unhewn forests of Germany.
Truly then the question, " Who gave you this
name V if it could be answered rightly — and in
many instances it can — would give us interesting
records. One might say — " Eight centuries ago
an Anglo-Saxon*^ bravely withstood the Norman
usurpation, and so harassed their forces by his
stratagems that he was surnamed Praet, or the
crafty — therefore it is that I am called Pratt."
Another might say — " A Northman had a son
mischievous and full of pranks, so that he was
called Lok, after the god of mischief Steady
enough our family has become since then. We
have produced the most sober of philosophers —
one of the most practical of engineers — yet still
we bear the name of Locke t from the mischief
of our ancestor." And a third might say — " See
you yon white horse cut on the turf of the
southern down — whence came that white horse
came my name. The great Roman historian tells
us how our ancestors held the white horse sacred.
Hence, when the early invaders wrested the soil
from its British owner, they stamped it with this
as the sign at once of their victory and of their
faith. And, unconsciously as the Wiltshire
peasant does reverence to the heathen symbol
* One of the companions of the Saxon hero Ilereward.
t This may obtain in some individual cases, but I do not think, on con-
sideration, that it is the general origin of the name.
INTRODUCTION. '-^
when he annually clears away the grass from the
outlines of the white horse, as his fathers have
done for perhaps a thousand years before him, so
do I, good Christian as I am, preserve a record of
that same pagan superstition in my name of
HiNCKS."'"'
The etymology of proper names is the only
branch then of the subject which can in any sense
be called popular ; for most men, even of those
who care not to enquire the origin of the language
they speak, feel some interest or curiosity in
knowing the meaning of the names they bear.
In the investigation of this subject tradition
gives us little or no assistance. Not but that
there are many traditions as to the origin of
names, but in almost all cases they are worthless
and delusive. Indeed it is rather curious how
tradition, in matters of history so often substan-
tially correct, in matters of etymology is generally
sheer invention.
Thus I have no faith in such legends as that
which derives Turnbull from a man having
turned by the head a wild bull which ran against
Bobert Bruce. Or in that which derives Bull-
strode from an ancestor of the family, having,
along with his followers, sallied forth to a conflict
mounted upon bulls. Or in Purseglove from a
man having found, at a time when he much
* HiNCKS seems to be a corruption of Hengist or Hingest, which signifies a
stallion. Some traditions make Hengist a Frisian, in which language the word i»
hingst, which approaches near to Hincks. In the names of places Hengist has
become changed into Ilinks, as in Hioksey, Berks. — Ang.-Sax. Hengestesige.
4 INTKODUCTION.
needed it, a purse of gold wrapped up in a glove.
Or in LocKHART, from an ancestor of the family
having accompanied Sir James Douglas to the
Holy Land with the heart of the Bruce.
Nor do I give much more credit to the German
story which accounts for the name of the poet
Saphir in this wise. The grandfather of Saphir,
a Jew named Israel Israel, being required, in con-
formity with an ordonnance of the Austrian
government, to change his name, expressed his
own perfect indifference on the subject, and his
readiness to take any name which the authorities
might recommend. " You have a very handsome
sapphire ring," said the official, " have you any
objections to let Saphir be your name V " Not
the least in the world," replied this accommodat-
ing Jew, and so Saphir became his name. Now
I cannot take upon myself to say unhesitatingly
that this story is a myth, but it is at least sus-
picious, and a different origin can readily be sug-
gested for the name.
Neither is much value to be attached to the
old Latinization of names. When we find the
Aug.- Sax. Goodrick rendered " De bono fossato"
— Godshall, the Old German Gottshalck, " De
casa Dei" — when we find Armine, the glorious old
hero Arrainius, made into a " Sancta Ermina, —
when we find such childish attempts as Dimoak,
" De umbrosa quercu" — Sal vein, '* De salicosa
vena," we see clearly that these are simply guesses
— perhaps not unworthy of the age in which they
INTRODUCTION. 5
were formed, but certainly of no account in this.
Archaeology and genealogy will do a great
deal, and what they will do has been well done
by Mr. Lower in his two works on English Sur-
names, which will always remain standard books
of reference on the subject. It is to him that the
credit must be given of being the first to bring to
bear on the subject the researches of modern
science.
The history of Christian names, which, accord-
ing to my view, is to a great extent the history
also of surnames, has received a most valuable
contribution in the recent work of Miss Yonge,
which does much to place the subject on a more
solid basis than heretofore. And from the other
side of the Atlantic we have a work, Suffolk
Surnames, by Mr. Bowditch, which, though with-
out pretensions to etymological research, con-
tains the most curious catalogue of names that
has yet been published.
With respect to the names of France, there is,
as far as I know, no work on the subject which
does much more than skim the surface. That by
Salverte is elegant and philosophical, but does
not go much into etymological detail, and is not
always to be depended upon when it does.
In Germany, family names have received a
large share of attention, and the same system of
patient analysis which has raised the character of
German philology has been applied to them. The
preliminary step has been to collect all the ancient
6 INTRODUCTION.
names, and arrange them under their respective
roots. This gives a firm standing-ground for the
investigation of modern names. In this depart-
ment the Altdeutsches Namenhiich of Forstemann
is a most complete, solid, and trustworthy work,
extremely well arranged, and throwing, indirectly,
more light on English names than any other book
I know. This, as the latest work, is the best and
the most complete, but the works of Graff and
others which it supplements, are of the highest
value and importance. Grimm, himself, the
father of Teutonic philology, has, in his various
writings, supplied knowledge upon which all
others have drawn. Professor Pott's book on
Modern German family names is also one of great
learning and research, and the want of an index,
which sadly diminished the debt of gratitude on
the part of whose who had to consult him, has at
length been supplied.
The study of English names embraces a wider
field than that of the English language, because
we have no longer the same Ang.-Sax. starting
point. The dialects of the various tribes who
came over to this country were fused into one
common language, and that was Anglo-Saxon —
but there was no such fusion of their names. In
all their dialectic variations the names of those
early settlers still stand in the London directory.
Certainly there did spring up in after times a
nomenclature properly Anglo-Saxon, formed in
accordance with the general Teutonic system, but
INTRODUCTION. 7
still liavinof its own distinctive character. But
this nomenclature, as I am inclined to believe,
never pervaded the mass of the people, who still
held on to the old sort of names which they had
brought over with them, and which they carried
through Anglo-Saxon times up to the present
day.
A word then on the antiquity of our Enghsh
names. How far some of them may remount we
cannot even guess. All we know is that when
the dim Hght of history first shows us the German
tribes battling in their rude strength against the
legions of imperial Kome, the names they bore
were such as are current now. Among some of
those mentioned by Tacitus are Verritus, a prince
of the Frisians, same I take as our Werritt and
Verity. Sigimer, the father of Arminius, is the
same as oui Seymour; and Segimund, his brother-
in-law, as our SiGMUND and Simmon ds. Arpus, A^y^^^
a prince of the Catti, is the same as our Harp —
YiBELLius, a general of the Hermanduri, as our
WiPPELL. Then there are several compound
names, as Inguiomer, Cariovalda, Maroboduus,
and Molorix, of which we have the simj^le forms,
which we may fairly suppose to have been the
first in use. This leads me to remark that many
of our short and simple names are, as being such
root-names, among the most ancient that we have.
And not a few there are, which in the chano-es
and chances of this mortal life have become of
small account, yet which were names of honour
%.
8 ' INTRODUCTION.
in the days — aye, and long before the days — when
the Redeemer walked the earth. There is a name
in the directory, Siggs — it has no very distin-
guished sound, and its owner is but a worker in
tin plate — yet it is older than the Sigimer, and
the Segimund of Tacitus. Nibbs and Nobbs are
not names which command respect, yet they are
probably the parents of the Nibelungs renowned
in German song — of the courtly Nevilles, and,
according to a German writer, of the mighty
Napoleon. Then there are other names ap-
parently honourable — yet thrice honourable when
their meaning is made clear. Thus Ahminger
has been supposed to be a corruption of Armiger
— that is, " one entitled to bear arms." Entitled
— aye, well entitled to bear arms ! — no herald's
college needs to furnish them — for he bears the
spear of Arminius.'"' Generally speaking, the
names derived from war are among the most
ancient — probably also some of those derived from
animals, as the bear, the wolf, and the boar — and
some of those of which the meaning is simply
" man." Such names as Sun and Moon we must
also include — we do not meet with them before
the fourth or fifth century — but the thouo^ht is
an oriental one, — and there are no names which
might more probably have been brought with
them by the wanderers from their ancient eastern
home.
' Arminoer is a compound of Armin (Arminius), and ger, spoar.
INTRODUCTION. 9
In referring to the high antiquity of some of
our Enghsh names, it is necessary to call atten-
tion to their two-fold origin. They are derived
in part from original surnames, and in part from
ancient single or baptismal names. The term
"baptismal" must be understood in a modified
sense, as implying a name bestowed in infancy,
and probably with some attendant rite or cere-
mony, for many of these names are in reality older
than Christianity. The former of these two
classes of course cannot be older than the period
at which surnames became hereditary — a period
not earlier than the Conquest, or if earlier, only
in some very exceptional cases. The latter —
those derived from ancient baptismal names —
may remount to the highest Teutonic antiquity.
For those names were not, like surnames, coined
as the occasion required, but handed down from
generation to generation, perhaps even in some
cases, as I have elsewhere suggested, without any
reference to their meaning. It will be my object
to prove, throughout the present work, that a
very much larger proportion of English names
than has been generally supposed, are from the
latter origin.
I have already made the remark that while
the dialects of the various tribes who came over
to this country were fused into one common lan-
guage, which was Anglo-Saxon, their names still
retained all their dialectic variations. To the
period from Anglo-Saxon times to the present
B
10 INTRODUCTION.
day the same principle applies. English names
have not shared pari passu, with the changes
which have taken place m the English language.
The reason of this must be obvious to any one
who considers the subject. When a word changes,
it changes altogether, because there is only one
standard of the language. But this is nob the
case v/ith names ; one man s name is no rule for
another's, and each name separately resists inno-
vation on its own account. Names do change —
because the same principles of phonetic mutation
affect them — but only individually and partially.
Hence we have them in all stages, pure Anglo-
Saxon, wholly English, and half-way between the
two. In our names Nagle and Nail, we have
the Anglo-Saxon ncegel, and the English nail — in
our names Wegg and Way we have the Anglo-
Saxon weg, and the English way — in our names
Gum and Groom, we have the Anglo-Saxon
guma, and the English groom. And in the names
FuGGLE, Fuel, Fowell, and Fowle, we have all
the stages of mutation from the Anglo-Saxon
fugel to the English fowl.
In one respect names have been subjected to
an influence from which the English language
has been exempt ; they have frequently been cor-
rupted from the desire to make sense out of them.
Of course all names have originally had a mean-
ing ; I speak of cases in which the ancient mean-
ing has become obsolete. When a name has no
approach towards making sense, men are content
INTRODUCTION. 1 1
to let it alone, but when it is very nearly making
some sort of modern sense, it is very apt to be
corrupted. Thus, Ashkettle is no doubt the
Danish name Asketil ; Goodluck is very pro-
bably a corruption of Guthlac. There is a place
in Norwich called Goodluck's close, formerly
Guthlac's close. We have the name Thorough-
good, and we have the name Thurgood. The
latter is a Danish name, and at once suggests to
us that the former is a corruption. So also pro-
bably Grumble and Tremble for Grimbald and
Trumbold, Halfyard for Alfhard, Inchboari^
for Ingobert, Gumboil for Gundbald, &c.
This principle, which is indeed natural to man,
pervades also Modern German nomenclature.
Thus the name of Maria Theresa's minister was
corrupted from its original form of Tunicotto into
Thunichtgut, which she again, thinking- there ivas
something in a name, changed into Thugut.'"' Our
friend Todleben, who gave us so much trouble at
Sebastopol, and whose name appears to be such a
paradoxical compound,t is another example. The
name is in fact, as I take it, formed of two words
of the same meaning, both implying affection, and
would be more properly Todlieben.
It is to be noted, however, that there are not
a few cases in which names have come to us in a
corrupted form. We have a name, Archam-
BAUD, and the French have the same name,
* Thunichtgut, " do not good.'' Thugut, " do good."
t Tod, death, leben, life.
1 2 INTRODUCTION.
Archambault. This is a corruption of an old
German Ercanbald, but as a corruption it is nine
hundred years old, being found in the 10th cen-
tury in the form of Archembald. And upon the
whole, English names are much less corrupted
from their ancient forms than might be expected.
Independently of names which have been cor-
rupted to a meaning, it follows almost as a matter
of course from my theory that I shoidd believe a
large proportion of the apparent meanings of
English names to be merely coincidences. This
I do to a very considerable extent, both in regard
to our own names, and also, as elsewhere stated,
to those of France. In many of these cases there
is a primd facie probability in favour of the
alteration. Thus, when I suggest that Bastard,
Paramour, Harlott, Wanton, Outlaw, Scul-
lion, Coward, Vassall, are not what they
seem, but on the contrary ancient names of the
highest respectability, the reader, already puzzled
to account for the transmission of such disreput-
able titles, will be disposed to fall readily in with
the amendment. Again, when such names as
Purchase, Wedlock, Flattery, Melody, Par-
don, Power, and such as Vinegar, Marigold,
Dandelyon, are referred to ancient compounds,
there will not be mucli objection, because the
English meaning is not very satisfactory. But
when I go on to argue that Pilgrfm is an Old
German name, and that it does not mean one who
has made a pilgrimage, some of those who have
INTRODUCTION. 13
followed me thus far may begin to draw back.
" Why," it may be said, " meddle with a name
which has already so good a meaning '? What
can be more natural than that a man who had
visited the holy places, and come back an object
of wonder and reverence to those around him,
should from this, the one great event of his life,
derive a name to be transmitted to his posterity V
All this I grant — Pilgrim, in this sense, might
naturally — might very naturally — become a man s
name. But in the sense which I propose it was
a man's name. And the best of " might he's" is
not so good as a " was." Again, the system
which thus explains Pilgrim explains also Pill,
Pillow, Billow, Bilkb, Billet, Billiard, and
a number of other names, both English and
French. Not but that I recognize the possi-
bility, both in this and other cases, of two dif-
ferent origins for the same name.
With respect to the period at which surnames
became hereditary in England I am inclined to
concur with Mr. Lower in the probability of their
being in occasional use before the Conquest,
though I do not feel so sure that the particular
document on which he relies for proof (a grant of
land to the Abbey of Croyland, dated ] 050) is
sufficient to bear out the conclusions wliich he
draws from it.
There is a document quoted from the MSS.
Cott. by Mr. Turner, in his History of the Anglo-
Saxons, in which we find an Anglo-Saxon family
14 INTRODUCTION.
with unquestionably a regular surname. " Hwita
Hatte'^ was a keeper of bees in Haethfelda ; and
Tate Hatte, his daughter, was the mother of Wul-
sige, the shooter ; and Lulle Hatte, the sister of
Wulsige, Hehstan had for his wife in Wealadene.
Wifus, and Dunne, and Seoloce, were born in
Haethfelda ; Duning Hatte, the son of Wifus, is
settled at Wealadene ; and Ceolmund Hatte, the
son of Dunne, is also settled there ; and j^theleah
Hatte, the son of Seoloce, is also there ; and Tate
Hatte, the sister of Cenwald, Maeg hath for his
wife at Weligan ; and Ealdelm, the son of
Herethrythe, married the daughter of Tate.
Werlaf Hatte, the father of Werstan, was the
rightful possessor of Hsethfelda, &c."
This document, which is numbered 1356 in
Mr. Kemble's collection, is without a date, but
has every appearance of being earlier than the
Conquest, and if so, Hatt is the oldest surname
we have on record.
But at a much earlier period we may observe
a sort of approach to a family name in particular
instances. Mr. Kemble (Names, Surnames, and
Nic-names of the Anglo-Saxons), refers to the
manner in which the first word of a comjjound is
reproduced in some Anglo-Saxon genealogies.
** I think it evident that a great family often de-
sired to perpetuate among its branches a noble
name, which was connected with the glories of
• Wlut a curious name this would be in English — "White Hatt I"
INTRODUCTION. 15
the country, and had been distinguished in the
arts of war or peace, by mihtary ]3rowess or suc-
cessful civil government. ... Of the seven
sons of JEthelfrith, king of Northumberland, five
bore names compounded with Os, thus Oslaf
Oslac, Oswald, Oswin, and Oswidu. In the suc-
cessions of the same royal family we find the male
names Osfrith, Oswine, Osric, Osraed, Oswulf,
Osbald, and Osbeorht, and the female name
Osthryth : and some of these are repeated seve-
ral times." Here Os, which signifies demi-god, is
a sort of family title, and contains a claim to a
divine lineage. And the various compounds
Oslaf, Oslac, &c., seem to be formed with a view
of preserving this title, and at the same time giv-
ing distinctive names, by adding to it suffixes in
common use.
But in the Polyptyque de I'Abbe Irminon,
compiled in the time of Charlemagne, I find still
stronger instances of the individual yearning after
a family name. Thus a man called Hildebodus
gives to his two sons the names of Hildoardus
and Hildebodus, and to his daughter the name of
Hildeberga. One Nodalricus calls his son Nodal-
gis, and his two daughters Nodalgrima and
Nodal trudis. In other cases the mother's name
shares in the family nomenclature. Thus, a man s
name being Ermengardus, and his wife's Sicle-
verga, one son is called Ermengaudus after his
father, and the other Sicledulfus after his mother.
In another instance, a man s name being Ercan-
1 6 INTRODUCTION.
fredus, and his wife's Ermena, the two sons are
called Ercanricus and Ercanradus after the father,
and of the two daughters one is called Ercantru-
dis after the father, and the other Ermenberga
after the mother.
CHAPTER II.
SIMPLE FORMS.
As the basis of the etymological system which
it is my object in the present work to construct,
must be taken the class of names which consist
of a single word, without any other modification
than the vowel-endinsf usual in men's names.
This class of names we may presume to be the
most ancient of all — perhaps indeed it may have
been originally the most common, though in the
earliest Teutonic records that we possess, we find
a decided preponderance of compounded names.
At the same time, the remark of Miss Yonge that
Teutonic names " were almost all compounds of
two words," is certainly too strong.
These names appear very rarely indeed in
ancient times without the ending a, i, or o, though
at present in the family names both of England
and Germany, it is very frequently lost. Thus
we have variously, with and without such end-
ing, the names Ell, Elley, and Ella, Coll,
CoLLEY, and Colla, Hann, Hanney, and
Hanna, Mile, Miley, and Milo. When I
further adduce Bill, Billy, Billow, Pill, Pil-
ley. Pillow, as variations of one single name,
with and without this ending, it will be seen how
great a revolution my theory, if it can be sus-
c
18 SIMPLE FORMS.
tained, must create in the received notions on the
subject.
In the next place we have to consider what
was the value of this termination. We know
that the Anglo-Saxon had the property, by the
addition of a to a noun, of forming another word
implying connection with it. Thus from scip,
a ship, is formed scipa, a sailor, — from hus, a
house, husa, a domestic. This principle is more
fully carried out in proper names ; by the ad-
dition of the Teutonic terminations a, i, or o, a
name would be formed out of a noun, or an ad-
jective, or a verb. And it is still a living prin-
ciple among us. Thus, when we hear a man with
a remarkable nose called in vulgar parlance
*' Nosey," we have a name formed according to
Teutonic analogy. Nurse-maids carry it still
further, and form a name out of a verb — thus
a child given to screaming they would call
" Screamy.'' This prmciple lies at the bottom of
Teutonic names. And thus it is that a man from
the South is called Southey.
Of these three terminations a is the most
ancient. It is that found in Gothic names, as
Wulfila, Amala, Totila, though in after times it
became changed among the High Germans into
the weaker form o. It also prevailed among the
Old Saxons, and descended from them to the
Anglo-Saxons. But among both, the weaker
ending i was also common, and it is evident from
the names in Domesday and in the Liber Vitse of
SIMPLE FORMS. 19
Durham that there was a large infusion of it
among the tribes who settled in this country.
In the latter record, for instance, we find such
names as Tydi, Bynni, Terri, Betti, Tilli, Cuddi,
Cynni, Locchi, every one of which is still existing
at the present day. Indeed this is the form
which is most in accordance with the genius of
the English language ; that is to say, if we had
to form names now, we would, as it appears to
me, form them in that manner. And as this end-
ing is now much more common in Enghsh names
than the reo^ular Ano^lo-Saxon form a, it seems to
me very probable that the process of change from
a into i may have been still going on. The end-
ing in 0 is also not uncommon in our early his-
tory ; in Domesday, for instance, we have Dodo,
Baco, Bugo, Odo, Wido, Heppo ; and tliere are
not a few still remaining among our family
names.
The termination in a sometimes appears in its
simple form, as in Colla, Ella, Saxon names
without change — sometimes in the form of ay, as
in Hannay and Hayday. The termination in i
is sometimes y, as in Brandy — sometimes ey, as
in Attey — sometimes ie, as in Lockie. The ter-
mination m 0 appears most frequently in its
simple form, as in Haddo, Cutto, but sometimes
in oe, as in Pardoe, sometimes in oh, as in Scot-
TOH, and sometimes in ow, as in Hadow.
I
CHAPTER III.
DIMINUTIVES.
A diminutive in the language implies small-
ness Thus inanneibi« is a little man -streamZe*
a little stream— satchel a little sack. But in pro-
per names. I take it-at least as the general rule
Lthat the sense is that of aifection or familiarity
expressed through the medium of smallness. ^
The English language is not strong m dimmu-
tives • in this respect the Scottish language,
which in such a phrase as " wee bit lassie, can
string three diminutives together, has much more
power of expression. English names, on the
other hand, are very rich, both in the number and
variety of their diminutives, almost every ieu-
tonic form being represented.
The principal diminutive endings contained m
our proper names are, according to my estimate,
seven, viz., that in h, that iri ^. that m Im, that m
lin, that in s, that in ns, and that m m There
arecertam other endings, elsewhere referred to,
which may be in some cases diminutives.
The diminutive in k, eh or ock is common to
all the Germanic branch. Hence from Gabe we
have Gaeeick, from Love we have LovicK, from
DIMINUTIVES. '2\
Fiz we have Physic.^'^ From Jelly we liave
Jellicoe, from Sim we have SiMCO — these have
the old German termmation in o. From Mann
we have Mannico and Mann ak ay, with the two
terminations in o and a ; from Willey we have
WiLKiE (Williki) with the termination in i.
The French diminutive in et appears to some
extent in our language to have superseded the
Saxon form in ec. Thus we use linnet mstead of
the Ang.-Sax. linece. But there is a continual
tendency among the uneducated to substitute —
or rather to retain — the old form. Thus wdaen
our friend Jeames, of immortal memory, con-
tributed to the pages of Punch what he was
pleased to call a " sonnick" — he merely substi-
tuted one diminutive for another. Let us then
forbear contempt when we hear this vulgar form
— it is a relic of that stern old struggle which
preserved us our glorious language.
The diminutive in Z, el or il is common to both
the Germanic and Scandinavian branches. In
the latter, as well as in the English language, it
is much used in verbs. In all such words as
quarrel, wrangle, squabble, scuffle, shuffle, wriggle,
higgle, smuggle, grumble, tinkle, tipple, the sense
of pettiness is more or less prominent. In this
form, from Benn we have Bennell, from Dunn
we have Bunnell, from Hase we have Hasell.
* Here is an instance of the way in which names turn up, and missing links
are supplied. In the former edition I had to say "from an old German Fizo we
have PHYbicK." But there comes a new directory, and it brings us an English Fiz.
22 DIMINUTIVES.
From Barr, Barry, Barrow, we have Bar-
RELL, Barley, Barlow.*" Grimm refers to an
Old German Kunilo as a diminutive of E/Uno ; we
have a name, Bunicles, which seems to be a
double diminutive, viz., this and the former com-
bined. This double form obtains sometimes in
Old High German.
The diminutive in hin is of later growth, and
is more common in Modern German than in Old
German names. It is not, as has been supposed,
cognate with German kind, child, but is more
probably formed by the addition of a phonetic n
to the diminutive in k. From Dunn we have
DuNKiN, from Benn we have Benkin, from
Parr we have Parkin, from Will we have
Wilkin, &c.
The diminutive in lin is probably formed in a
similar manner to the preceding by the addition
of a phonetic n to the diminutive in I. Hence we
have Cattlin, Tomlin, Evelyn, &c., and in the
form ling, which also appears both in ancient and
modern names, Butling, Watling, Bowling, &c.
Neither the diminutive in kin, nor that in lin, are,
like the more ancient forms in eh and el, found
with the endings a, i, or o (except with the first
as a female ending.)
The diminutive in s, like those in k and I, is
of great antiquity, being found in the name
Cotiso, of a Dacian mentioned in Borace. This
♦ The endings in ley and low, though sometimes from this diminutive, are
doubtless in some cases local, from ley, a meadow, and from low, a mound.
DIMINUTIVES. 23
name — elsewliere referred to — I take to be a
Hiofli German form of the later name Godizo, and
to be still surviving in our Godsoe. From the
Old German names Milo, Willo, Walo, Rico are
formed with this diminutive Milizo, WiKzo,
Walizo, Richizo, Avhence our Mtllis, Willis,
Wallis, Riches. I think also that this diminu-
tive is frequently represented in our names simply
by a final s, and that Mills, Wills, Walls,
Ricks are probably the same as the above,
though an 6^ final is no doubt often added only
phonetically. With the ending in i we find in
Domesday Copsi and Brixi (Bricsi), which we still
have as Copsey and Brixey. A Saxon bishop
of Worcester was called Leofsy, and an archbishop
of York Cynsy ; these two names still exist as
LovESY and Kinsey. But there enters here an
element of doubt on account of these Saxon names
sometimes appearing with, the ending si or sy, and
sometimes with sige, as if from sig, victory. Thus
the Archbishop Cynsy signs in a charter as
Cynsige ; Wynsy, bishop of Lichfield, appears as
Winsige ; Albsi as ^Ifsige, &c. Has the guttu-
ral been added in the one case, or has it been lost
in the other '? The former supposition would be
most in accordance with analogy, for as diminu-
tives, Cynsy, Wynsy, Albsi, Leofsy would corres-
pond with the Old Germ, names Cuniza, Winizo,
Albizo, and Luviz.
Occasionally, though very rarely, the form s
becomes sc in ancient names. More frequently
24 DIMINUTIVES.
in English names, as Burnish, Mellish, Var-
nish, for it is in accordance with the character of
the language. Indeed, I am inclined to think
that the diminutive in question is that which we
still use in adjectives, as smalKs^ and brown^s^.
The ending 7is I take also to be diminutive,
and to be formed by the addition of a phonetic n
to the preceding. Hence from an Old German
Custanzo we have Custance ; from the Old
German Cholensus we Colenso and Collins.
The ending m, which I take to be also
diminutive, is supposed by Forstemann, who finds
it to prevail especially among the West Franks,
to be in some cases of other than German origin.
And so, in some present French names, as BoN-
AMY and Bellamy, we can hardly help thinking
of ami, friend. And yet, when we find this end-
ing to prevail most extensively at present among
Friesic names, where it can hardly be otherwise
than German, and when we find the names BoN-
NEMA and Ballema corresponding with the
above, it suggests the possibihty, even for these,
of a common German origin. Another instance
of coincidence between the Friesic and the French
is found in the name of the well-known tragedian
Talma, which corresponds with the Friesic Tial-
LEMA and TiALMA.
Among English names we have Jessmay,
Whitmee, Ivymey, and Wakem, which seem to
be from this origin, and to correspond with the
ancient names Gisoma, Widomia, Ivamus, and
^
DIMINUTIVES. 25
Wakimus quoted by Fcirstemann. To this source
also I am inclined to refer the names Youngmay,
MiLDMAY,^* and Crickjniay, the first of Avhich cor- ,
responds with a Friesic Jongma. and the second .^ - —
possibly with a Friesic Mellema. ' I before took ^^?^^|^^^^^^^^^
the ending in these names to be from Ang.-Sax. ^g^iz^,.*^;/.^
ramg. Old Eng. may, maiden, for which there ^^^^^ZZ^.^0^
seemed a reasonable probability in each case — ^ ^ e^
the name Crickmay being referred to Izrieg, war, ^-.^^ _^.
and supposed to be connected with the war-
maidens of Odin — while the others seemed too
natural to require explanation. But the forms in
which this endinof is found in ancient names seem
irreconcileable with this theory. Among other
names from this origin may be mentioned that of
the Dutch painter Hobbema.
The ending sm, which is also found in some
Frankish names, Forstemann seems more de-
cidedly to consider as not German. But here
again its prevalence in present Friesic names
seems to me to militate against this opinion. Can
it be the Ang.-Sax. smea, small, delicate, used
like the Danish lille as in ToYelille (Dovey),
'Rosolilla (Rosie) 1 The fact of its being anciently
used more especially in the names of women, and
of its always appearing in the form sina, seem
^ rather in favour of this opinion. And the fact of
its being added to compound names, as in the
case of the scholar Halbertsma, stamps it with
• Mr, Lower says [Pat. Brit.) that " the family are traced to 1147, and the
name to Mildm§."
Ck'„^' ^../^^ J^tititA^ ^xU^n^^^i^ ^— ^Txci^^^i^ ^^^-i.^^^
26 DIMINUTIVES.
a different character to that of the other diminu-
tives. Among the few English names which
seem to be from this source is Balsam, which
compares with the ancient name Balsmus. I have
also found in Lancashire the name Erasmus ; it
seems not to be a new name in England, for in
the Liber Vitce there is an -<^rasmus ; it seems
curious that in both these cases, as well as that
of the well-known scholar, the name should be in
the Latinized form. I rather think that the
French name Doussamy may be from this source,
representing the Old Frankish name Teodisma,
and comparing with the present Friesic names
Diudesma, Doytsema.
The termination et, as a German ending there
is no ground for thinking to be a diminutive.
But as a French diminutive it is frequently added
to German compound names, as in the French
names Henriquet, Henriot, Bernardet, &c.
The same rule applies to the ending in en,
which is often added as a French diminutive to
German names. Probably in this manner are
formed the French names Girardin, Bernardin,
GuiLLOTiN, Lamartine, from Gerard, Bernard,
GuiLLOT, Lam ART, all likewise French names in
use. Pure German names do not thus form
diminutives out of compounds — they resolve them
first into their simple forms — thus Willico, accord-
ing to Pott, is a Frisian diminutive of Wilhelm.
When therefore we find en or in added to a com-
pound name, as in Girardin, we may, I think.
DIMINUTIVES. 27
take it to be the French dmiiiiutive. But when
we find it added to a simple form, as in Wallen,
it must be taken to be from the origin referred
to in next chapter.
The ending in let may probably be in some
cases the French diminutive et added to the
German el. But in other cases it is no doubt the
second part of a compound name.
There is no doubt that in the English language
ey or ie is a diminutive form. It is more particu-
larly common in the Lowland Scotch, which has
such words as doggie, monsie, lassie, dearie. It
is of Teutonic origin, and occurs also in the Dutch
and in the Swiss. Hence might be such names
as MiNNEY, Deary. But more probably they
are only the ending of men's names in i.
The ending in cock, as in Hancock, Wilcock,
is included by Mr. Lower among diminutives.
It is found in French names as well as Enghsb,
as, for instance, in Balcoq, Billecoq, Vilcocq,
Videcocq. But nothing that I have met v^dth
in the study of ancient names helps me to throw
any further light upon the subject.
CHAPTER IV.
PHONETIC ADDITION S.
By a phonetic addition we mean something
which is added to a word only for the sake of
sound, and which leaves the sense exactly where
it was before. There are two kinds of phonetic
additions common in Teutonic names — one in
the middle of a word, and the other at the end,
the former occurring only in compound, and the
latter only in simple names.
The favourite sound employed at the end of a
word is n, and thus from the Old German names
Godo, Hatto, Lando, Waldo, Aldo, Baldo, are
formed Godino, Hattin, Landina., Waldin, Aldini,
Baldin ; and the corresponding English names
GoDDEN, Hatten, Landon, Walden, Alden,
BOLDEN.
Now as proper names are of course subject to
all the tendencies of the language to which they
belong, we may expect to find in the popular
speech a parallel principle to that which I have
assumed for names. Or rather, I should say, it
is because I find this principle in the popular
speech, that I feel warranted in applying it to
proper names. Now, if we compare the German
rabe with the English raven, and conversely, the
English bow with the German hogen, we find that
VIIONETIC ADDITIONS. 29
while, ill meaning, the two words are in each case
perfectly identical, there is an ending added which
serves as a finish or rounding off of the word.
So also in the provincial word ratteu for rat, and
many other cases.
A similar office is also performed by the letter
r. Thus to the simple form contained in the
Gothic ivato, while all the Scandinavian dialects
add n, as in Swedish vatten, all the German add
r, as in EngHsh ivater. We have examples in our
own provincial dialect ; for, as Mr. Latham ob-
serves, " wolfer, a wolf, hiuiker, a haunch, flitcher,
a flitch, teamer, a team, fresher, a frog, are north
country forms of the present English." The end-
ing er in our names (so far as they are derived
from Old Teutonic names), is generally to be
referred to Gothic hari, warrior, but there are
cases in which the form of the ancient name is
incompatible with this derivation. At the same
time, the phonetic origin of r is not so clear when
it occurs as an ending, as when it occurs in the
middle of a name.
When a phonetic addition is made in the
middle of a name, it comes in between the two
words of the compound, and generally consists of
one of the liquids, I, n, or r. Thus Godulf be-
comes Godenulf, whence, I take it, our Good-
enough. So Godehar becomes Godelhar, whence
probably the French Godelier. Godeman be-
comes Goderman, whence the French Gauder-
MEN ; and also Godalmand, whence perhaps our
30 PHONETIC ADDITIONS.
GoDLiMAN. Thus when I find the names Syca-
MOKE and SiCKLEMORE, the former of which cor-
responds with the Old German name Sicumar, I
know how to account for the second, since, though
the particular name to correspond does not turn
up, I see that the phonetic I is very frequent in
the ancient names of that group. So also, finding
the ancient name Siginiu, I can at least suggest
an origin for Sigouhney. The above forms of
phonetic addition seem to be found chiefly in
Old Frankish names.
C
CHAPTER V.
PATRONYMICS.
Of the two patronymic forms, ing and son, the
former is more properly German, and the latter
Scandinavian. The form ing was discontinued
about the time of the Conquest, and consequently
all the names in which it appears are carried back
to Anglo-Saxon times. (In some few cases the
termination ing may be local, from ing a meadow,
and not a patronymic.) Many apparently adjec-
tive and participial forms, such as Willing, Liv-
ing, Dining, Panting, are from this origin, the
simple forms bemg found as Will, Livey, Dine,
Pant.
The termination son is a characteristic feature
of all the Scandinavian countries, while in Ger-
many on the other hand it is of comparatively
rare occurrence. So well is this distinction under-
stood that a writer on " Nationality and Language
in the Duchy of Sleswick and South Jutland''
advances the frequency of names ending in son, as
an argument for the Danish character of the
population. Of the twelve most common names
in the directory of Copenhagen, there are only
two, MoUer and Smidt, that are not patronymics.
The most common of all are Jansen, Johnsen, or
Hansen, Petersen, Andresen or Andersen, and
32 PATRONYMICS.
Nielsen. Verstegan, in his " Kestitution of
decayed intelligence," refers to a tradition " among
some of our country people that those whose sur-
names end in son, as Johnson, Tliomson, Nichol-
son, Davison, Saunderson, and the like, are
descended of Danish race." Either he mistakes
the tradition, or the tradition overstates the truth.
Some of these are no douht Scotch, and others
are German — though the termination itself may
be of Scandinavian origin. Many of our names,
however, correspond altogether with current
Danish names — as Hanson, Nanson, Jephson,
Erickson, Gunson, Iverson, Jesson, Hebson,
HiPSON, LowsoN, Anderson, with Hansen, Nan-
sen, Jepsen, Ericksen, Gunnesen, Iversen, Jessen>
Ebsen, Ipsen, Lauesen, Andersen, names common
over the whole of Denmark. It does not follow
that all the above names are exclusively Scan-
dinavian, but I do take it that the prevalence in
England of names in so7i is a relic of the Danish
conquests.
It is to be observed that when a name ends
in .9, we cannot be certain of the patronymic form.
Thus Jesson and Masson may not be Jess-son
and Mass-son, but Jess-en, and Mass-en.
The final s so frequently added to names, as
Wffls for WiU, Watts for Watt, Box for Bock,
may be sometimes a patronymic form. It is so
used in Frisian names, according to Pott. In
other cases I take it to be a diminutive, see p.- 22.
But in the majority of cases, and particularly
PATRONYMICS. 33
when it is added to compound names, I take it to
be merely a phonetic addition.
£
CHAPTER VI.
COMPOUNDS.
Almost all the names which occur in simple
forms occur also compounded with other words.
The extent to which these compounds are trans-
latable, or in other words, to which they have a
meaning, seems to me an exceedingly doubtful
point. Some of our highest authorities hold the
affirmative opinion. Thus Mr. Kemble, speaking
of Anglo-Saxon names, says, " These compound
words are translatable, intelligible, in other words
their conjoint meaning depends upon the separate
meanings of the words which unite to form them.^^
And Mr. Turner, on a similar principle, translates
Anglo-Saxon names — thus JEthelwulf, " the noble
wolf," Dunstan, " the mountain stone," &c. The
earlier German writers, as Wiarda and Beneken,
certainly followed the same rule, and I think that
the principle is also recognised by the modern
school of German pliilologists. I therefore feel
bound to use all deference in suggesting a doubt
whether Teutonic compound names are in all
cases translatable, and formed with a meaning. I
am of opinion, however, that even simple names
were in most cases bestowed in ancient times
without reference to their meaning. There can
be no doubt that the first man who was called
COMPOUNDS. 35
Wulf was named directly after the animal. But
of the thousands of men who were called Wulf in
the long centuries after, I think that the most
part must have been called after other men.
Much on the same prmciple, I take it, as that on
which baptismal names are given now they were
given then — sometimes after a relative or friend,
sometimes after a name of popular renown — the
word itself becoming in such cases, as regards
sense, an abstraction. If this theory be correct,
it will follow as a matter of course that compound
names must also have been formed without a
meaning.
It is true that in many cases a certain sort of
sense may be screwed out of such compounds, yet
even to get any kind of a meaning we are often
driven to great shifts. Thus though Frithu-ric
as "powerful in peace" may be held to have a
sufficient meaning, yet Frithu-gar, as " the spear
of peace" would have to be explained in a sort of
metaphorical sense. Again Frithu-bald, " bold in
peace," seems rather satirical. And as to Fride-
gunt, "the peace of war," and the Old Norse
Snae-frid, " the peace of snow," let those find a
meaning who can. Mr. Turner appears to see
this difficulty when he observes that Anglo-Saxon
names are frequently " rather expressive of cap-
rice than of appropriate meaning."
But to my mind the strongest argument
against giving a meaning to compound names is
not so much the difficulty of making sense in any
36 COMPOUNDS.
particular case, as the fact that there is a certain
set of words with which almost all names are com-
pounded. And it does not seem consistent with
reason to expect that promiscuous words, with
all sorts of meanings, should make sense when
compounded with a set of a dozen or twenty par-
ticular words.
But if compounds were not formed with a
meaning, what was their value or intention '? One
of the priaciples upon which they might be given
may perhaps be traced in Old Norse names.
Thus Ketel was a very common Scandinavian
name ; its meaning can hardly be anything else
than English " kettle," and Grimm suggests a
mythological origin. Ulf, signifying wolf, and
Bjorn, signifying bear, were also common names.
In Ulf ketel and in Ketelbjorn, these names are
severally joined together. Now there can be no
possible sense or meaning in such compounds as
these — they are in fact not two words joined
together, but two names joined together. And
the principle upon which such names were formed
might be the same as that on which a father
might now call his son John Henry Smith, com-
bining the names of two relatives, or persons
whom he respected. Or it might be for the sake
of distinction — Ulf and Ketel both being common
names — Ulfketel would, without travelling out
of the customary range, be sufficiently distinctive.
It seems probable that many German names are,
on the same principle, not two words compounded.
COMPOUNDS. 37
but ratlier two names joined together. Such, for
instance, as those whicli contain the names of two
animals, as Arnulf, Ebarulf, Wolfpirin, Wolfraban,
respectively " Eagle-wolf," " Boar-wolf," Wolf-
bear," "Wolf-raven." All these were common
names singly.
Again, perhaps another principle may be traced
in such a name as the Old German Zeizolf. This,
if we translate it, means " darling wolf" But if
we suppose " wolf to have been used as a common
name, and without reference to its meaning, then
the idea of darlino^ would attach rather to the
child that was called Wolf than to the abstract
meaning of wolf.
But that there were compound names with a
meaning I do not for a moment doubt, only it
seems to me that it was not the universal, nor,
perhaps, the ordinary rule.
Again, there are many names which are simply
compound words taken bodily out of the language.
Thus, Garwood is the Anglo-Saxon garwudu,
" spear-wood,"^a poetical or pleonastic expression
for a spear. And Askw^ith is "ash- wood," a
similar expression for a spear — spears being made
of that w^ood. So also Skipwith, " ship-wood,"
a ship. (With, as compared with wood, is the
Gothic form instead of the Saxon.) Again,
BoNiGER seems to be from the Anglo-Saxon
hon-gar, a fatal spear. These, then, are not com-
pound names, but compound words adopted as
names.
38 COMPOUNDS.
Almost all the words which appear in com-
pounds are found also as substantive names, and
will therefore find their places under the various
heads into which I have distributed them. But
for the sake of facility of reference, I introduce in
this place a list of the principal terminations of
those English names, which may be referred to
ancient compounds.
Am, lam, as in Willam, Wilijam, Hillam,
HiLLiAM. Ang.-Sax. helm, helmet. This
was a common postfix, but in our names it
is difficult to separate it from the local
ending, ham, home, and from the ending m
referred to p. 24. It is probable, however,
that more names than are suspected are from
this origin. The French generally have it as
aume or ea.ume. Hence the French
Allaume, Alleaxjme, are probably the
same as our Allam, Allom, Allum.
Aud, Aut as in Eenaud, Renaut. And, the
Gothic form of Ang.-Sax. ead, prosperity.
This is very common in French names, but
in English, following the Saxon form, it
becomes more frequently et or ot, and is very
liable to mix up with other words.
Be7't, as in Herbert. Ang.-Sax. heort, bright,
illustrious. Pert, as in Rupert, is the High
Germ. form.
Bold, Ball, Ble, as in Eumbold, Rumball,
Rumble. Ang.-Sax. bald, bold.
COMPOUNDS. 39
Bull in many cases is the same as the above.
Thus our Claringbull is no doubt the same
name as Claringbold.
Bault, in French names, as Herbault, Gerbault,
the same as bold.
Brand, as in Hildebrand, Gillibrand. Ang.-
Sax. brand, sword, Eng. " brand."
Brown, as in Gorebrown, Phillibrown. Either
brown, fuscus, or cognate with Eng. " burn"
in the sense of fiery or impetuous.
Burn, as in Osburn. Old Norse hjorn. Old
Germ, her 171, bear.
Pern, as in Asperne, is the High Germ. form.
Butt, Bott, Body, as in Garbutt, Talbot, Pea-
body. Anglo-Saxon boda. Old Norse hodi.
Germ, bote, envoy or messenger.
Cough, Copp, as in Ayscough, Whincopp, I take
to be Ang.-Sax. c6f, strenuous.
Day, as in Loved ay, Hockaday.. Anglo-Saxon
dceg, day. Grimm suggests the sense of
brightness, glory.
Dew, Die, Dy, as in Ingledew, Purdie, Abdy,
French Abbadie. Old High German die,
servant.
Er, Ery, as in Warner, Gunnery, Hillary.
Har, hari, warrior.
Forth, as in Garforth. Perhaps Anglo-Saxon
ferhth, life, spirit. Perhaps in some cases a
corruption of frith, peace. There is also a
root, farth, faerd, travel, but it is uncertain
whether it occurs as a termination.
40 COMPOUNDS.
Fred, Frey, as in Manfred, Humfrey. Anglo-
Saxon yri^^, peace.
Gar, Ger, Ker, as in Edgar, Eodger, Harker.
Gar, ger, her, spear.
Gill, as in Harqill. Old High German gisaU
hostage. Or local, from " gill/' a ravine.
Good, as in Hargood, Bidgood. God, deus,
good, bonus, and perhaps Goth as the
people's name, are difficult to separate.
Hard, Ard, as in Bernhard, Bernard. Ang.-
Sax. heard, hard, strong.
Kiss, as in Atkiss, Hadkiss, Watkiss, is from
gis, which Grimm thinks the same as gisal,
hostage.
Lake, Loch, as in Wedlake, Havelock. Pro-
bably Ang.-Sax. lacan. Old Norse leiha, to
play, in a war-like sense.
Land, Lond, as in Garland, Dolland. Ang.-
Sax. land, Eng. land. It is also no doubt
sometimes a local termination. And also
sometimes a corruption of lind, probably
shield.
Let, as in Hamlet, Harlot, may be from Ang.-
Sax. Idd, Old Sax. led, in the sense of
terrible. In some cases it may be a diminu-
tive.
Love, Liff, as in Cutlove, Manlove, Ratliff.
Ang.-Sax. leof, dear.
Man, as in Harman, Redman. Ang.-Sax. man,
Eng. man.
OOMPOTJNDS. 41
Mer, Morey as in Mutimer, Phillimore. Goth.
mer, Aiig.-Sax. mdr, famous.
Mot, as in Willmot, Hickmot, Old Higli Germ.
m6t. Mod. German miifh, courage.
Mond, Ment, as in Redmont, Garment. Ang.-
Sax. muiid, protection.
Nanty Nan, as in Remnant, Pennant, Quil-
LINAN. Goth. naniJijan, to dare.
Ney, as in Rodney, Goldney. Ang.-Sax. niw,
Dan. and Swed. ny, new, in the probable
sense of young. - <^ /r
Not, Net, Nut, as in Harnott, Harnett, Dil-
NUTT. Ang.-Sax. ndth, bold.
Ram, as in Bertram, Outram, Ingram, seems,
from the ancient forms in which it appears,
to be a corruption of lirahan, raven.
Rand, as in Eng. Bertrand, Walrond. Ang.-
Sax. rand, shield.
Red Rat, Ret, as in Alfred, Tancred, Garrett.
Ang.-Sax. red. Old High Germ, rat, counsel
Some terminations ofivright, as Arkwright,
are evidently corruptions of rat. But there
is also an ancient termination rit, apparently
of the same meaning as Eng. ride.
Rick, Rich, Ridge, Ry, as in Frederick, Ald-
RiCH, Aldridge, Baldry. Ang.-Sax. rice.
Old High Germ, inclvi, powerful. In some
cases hridge, as in Groombridge, may be
from this origin.
E
42 COMPOUNDS.
i2on, i?e7i, as in Waldkon, Calderon, Children.
This termination, which is exclusively femi-
nine, Grimm derives from rhi, socia, arnica.
In French names it is often a corruption of
raban, raven.
Sant, Sent, as in Hersant, Millicent. Old
High Germ, sind, via. Or perhaps in some
cases a corruption of sivind, vehement.
Stone, Stin, as in Freestone, Garstin. Ang\-
Sax. stdn, stone, in the sense of firmness.
Thus, Tuss, Tiss, as in Malthus, Feltuss,
Anstiss. Goth, thius, servant. See also
dew and thew.
Thew, as in Willthew. Anglo-Saxon theoiv,
servant, corresponding with Goth, thius, and
High Germ. dio.
Ulph, Olph, as in Biddulfh, Eandolph, Must-
OLPH. Ang.-Sax. toidf, Old Norse ulf(r),
wolf
Ward, Wart, as in Howard, Seward, Tewart.
Ang.-Sax. iveai^d, guardian.
Wold, as in Oswald. Ang.-Sax. weald, power.
The terminations in old are from the same
origin.
Way, Wick, Vey, Vig, as in Hathway, Harvey,
Haryig. Wig, wih, war. The termination
in wick is probably in most cases local.
Win, Wine, as in Baldwin, Brightwine.
Ang.-Sax. wine, friend.
Wood, With, Weed, as in Gurwood, Askwith,
Digweed. Ang.-Sax. umdti, Goth, vid(s).
COMPOUNDS. 43
wood. Forstemann also suggests Old High
Germ, ivit, wide, whicli may obtain in certain
cases. This ending is no doubt also often
local.
Out of the above list there are many which do
not often occur, and the range of really common
terminations is not more than about twenty.
The terminations a, ^, o, are not found in
compound names, and such names as Ricardo,
Alphonso, Grimaldi, though of German origin,
are Italian or Spanish as regards the termination.
CHAPTER VII.
LETTER CHANGES.
The greater part of the letter changes which
occur in our names are to be accounted for by the
differences of Teutonic dialects, and, in particular,
by the variations between High and Low
German. The High German prefers aspirated
and hard — the Low German soft and liquid
sounds. The former may be taken to be repre-
sented generally by the present German, and the
latter by the present English, though it is to be
observed that the standard language of Germany
does not present the extreme phases of High
German. Take, for instance, the range of names
of which the root is Germ, gehan, Eng. give, and
from which we have Gieve, Gibb, Gipp, and
Kipp. The two former, Gieve and Gibb, show the
form contained in English and in German, the
difference between which is a Low German v for
a High German h. But in the name Gipp we
have another point of difference in favour of the
High German, viz., p for h. While the last name
Kipp shows the extreme point to which, in that
word, the High German can go, by changing g
into k. In addition to the four forms above
quoted, we have also four others, viz., Jebb, Jipp,
LETTER CHANGES. 45
KiBBE, and Chipp, the last form being, I think,
Franklsh. Nor yet do these eight names exhaust
the permutations of this Httle word — there being
also, as will be seen in its place, a vowel change
which scarcely comes within the range of the
present chapter.
Another of the most common interchanges is
that of d and t. The latter is High German, as
in Germ, laid, Eng. loud, Germ, hette, Eng. bed.
Hence we have Dodd and Todd, Dandy and
Tandy, Dennison and Tennyson, &c.
The High German frequently changes t into s
or z, as in Germ, siiss, Eng. siveet, Germ, scdz, Eng.
salt. Hence our Suse and Susans may corres-
pond as High German forms with Sweet and
Sweeten. And our name Salt may be the
same as the Mod. Germ, name Salz. So also our
Grote and Grose may be respectively Low
German and High German forms of great.
Another High German form is sch for s. This
is very common in Mod. German names — thus,
German Schmidt, Eng. Smith, German Schwann,
Eng. Swan, Germ. Schneider, Eng. Snider, Dutch
Snyders. This form is very uncommon in English
names, because it is of comparatively modem
growth in Germany.
These are for the most part the common varia-
tions of High and Low German. But there are
other peculiarities of ancient dialects which are
not without their effect upon our names. In the
Frankish dialect of the Merovingian period it is a
46 LETTER CHANGES.
peculiarity to change h at tlie beginning of a
word into ch, or sometimes into simple c. Hence
the names of the Merovingian kings Childibert
and Childeric for Hildibert and Hilderic. This
seems to be the origin of some of our names, such
as Chillman (in the Hundred KoUs Childman),
for Hildman — Charm an for Harm an — Chil-
dren for Hilderannus or Hilderuna — Chillmaid
for Hildimod, &c.
This peculiarity of the Frankish dialect has
had the effect of prefixing c to many names begin-
ning with I and r, in the following manner.
Several of these names anciently began with hi
and lir : this h was aspirated, or in other words,
it had something of a guttural sound. The
Frankish dialect, increasing the guttural, made
this h into a c. In English, this guttural sound
of h at the beginning of a word is altogether lost.
On the other hand, when it has been so com-
pletely defined as to become a c, it has preserved
itself by its own strength. The result is that we
have in English the same names variously, as
Croad and Rode, Crotch and Eotch, Crook
and EooK, Croager and Roger, Cloud and
Loud, &c. Hence also the French names Clod-
OMiR and Clovis still existing, and the Christian
name Clotilde.
Another point to be noticed is that in some
German dialects g is prefixed to words beginning
with w. We have an instance of this in the name
of our gracious Sovereign, Guelph for Welp. So
LETTER CHANGES. 47
we have Gwillan for Willan, Gwillam for
William, Gw alter for Walter, &c. Hence
comes, I take it, the name of the Itahan painter
GuiDO, corresponding with our Widow. Perhaps
also GuizoT, if it be the same as a Guizo found
in the 11th century in the Niederrlieinisches
Urkundenbuch. The High German prefixing c
instead of g, gives us many names beginning with
q (which is only c added to iv). Thus we have
QuiN for Winn, Quarrell for Warrell,
QuARRiER for Warrier, Quill for Will, Quil-
LAN for Willan, Quilliams for Williams.
Hence comes Quillinan from an Old German
Willinant. Hence also Quaritch, known to
bibliophilists, from an Old German Wericho, also
found, with the other prefix, as Guerich.
On the other hand, as g is sometimes added,
so it is much more frequently lost. As a ter-
mination this is very commonly the case in
English, as in Anglo-Saxon lag, English " law,"
Ang.-Sax. hog, Eng. " bow." Hence as names we
have Wagg and Way, Bogue and Bowe, Bugg
and Bew ; perhaps Begg and Bee, Bigg and
Bye. But this occurs also in Anglo-Saxon and
other ancient dialects. Indeed the g in such cases
can hardly be said to belong to the root ; it does
not seem to occur in the parent Sanscrit, but to
be a hardening of the sound which has accrued
in the Gothic languages. Again, g between two
vowels, or between a vowel and a liquid, is very
commonly dropped. Thus we have Megen and
48 LETTER CHA:NGES.
Mayne, Bagley and Bailey, Beagle and
Beale, Buglea and Bewley, Dagley, and
Daly. This again is common also in ancient
names — thus we have Old German names Megin-
hard and Mainhard, Beginhard and Bainard,
Baganar and Beinher,, Bagingar and Baingar.
Hence our Maynard, Benard, Bayner, and
Banger.
Another change of frequent occurrence in Old
Frankish names is that of 7i, before h, j9, or m, into
on. We may trace the same tendency among the
French at present in their change of Edinburg
into Edimbourg. The few names that we have
in which it occurs, such as Gimbert for Ginbert,
Wimble for Winbald, may not, however, always
be due to French influence, but to a natural prin-
ciple of euphony. It is more common, however,
m French than in English, as in Masimbert for
our Massingberd.
The vowel changes are less capable of being
reduced to definite rules. But a,s a general prin-
ciple the Low German prefers simple vowels,
while the High German is partial to diphthongs.
Take the German tauhe, English ''"dove." The
difference here is, first, d for t — secondly, v for h
— and thirdly, the simple vowel for the diphthong.
So our name Strtjtt may be the same as the
German Strauss — ss for t, as before noted, and
the simple vowel for the diphthong. I have before
referred to Grose and Grote as respectively
High and Low German forms of the same name.
LETTER CHANGES. 49
But the German gi^oss, great, is in some High
German dialects grauss. So that while Grose
and Grote are High and Low German, we have
another name Grouse, which may be extra High
German.
With regard to the simple vowels, there is in
proper names — and has been from the most
ancient times — an interchange which it would be
difficult to refer to any strict rules.
But Wemhold (Deutsche Fntuen), sets forth
something of a more definite principle, and sup-
poses that a variation of the vowel was sometimes
employed for the perpetuation of a family name.
" Thus if the father had a name with a simple
sound, the son takes the same name with an
augmented vowel. The Germans share this
pecuharity with the Indians (Grimms geschiclite
der Deutschen sprache 441.^ Thus, if a German
mother were called Ada, the daughter might be
called Ida ; . the mother Baba, the daughter
Buoba ; the mother Tata, the daughter Tuota ;
the mother Wada, the daughter Wida, kc" I
do not think, however, that this amounted to
anything like a general principle.
It is to be observed that the quantity of a
vowel often varies in the same name ; thus we
have Godding and Gooding, Godman and Good-
man, GoDRiCH and Goodrich, Godwin and
Goodwin, &c. We have only, for an instance of
this, to cross the border, and we shaU often find
Tom and Bob for Tom and Bob.
a
CHAPTER VIII.
OUR NATURAL ENEMIES.
That a large proportion of French Christian
names, as Albert, Adolphe, Edouard, Frederic,
Gudlaume, Henri, Robert, &c., are of German
origin, is a point about which there can be no
dispute. The extent to which the present family
names of France may also be referred to a German
origin is a subject which has not hitherto been
investigated. A few there are, such as Arbo-
GAST, Armengaud, Clodomir, Grimault, and
IsAMBERT, which, as corresponding with names of
liistorical Franks, carry their own origin on their
front. It is not difficult, again, to trace in
Dacbert and Degobert the name of the Frankish
kin Of Dapfobert — in Fermond and Ferment that
of Faramund — in Charmond and Charmont
that of Charimund — or to find in Gombault a
form of Gundobald less perverted than our own
Gumboil. But the names of historical person-
ages are few, and the comparison serves rather to
suggest, than to fulfil an enquiry. Nor are the
materials of investigation wanting, for in the two
Polyp tyques whose titles I have elsewhere quoted,
will be found a register of thousands of men and
women of the Frankish period, and chiefly of that
class which history allows to live and die un-
OUR NATUBAL ENEMIES. 51
noticed. Further, as the Frank and the Saxon,
and all the other members of the Teuton race
were branches of one common family, cognate in
the names they bore as well as in the dialects
they spoke, so all such records, of the one or of the
other, find their mutual parallels in each other.
The result then of the enquiry which I propose in
these pages to make, will be to show, as I
believe, that a very large proportion, indeed I may
almost say the staple, of French, as of English
names, is German in its origin. And may not
mutual sympathies be encouraged, and mutual
antipathies be rebuked, if it can thus be shown
that there is more in common between the two
races — perhaps even than is suspected by ethno-
logists— certainly than is present to the minds of
people in general. And why, after all, should we
be surprised if the French turn out to be — what
their name describes them — Franks 1
It must not be forgotten, however, that a
second Teutonic element, of great political im-
portance to them and to us, has entered into the
composition of French nationality. We shall, I
think however, be disappomted if we expect to
find any strongly-marked Scandinavian element
in French names. If that element had been more
distinct, it might have remained more conspicu-
ous ; as it is, though it may not have been with-
out its efiect in modifying the nomenclature, yet
it seems essentially to have been absorbed in the
predominant element of the Frankish. And thus.
52 OUR NATURAL ENEMIES.
though here and there we find names, such as
Odin, Anquetil, Kaoul, which seem more par-
ticularly to bespeak a northern origin, yet such
names are not sufficient to give a character to the
nomenclature. ^
With very few exceptions, I have taken the
modern French names from the Annuaire de
Paris, and following the analogy of the language,
have in all cases adopted the spelling and not the
pronunciation.
The Frankish dialect being more nearly allied
to the High German than to the Low, the differ-
ences between French and. English names will, to
a considerable extent, be the differences between
High and Low German, as referred to in last
chapter. Thus, though the French Christian
name happens to be fixed as Edouard, yet the
form most in accordance with the Frankish
language would be Audouard. And Audouard,
AuDEVARD, &c., is in fact the form which in
French family names is the most common. So
also AuDOUiN, AuDiGUiER, and Audibert, pre-
vail rather than Edwin, Edgar, and Edbert.
The most common ending for simple names,
among the French, as among the Old Franks, is
o, or with the usual superfluous letters, eau.
Thus French Couteau corresponds, as I take it,
with Eng. Coote — the same name with the end-
ing and without. And as I have before observed
that the ending in i is that which is in accordance
with the genius of the English language, and
OUR NATURAL ENEMIES. 53
that, if we had to form names now, we would
give them that ending, so the same remark
apphes to the French and the ending in o.
It has been remarked that names derived
from trades are more common in France than in
England. I should rather say that it is the ter-
mination in e?' which is more common, and that
among a multitude of names with this termina-
tion there are many which accidentally coincide
with names of trades. I do not for a moment
doubt that there are names derived from trades
both in France and England, but what I say is
that in a number of cases these names may be
accounted for — and often more satisfactorily —
othermse. This view is confirmed by the fact
that many French names correspond with English
names of trades. M. de Gerville has noticed one,
French Houelleur, English Wheeler, and he
has been driven to the shift of supposing that "it
was introduced into Normandy during the thirty-
two years occupation by the English in the
fifteenth century." Truly the French must have
been apt to learn, or the lesson must have been
sharply taught. For they have also Collier,
Tanniere, Miller, Glaeser, Brazier, Krier,
EiNGiER, Tascher, Cartier, Pottier, Pacquier,
corresponding with our Collier, Tanner, Miller,
Glazier, Brazier, Cryer, Einger, Tasker,
Carter, Potter, Packer. Now my theory is
that all these are, or may be in some cases,
ancient compounds, and as I shall elsewhere show.
54 OUR NATURAL ENEMIES.
we have in almost all cases, both in French and
English, names which contain the roots, and
names which form other compounds.
Eegarded from this point of view, French and
English names mutually throw great light upon
each other. When I doubt whether our Potter
means a maker of pots, it very much strengthens
my suspicion to find not only a French Pottier,
but also Poterie, with a corroborative termina-
tion. So when I doubt whether the French
Notaire means a notary, an English Notter is
at hand to back me out.
In another point of view French and English
names throw hght upon each other — it often
happens that the group is more complete in one
language than in the other, and there is always a
doTible chance of a missing link being supplied.
It seems natural to expect that at a transi-
tional period in France there might be a certain
mixing up of Teutonic and Romanic forms. And
we find accordingly that there are some names
which, though they run through a range of
Teutonic compounds, do not themselves appear
to be of Teutonic origin. Such are harh, dulc,
just, which seem to be French or Latin, and yet
which are found with the usual German endings,
such as hert, hard, &c., appended to them. So
also some words of Christian import, as Crist,
Sanct, &c., seem to have been treated in a similar
manner, in order to make German names of them.
These forms, however, are not very common, and
OUR NATURAL ENEMIES. 55
it is not always certain that the word in question
is not German.
This chapter may not inappropriately be con-
cluded by an argument to prove that the present
ruler of the French may have a name of German
origin — that Bonaparte in fact may be an Old
Frankish name, come back, after long exile, to its
native land. The case stands thus. Bonibert in
the 7th and Bonipert in the 9 th century, appear
as Frankish names. In that part of Italy which
was subdued by the Franks I find the present
Itahan name Boniperti — it is — or was — that of a
jeweller at Turin — and there is no doubt that it
is the same name as the Frankish Bonipert. Now
from the same part of Italy came originally also
the Bonapartes, and the question is simply this —
May not the name Bonaparte be nothing more
than an attempt to shape the other name, Boni-
perti, to something of an Italian meaning 1 Still,
the name may be German, and yet not Frankish,
for the Lombards, who held that part of Italy
■ before them, were also Germans, and may have
had the same name Bonipert. Curiously enough
too, firom the other side of the Atlantic the name
comes back to us in a Saxon form, for the Bon-
bright quoted by Mr. Bowditch — Anglo-Saxon
briht=0\d High German per^ — is evidently the
same as Bonipert.
As to the etymology of the name, it may be
taken to be from hana, bona, a slayer, and bert
or pert, famous.
56 OUR NATURAL ENEMIES.
A famous slayer indeed was he who called
men " food for powder !"
CHAPTER IX.
MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER.
There are several names of which the etymo-
logical meaning is simply Man. And there appear
to be some — but generally these are not so certain
— of which the meaning is simply Woman. Into
many of the names signifying man there enters
no doubt something of a higher sense — that of
manliness or heroism. And the words appear to
be used 'par excellence, as we apply the terms
manly and manful. Something of this sense
appears in the hne of Burns' —
" A man's a man for a' that."
Still there are cases in which it is difficult to
trace any other sense than that of mere sex.
At the head of the Hst is Mann, which is
in a more direct manner connected with hero-
worship than the rest, if, as is probably the case,
its use as a name is to be traced up to the
Mannus of Tacitus, the fabled son of the hero or
god Tuisco, and founder of the German nation.
We do not, however, meet with the name in after
times, at least in its simple form, before the 7th
cent., though in a compound form, it is foiuid as
early as the 4th. Two other forms are Men and
Mon, the latter of which was Anglo-Saxon, and is
still used in the Lowland Scotch.
H
Man.
58 MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Manno, Manni, Meni, 7tli cent. Ang.-Sax.
Mann, Manni, Mon. Eng. MAKJf, Many, Menne, Mennie,
Homo. Mennow. Modern German Mann. French Mann, Many,
Maneau, Menne, Meny, Meneau, Monny, Monneau. Ital.
Manni.
diminutives.
Old German Mannila, Manili, 6th cent. — Anglo-Saxon
Mannel — Eng. Mannell, Manley — Manlay, Roll of Battle
Abbey — Modern Germ. Mannel, Mennel — French Manley,
Menel. Old Germ. Manniko, Mannic, 9th cent. — English
Mannico, Mannakay, Manchee, Mannix — Mod. German
Manecke, Manneck — French Manec. Old Germ. Mannikin,
Mennechin — Eng. Manchin. — Modern German Mannikin,
Mannchen.
patronymics.
Old Friesic Manninga — English Manning — French
Maningue.
compounds.
(Frid, peace) Old Germ. Manfrit — Eng. Manfred — Mod.
German Manfried — French Manfray, Monfrat — Italian
Manfredi. (Gar, (/er, her, spear) Old Germ. Mangar, 8th
cent. — Eng. Manger,* Monger ? Moncur. (Here, warrior)
English MoNERY — French Mannier, Menier, Monnier.
(Liub, leof, dear) Old German Manaliiib, 7 th cent. — English
Manlove. {Hard, fortis) Modern German Manhardt,
Mannert — French Monard. {Gold, galda, virere) Old
German Managold, 7th cent. — Eng. MANiGAULT,t Mangles
— Mod. Germ. Mangold — French Mangal. {Wald, power)
Old Germ. Manold, 8th cent. — ll'ench Manalt, Menault.
In the former edition I thought that Oman
might be from Old Norse omannr, a nobody, o
negative and manvr, a man. But it is more pro-
bably the same as Homan, from hoh, high. (See
* If this is pronounced like the English word " manger," it is probably the
same as an Old Germ. Meginger.
t Manigault, a South Carolina name, may be of French origin, ocy^-t^ -
MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER. 59
what it is to drop our li's !) Orman again, which
I thought might be from the corresponding Ang.-
Sax. negative particle or, is probably the same as
an Old Germ. Oraman of uncertain meaning.
Another word signifying a man, a male, is
Ang.-Sax. early Old High Germ, charal. This was
a very common name, both German and Scan-
dinavian, and is found as early as the 7th cent.,
but it does not seem, like most other words, to
occur often in a compound form. A notable
exception, however, is that of the Frankish king
Carloman, the combination in whose name of two
words both signifjdng man, gives, as in the Old
Norse harhnenni, the sense of hero.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Karol, Carolus, 7th cent. Ang.-Sax. Cearl.
Old Norse Karl. Eng. Carl, Carley, Charles, Carroll, q^^^^
Carloss, Carless (Carolus ?) Mod. German Karl. French Man.
Carol, Charle. Span. Carlos.
A third root signifying man is Ang.-Sax. gum,
gom, Old High German gomo, como, cJwmo, per-
haps cognate with Latin homo. Hence comes
the' Eng. " groom," assuming a phonetic r.
simple forsis.
Old Germ. Goma, Como, Chomo, 7th cent. Old Dan. Gom, Gum,
Gummi. Eng. Gumma, Gummoe, Gomsi, Gumm, Groom, com.
Combe. Mod. German Gomm, Komm, Kumm. French Gom, ^'*°'
Gomme, Com, Chomeau, Grumay.
compounds.
(Bice, Riche, powerful) Old German Gumarich, Gomarih,
Komerili — English Groombridge, Combridgr,* Gomery,
* Hence the Scotch name Mc.Cambuidqb quoted by Lower.
60 MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER
CoMRTE — Modern German Gummbich — French Gombrich.
{Mund, protection) Old Germ. Gummund, Cummunt — Eng.
Gkummant, Comont — French Gomant, Comont, (Leihy
carmen) Old Germ. Gomaleih, Comaleih — English Gumley,
CoMLEY. (Mary mer, illustrious) Old Germ. Gummar, Kum-
mar — Eng. Gummer, Comer — French Gomer, Chaumer.
Seeing the interchange of c and g in this root,
it may be worth while to enquire whether our
word " comely," for which there is no quite satis-
factory etymon in the dictionaries, may not be
from gom or com, a man, in the sense of manly
beauty.
From the Gothic aha, man, Forstemann de-
rives the following group of ancient names.
Stark, however, recommends to go back to the
root-meaning, as found in the lost verb aban,
pollere, referred to by Grimm. But if we suppose
the sense to be that of man as the impersonation
of power, we may, I think, as well take that
meaning as the abstract one. Whether the root
lb should be included also in the group, is not so
certain.
simple forms
Old Germ. Abbo, Abbi, Abba, Appo, Appa, Ebbo, Hebo,
' ' * Heppo, Ibba, Hibba, Ippo, 5 th cent. Ebba, queen of the
South Saxons, A.D., 678. Ibbe, an Ang.-Sax. (Kemhle.)
Ebbi, a Northman (Ann. I si.) Abo (Domesday Line.)
Eng. Abbe, Abbey, Abba, App, Happey, Epp, Hebb, Hep-
PEY, Hipp. Mod. Germ. Abbe, Appe, Heb, Ibe. Mod.
Dan. Ebbe, Erba. French Abbi^, Appay, Habay, Haby,
Happe, Happey, Hipp. ^
diminutives.
Old Germ. Abiko, Eppiko — Eng. Appach, Ebbidge —
Mod. Germ. Abich, Ebbecke — French HabiciJ, Happich*
MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER. 61
Old German Ibikin, Ipcin — English Hipkin. Old German
Abbilin, Appulin — Eng. ArrLiN. Abissa, son of Hengest —
Eng. Abbiss, Apsey — French Habez.
PATRONYMICS.
English Abson, Hebson, Ibison, Hibson — Dan. Ebsen,
Ipsen.
compounds.
{Dioj servant) English Abdy — French Abbadie, Habdey.
{Bert, pert, bright) Old Germ. Ibert — English Ebert, Heb-
bert, Hibbert — Mod. German Ebbrecht — French Abert,
Habert, Appert, Happert, Ebert, Hebert, Ibert, Hibert.
{Wald, power) Eng. Appold — French Abault. (Wid, vidy
wood) Old Germ. Abuid — Eng. Hipwood — French Abavid.
{Beado, war) Old Germ. Ibed, Ibet — Eng. Abbott, Ebbetts,
Ibbett, Hibbitt — French Abbette, Abit, Habit.
A fifth root signifying man is the Old High
Germ, bar, which however it is very difficult to
separate from Ang.-Sax. har, a bear, with which
in its root, it is probably aUied. I place the fol-
lowing here.
simple forms.
Old German Paro, 10th cent. English Barr, Barry,
Barrow, Parr, Parry. Barre, Bary (Roll Battle Abbey J.
French Barre, Bapry, Barreau, Barre, Parra.
diminutives.
English Barlow, Barley, Barrell, Parrell — French
Barelle, Parly. Eng. Parkin — French Barachin. Eng.
Barling. Eng. Barras, Paris,* Parsey, Parish — French
Barriss, Parisse, Pariseau.
compounds.
(Frid, peace) Old German Baifrid, 8th cent. — English
Parfrey. {Wold, power) Old Germ. Baroald, 7th cent. —
French Barault. (Goth, thius, Old High German dio,
servant) Old German Paradeo, Paradeus — English Paraday,
* Kobt. Parys, one of the "good men of London " — Pell Records, temp. Ed. 3.
Bar, Par.
Man.
62 MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWEE.
Pardew, Paradise 1 — French Parade, Paradis ? (Man)
Eng. Barreyman, Parman — Swiss Barman. (Wine, friend)
French Baroin. (Bat, counsel) Eng. Barrett, Parrot- —
French Barratte, Barret, Parrette. '^'^■••^M*^ c
From the Goth, faths, man, Forstemann takes
the foUowmg Old Germ, name, which is the only
one that we find. And to the same source we
may perhaps venture to refer the following
modern names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Fatto, 8th cent. Eng. Fatt, Fatty, Faddy,
Fett. French Fath.
COMPOUNDS.
Eng. Fatman ? Fetman 1
The names signifying woman are attended
with more difficulty and doubt, owing to the
manner in which men's names intermix, some-
times from the same apparent root. Thus there
are several which appear to be from Aug.- Sax.
wif, Old High Germ, wip, Mod. Germ, weib, wife
or woman. But among the ancient names there
are some that are those of men,* and Forstemann
thinks that the root of ivehan, to weave, inter-
mixes. Or, I should rather suggest, Old Norse
vijppay to move rapidly. Eng. " whip." Wippo
was the name of a mythical Frankish king,
{Grimm's Deutsch, Myth. 277.)
S[MPLE FORMS.
Old German Wippo, Wippa, Wibi. English Whipp,
Wipp.' Whippy, Wibby. Mod. Germ. Wiebe.
Woman ?
* If the priiiCiple which I have before suggested be admitted, viz., that
anciently names were oftua given without reforeiice to their meaning, it would bo
quite conceivable that a name of which the literal meaning was woman might, of
course in a masculine form, be borne by a man, and vice vcrsd. At the .same time
I think it probable that there is an intermixture of roots in this group.
MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER. G3
DIMINUTIVES.
Vibill??/5, a general of the Hermunduri in Tacitus. — Old
German AVipilo.— Old Norse ViiiU.— Wivell, Roll of Battle
Abbey. — Eng. Wippell, Weible, Whibley. — Mod. Germ.
WippEL, WiBEL — French Wibaille. Old Germ. Wiviken
— Eng. WiPKiN. — Mod. Germ. Wibking. Eng. Webling.
COMPOUNDS.
{Dag, day, or dio, servant) Eng. Whipday. {Wcddy
power) Eng. Wyfolde.
Then we have QuiN and Queen. It seems
very doubtful whether these are from Goth.
qwina, Ang.-Sax, cioSn, a woman, Eng. " queen."
For an Old German Quino comes before us as a
man's name, and Forstemann takes it to be an
aspirated form of Wino, from ivine, friend. This
we have also in many other names, as Quilliams
for Williams, &c.
It might seem fair, however, to give women's
names the benefit of the converse. For we have
a name Quomman, which on the same principle
might be an aspirated form of woman. But more
probably it is the Gothic form of Commin, from
Goth, quama, quuma, Ang.-Sax. cumma, guest,
stranger.
Then Doll, Dolling might be from Old
Norse doll, a woman (Eng. doll ?) This seems
rather probably the meaning of the name of a
female serf, " Huna et soror illius Dolo," in a
charter of manumission. Cod. Diio. 981. But we
have several compound names which are evidently
-^/^i^jt.
64 MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER.
from a different source, probably Ang.-Sax. dolhy
a wound, and these two might be the same.
In the former edition I thought that Pegg
and PiGG might not improbably be from Ang.-
Sax. piga, Dan. jpige, a virgin, particularly from
finding Pega or Pegia as the name of an Anglo-
Saxon woman, the sister of St. Guthlac, a.d. 714.
But on further consideration I think they are
more probably, by the interchange of h and p, the
same as Begg and Bigg.
So also I thought that Fann, Fanny, Fan-
ning, might be from Friesic faen, fana, Ang.-Sax.
fcemna, a maiden. And that Fenn, Fenning,
might be fromy^mne, another Ang.-Sax. form of
the same. But the Old High Germ, fauna, an
ensign, seems, upon the whole, to be an etymon
more in accordance with the general character of
our names.
There is another name. Diss, which I before
thought might be from a female origin, but which
is at any rate uncertain. The Old Norse dis
signified a goddess, but originally, according to
Grimm, simply a woman, and in proper names,
the sense probably wavered between the two.
Dis by itself occurs as a woman's name in the
Landnamabok, and it was very common in com-
pounds, one of which was Aldis. Hence I
thought might be our names Diss and Aldiss.
But there is an Old German Diss, Disso, a man's
name, which Forstemann refers to Goth. deiSy
MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER. 65
wise — hence may be our Diss. And Aldiss may-
be Ald-iss, the dimmutive form referred to in
Chap. 3.
Lastly we have the names Verge, Virgin,
and Virgo — apparently the Frencli vierge, Eng.
virgin, Lat. virgo. But these are only a few
names out of a group, the root of which I am
rather inclined to take to be icearg, a wolf,
tvUrgen, to worry.
Upon the whole then it will be seen that
names signifying woman are certamly not com-
mon, and in most cases uncertain.
A word as to family names apparently from
the christian names of women. These have been
supposed to indicate illegitimacy, and if any of
them have been given in comparatively modern
times, this may be the case. But with regard to
such suruames as Anne, Betty, Moll, Pegg,
Sall, Lucy, I have elsewhere given reasons ,for
supposing them not to be women's names at all,
but ancient men's names. That we have some
names of female origin I do not doubt, and in the
origin of surnames, I can see no reason why they
might not in some cases, without any injurious
imputation, be taken from the mother. We find
that it was so in the case of christian names, as,
for instance, in the Pol. Irm., where a woman is
called Scupilia, and her son ScojDilius, an instance
of the vowel change referred to by Weinhold,
p. 49.
I
66 MAN AS THE TYPE OF POWER.
There are one or two names, such as Man-
hood and Manship (Ang.-Sax. manscipe, man-
hood), which seem to contain an abstraction.
We have also Mahood, which may be either
maidenhood or boyhood (Ang.-Sax. mcegy Old
Eng, mey, maiden, Goth, magus, puer). But the
ending heid or hait (Mod. Germ, heit, Eng. hood),
is found in many ancient names, particularly
among the West Franks, and in the 8 th and 9th
centuries. Thus we have Adalheid, = noble-hood,
2. e., nobility. So also Williheid, which seems to
be equivalent to resolution, and Billiheid, which,
according to the meaning of the root suggested
by Grimm, would be gentleness.
J
CHAPTER X.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Names taken from animals form a very
numerous and important list — many of tliem
being of the highest Teutonic antiquity. Several
of them are also closely connected with Northern
mythology, for as certain animals were conse-
crated to certain deities, so we find that these are
the animals which were most in favor for the
names of men. Thus the wolf was sacred to
Odin, the bear to Thor, and the boar to Frey.
And the names of these three animals, consecrated
respectively to the three principal Northern
deities, were among the most honourable and the
most common names of men. Indeed Bjom, 1:^0^']
signifying a bear, was one of Thor's own names,
and I am very much inclined to think that we
have here some vestiges of an older worship,
superseded by, and incorporated with the more
recent Odinic faith. Throughout the whole of
Northern Europe we have traces of a sort of
superstitious respect paid to this animal, which,
according to a Swedish proverb, has twelve men's
understanding and six men's strength.* Hence
* Horrebow, in his natural history of Iceland, gives an account of the bear
in which the Icelandic estimate of his mental capacity seems by no means in keep-
ing with the Swedish. If a man, according to his story, is attacked by one of
these animals, he has nothing to do but to throw him something to amuse him till
he can get out of the way. Nothing is better for this purpose than a glove, " for
he will not stir till he has turned every finger of it inside out, and as they are not
very dexterous with their paws, this takes up some time, and in the meanwhile the
person makes off !"
68 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
one of the heroes of Northern romance, fabled to
have been the offspring of a woman and a bear,
is described as surpassing other men in wisdom,
as well as strength. In the former edition I sug-
gested this as the possible origin of our name
Barwise {i.e. " bear- wise"), but retracted it in
the addenda, assigning the name to an Old Germ.
Berwas, Aug.- Sax. hwces, keen, bold. But I over-
looked the fact that there is also an Old German
Berois,''' which may probably be from wis, wise.
And the decided form of our name Barwise
claims connection with this rather than with the
other. So that, if the compound were formed
with a meaning, the reputed wisdom of the bear
might be the idea intended to be conveyed.
The king of the Northern forests was much in
favour on the Scandinavian peninsula, and also
among the Saxons of the continent. But among
the Germans generally, and also among the
Anglo-Saxons, names from the wolf were much
more common.
There are two forms — the simple and older
form her, and the extended form heriyi.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Bero, Pero, 6tli cent. English Bear, Beer,
Ber, Per.
j3g^r Pear, Peer, Pero, Pairo. Mod. Germ. Bahr, Beer, Ber.
French Ber, Beer, Biere, Pere, Peyre, Perreau.
• Tn 01(1 Frankish names, of which this is one, oa and oi stand for wa and
wi, as indeed is the case also in modern French,
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. G9
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Berila, 8tli cent. — Eng. Berrill, Burley,
Pearl, Perley — French Ieral, Berille, Berl, Berly,
Perol, Peurelle, Perilla. Old German Berico, Berrich,
9th cent. — Englisli Berridce, Perrigo — Modern German
Barecke — French Berich, 1'eriche, Perocheau. English
Perkin — French Berquin, Perichon. English Purling — '•
French Berillon, Berlin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Ger, spear), Old German Bereger, Pereker, 8th cent. —
Eng. Berger Modern German Berger — French Berger.
(Gis, hostage) Old German Perakis, 9th cent. — Eng. Purkis,
PuRCHEs, Purchase. {Grim, fierce) Old Germ. Peragrim,
8th cent. — English Paragren, Paragreen, Peregrine ?
{Hart, hard) Old German Berhard, 9th cent. — Eng. Bare-
hard — French Eerard, Perard. {Here, warrior) Old Germ.
Beriher, Bercher — Eng. Berrier, Furrier, Percher — Mod.
German Biercher — French Berryer, Bercher, Perrier.
{Helm, helmet) Old German Perrhelm, 8tli cent. — English
Perriam, Perram — French Berheaume. (Land) Old
Germ. Perelant, 9th cent. — English Purland. (Man) Old
Germ. Berman— Eng. Burman, Pearman— Modern German
Bermann. {Mar, famous) Old Germ. Bermar, 9th cent. —
Eng. Barmore, Parramore, Paramour ? {Mard, reward T)
Old Germ. Beremard — French Bermard. {Mund, protec-
tion) Old German Berimund, 5th cent. — French Bermond
Bermont. {Rat, counsel) Old German Perrat — English
Berret, Perrott — French Berot, Perrot. {Dio, servant)
Old German Biridio, Peradeo, 6th cent. — English Perdue —
French
Beroald,
Ital. Beroaldus. ( Wine, friend) Old German Berewin, 8th
cent., Beroin — Eng. Perown — French Perrouin. {Geltan,
valere) English Purgold — French Perigault. {Ward,
guardian) Old German Beroward, Pei-wart, 8th cent. — Eno'.
Berward, Perwort. {Wis, wise) Old German Berois, 8th
cent. — Eng. Barwise, Purvis.
^' 'i-«^V i V r «^
Perody, Peyredieu. {Wald, power) Old German ^t\. . Wvj^^,
I, Berolt, 7th cent. — French Berault, Perault —
70 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Perhaps to this root may belong the name of
the well-known fanatic Barebone, with which
may correspond a French Baraban {bana or
bona, a slayer). Another English form is Bear-
ben N.
The following are to be assigned to the ex-
tended root beri7i, with which corresponds the
Old Norse bjorn. The Anglo-Saxon beorn, chief,
hero, may mix up with this root. It will be seen
in this and the former, how close a connection
there is between the roots of bear and man.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Old German Berno, Berino, Bern, Pern, Pirin, 8tli cent.
Berin, Old Norse Bjorn, Birna. Ang.-Sax. Beorn. Eng. BiRNE,
Bern, BuRN, BiRNEY, PuRNEY, Byron, Perrin. Modern German
Beerin. French Berne, Berne y, Perny, Biron, Piron,
Perrin. Ital. Berni.
DIMINUTIVES.
old German Birnico, 8tli cent. — Eng. Burnidge — Mod.
German Bernicke. Englisli Burnell, Purnell — French
Bernelle, Pernelle. Old German Berinza, Berniza, 10th
cent. — Eng. Burness, Burnish 1 — Mod. Germ. Behrens.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Berning, 9th cent. — Eng. Burning. — Mod.
Germ. Berning.
compounds.
{Gar, spear) Old German Beringar, 8th cent. — English
Beringer, Berringer — Mod. German Berringer — French
Beringer, Beranger. {Hard) Old German Berinhard, 8th
cent. — English Bernard — Mod. German Bernard — French
Bernard — Span. Bernardez. {Here, warrior) Old German
Berinher, Berner, Bernier, Pernher, 8th cent. — Eng. Birner,
Bear.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 71
TfiBNER — Mod. Germ. Berver— Froncli Bernibr, Pirnier.
(WcUcl, power) Old German Bonieold, Bcrnolt, 8tli cent. —
E^g. Bernold —French Bernault.
As the bear was sacred to Tlior, so was the
wolf to Odin, and by his two wolves, Geri and
Freki, he is represented as always accompanied.
I scarcely know how to account for it that though
of all German names this was one of the most
common, it is not particularly so in English
names, and in French names rather the reverse.
As a prefix in our names it generally loses the f,
as in WooLGER for Wulfgar.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Vulf, 5tli cent.— Wolf, 8th cent.^Ov'Aic^os
Procopius. Ang.-Sax. Wulf. Old Norse Ulfr. English Wuif, uif.
Wolf, Ulph, XJlp. Mod. Germ. Wolf. French Yolf, "^°"-
OULIF.
DIMINUTIVES.
Ang.-Sax. Wolfsi — English Wolsey {see p. 23). Old
Germ. Wulfico, 8th cent. — Eng. Woolfolk. Old German
Vulfemia, 9 th cent. — Eng. Wolfem, Vulliamy.
compounds.
(Bert, bright) Old German Wolfbert, 8th cent.— English
WooLBERT. (Frid, peace) Old Germ. WolfFrid, 8th cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Wulfred — Eng. Woolfreys. {Gar, spear) Old
German Wolfgar, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Wulfgar — English
WooLGAR. {Gaud, goth ?) Old Germ. Wulfegaud, 8th cent.
— Ang.-Sax. Wulfgeat — Eng. Woolcott. {Held, p. 66)
Old Germ. Wolfheid, 8th cent.— Eng. Woolhead. {Hard)
Old Germ. Wolf hard, 8th cent.— Ang.-Sax. Wulfhard— Eng.
Woollard — Mod. Germ. Wulfert. {Here, warrior) Old
German Vulfhar, bishop of Rheims, 7th cent. — Ang.-Sax.
72 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Wiilfhere— Old Norse Ulfar — Eng. Wolper — Mod. Germ.
WoLFER. (Hath, had, war) Old German Wolfhad, bishop
of Bourges, 9th cent. — Eng. Woollatt — French Woillot.
{Helm) Old German Wolfhalm, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Wulf-
helm — Eng. Woollams — French Woillaume. {Hoh, high)
Old Germ. Wolfhoh, 8th cent.— Ang.-Sax. Wulfheh— Eng.
WooLLEY. {Mar, famous) Old German Wolfmar, 8th cent.
— Ang.-Sax. Wulfmer — Eng. Woolmer. {JVoth, bold) Old
Germ. Vulfnoth, 9th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Wulfnoth — English
"WooLNOTH. (Eaban, ram, raven) Old Germ. Wolfhraban,
Wolfram, 7th cent. — English Wolfram (perhaps of German
origin). (Rice, powerful) Old German Wulfrich, 8th cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Wulfric — Eng. Woolrych — French Wulveryck.
(Stan, stone) Old Germ. Wolfstein — Ang.-Sax. Wulfstan —
Eng. WOOLSTON.
Though in Old German names this was the
most common of all post-fixes, yet it is by no
means frequent either in English or French. We
have the following.
(Bad, prosperity) Old German Audulf, 7th cent, — Ang.-
Wuif, uif. Sax. Eadulf — Eng. Adolph — Mod. Germ, Adolph — French
Wolf- Adolphe. (Beado, war) Old Germ. Badulf, 8th cent. — Old
as a pos - X. j^^^^^^ Bodolph — English BiDDULPH, BuTOLPH ? (Bardi,
giant ?) Old German Bartholf — English Bardolf. (Gand,
wolf) Old German Gandulf, 7th cent. — French Gandolphe.
(Fast, firm) Old German Fastulf, 8th cent. — Eng. Fastolp,*
Fastaff. (Rand, shield) Old German Randulf, 8th cent. —
English Randolph. (Rag, counsel 1) Old German Ragolf,
Raholf, Raulf — English Ralph — Mod. German Ralphs.
(Hroc, giant) Old Germ. Rocculf, Roholf, Roolf — Old Norse
Hrolfr — Eng. Rolf — Mod. Germ. Rolf. (Stede, steadfast)
Old German Stadolf, 8th cent. — Eng. Stidolf. Our name
* I do not find this as a present English name, but there was a Sir John
Fastolf, the supposed prototype of Shakespere'a FalstafT, who belied his etymology
by running away from Joan of Arc.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 73
Balfe, Pott makes a contraction of Badulf. But I think
that it is more probably the same as the Ang.-Sax. Beowulf,
perhaps from heag, beah, bracelet ; hence, same as an Old
Germ. Baugulf.
Will/ or Ulfwas the honourable name of the
wolf. It was the wolf as the servant of Odin —
the attendant on the battle-field — the brave,
patient hunter. But the wolf has another char-
acter— that of the midnight robber — the ruthless
devourer — the curse of the shepherd — the terror
of the mother. In this character his name was
wearg or varg, which also means assassin. The
wolf himself seems to have had an aversion to this
name, for in the old days when animals could
speak, he is represented in Northern fable as
saying —
" Callest thou me Varg, I will be wroth with thee."
But wdiat was not good enough for a wolf
seems to have been good enough for a man, for
Wearg was the name of a Solicitor-General in
the last century. The names Verge, Virgo, and
Virgin I should also be rather inclined to bring
in here — referring them to wearg, a wolf, or the
verb wurgian, to worry. However, there is un-
certainty about this group ; Forstemann finds a
root werk to which he gives the sense of opus.
SiaiPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Wargus, Wergio, 9 th cent. English Wearg, ^^^
Werge, Verge, Werk, Workey,* Verco, Virgo. Mod. w'oif.
Germ. Werck. French Verge, Verge.
* In a charter of manumission, Cod. Dip. 981, we find Wurci as the name of
a serf. It seems probable that this is a sobriquet, and that it means literally " one
who works," i.e., with a will. Perhaps then the above name Wobkey ought
rather to be associated with it.
74 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
PHONETIC EXTENSION.
Eng. Virgin. French Vergeon, Yergne.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, her, warrior) Old Germ. Wevchari, Werkher, 8th
cent. — Eng. Verger — Modern German Werker — French
Verchere. (Man) Eng. Wirgman, Workman ? {Noth,
bold) English Worknot — French Vergnaud, Vergnot.
^^Jjryv*^-*-*^ (Wine, friend) French Virquin.
(^S^3i^^^^ Another name for the wolf in Old Norse was
^^'^^AJ gGi'i'^dr, to which Forstemann assigns the root
^^j^T^^^L^* gcindy gant, gent, hant, hent, in Old German
r yf'**' ""^^^ names. To this I add cliand, chant, as a form
^^, common in French names, though chanter, to
t^i^ ' ,-^ sing, probably mixes with it.*"'
simple FORMS.
Old German Gando, Ganto, Canto, Gento, son of the
Gand, Gant. Vandsl Geiserich, 6th cent. Old Norse Gandr (surname.)
Cant, j^jj Gande, Gandy, Gant, Cant, Canty, Cande, Candy,
Wolf. ° ) i J 5 ; 7
Chant, Gent. Mod. Germ. Gante, Kant, Gent. French
Gand, Canda, Candy, Gente, Genty, Chanteau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Gantala, Cantulo, 9th cent. — Eng. Gandell,
Candall, Cantelo, Cantle, Gentle 1 Modern German
Genedl, Kendel — French Gandell, Gentil 1 Candelle,
Cantel, Chandel. English Candelin — French Gandillon,
Cantillon, Gentillon.
compounds.
{Here, warrior) Old Germ. Ganthar, 8th cent. — English
Gander, Gender, Ganter, Cantor, Chanter — Mod. Germ,
Ganter, Kanter — Swiss Gander — French Gandier, Gan-
ter, Candre, Cantier, Chantier. (Had, rat, counsel) Old
German Gcndrad, 8th cent. — French Gendrot, Chantrot.
* As in the names Chanteclaire and Chantoiseau.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 75
{Rice, powerful) Old German Gendirili, Cantrili — English
Gentery, Gentry, Ciiantrey, Kendrick, Kendray — Mod.
Germ. Genderich — French Gendry, Chanterac. (Ul/y
wolf) Old German Gandulf, 7th cent.— French Gandolphe.
(Wine, friend) French Gandoin.
Another word signifying wolf is Old Norse
sdmr. We find this as a man's name in the
Landnamobok, and as a dog's name in the Nial-
saga. The root sam in Old German names
Forstemami refers to Old High Germ, samo, Eng.
" same," in the sense of " equal." But I think
that the above derivation is to be preferred.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Samo, 6th cent. Old Norse Samr. English g^^^ g^^^
Sam, Semy. Modern German Sahm, Semm. French Seme, woif.
Semey.
diminutives.
English Samkin. French Semichon.
The boar, which was sacred to Frey, the third
of the principal deities, was also in very common
use for the names of men. As the Anglo-Saxon
beorn, the origmal meaning of which seems to
have been " bear," was used in the sense of prince,
hero — so the Old Norse jofurr, signifying boar,
was employed in Northern poetry in the same
sense. The root of the word seems to be the
same as that of the group ab, eb, p. 60, viz.,
Sansc. abhas, powerful, and the lost Teutonic
verb ahan, pcUere. From the Old High Germ.
eber, Ang.-Sax. efor and ofo7\ Old Norse jofurr,
are the following.
^Q THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Ebur, 6tli cent. Ibor, Lombard prince, 4th
Eber, Ever, cent., not certain. Old Norse Jofiirr, Ivar. Englisb Eber,
^^^''- Heber, Ever, Heaver^ Heifer, Over. Modern German
Eber, Evers. French Hiver, Hevre, Ouvre.
diminutives.
Old German Euerlin, 8th cent. — Mod. German Oberlin
— French Eberlin. English Eborall, Everall, Overall
— French Eberli, Oberle, Ivorel.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, foi-tis) Old Germ. Ebarhard, Everhard, Everard,
8th cent. — English Everarb — Mod. German Eberhard —
French Evrard, Ebrard, Ouvrard. (Man) Old German
Ewnrman, 8th cent. — Eng. Heaverman — Modern German
Ebermann. {Radj rat^ counsel) Old German Eburrad, 8th
cent. — Eng. Evered, Everett, Overed, Overett — French
EvRATT. (Rice, powerful) Old German Eburicus, king of the
Suevi, 6th cent. — English Every, Ivory, Overy, Ouvry —
French Everickx, Ivry, Obry. {Ger, spear) Old German
Eburacar, 8th cent. — Eng. Overacre ? {Mar, famous) Old
Germ. Evremar, 8th cent. — Eng. Overmore ?
The Old Norse has galti, a boar pig, whence
Gait, "gait," a word still in use in the North of
Boar pig? England. Galti occurs both as a baptismal and
as a surname in the Landnamabok, and hence
may be our Galt. But the root gait in Old
German names Forstemann refers to geltan,
valere.
In the former edition, I derived SuGG from
Ang.-Sax. sug, a sow. But I now think that this
root is both deeper and wider, and have intro-
duced it elsewhere. Hogg also is not to be re-
ferred to the animal, but to Anglo-Saxon hog,
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 77
prudent, thoughtful. There was a Thurcyl sur-
iiained Hoga {Cod. Dip. Ang-Sax. No. 743),
which Mr. Kemble explains as " the wise or con-
siderate." So also PiGG is to be connected with
Pick, and by the interchange of h and p, with
Bigg and Bick, from a root signifying to slash.
The Old Norse gris^ a little pig, occurs both as a
baptismal and as a surname in the Landnamabok.
Hence might be our Grice, and the diminutive
Grissell. But the Old High Germ, gris, grey,
(or perhaps grisly) is more probably the general
root of our names, and also of the French
Grisard, Grisol, &c.
The horse seems to have been held in especial
veneration by the Ancient Germans. Tacitus in-
forms us that they kept white horses, which they
regarded as sacred, and by whose snor tings and
neighings, when yoked to the sacred chariot, they
prognosticated future events. Some trace of this
worship or respect may perhaps be found in the
use, referred to by Grimm, of white horses in
solemn or state processions. Perhaps also in the
frequency with which they appear as the signs
of inns in Germany and S^vitzerland, and, though
not to the same extent, in England. In London
alone there are about 50 inns or public houses
with the sign of the White Horse. The eating
of horse flesh seems to have formed a part of
heathen festivals, and hence was coupled by the
Christian missionaries along with any other
idolatrous ceremony, and interdicted as such.
78 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Nor does the attempted revival, among our some-
what whimsical neighbours, seem to have met
with any very signal success. We do not find
that in the Northern system of mythology the
horse was dedicated especially to any particular
god, but twelve horses, belonging to different
deities, and each distinguished by its particular
name, are enumerated in the Eddas.
The names of Hengist and Horsa, the leaders
of the first Saxon invasion of England, are both
derived from the horse. The former is from
Ang.-Sax. hengst, Old High German hengist, Old
Fries, hingst, Low Germ, hangst, a stallion. ^ The
last word is still in use in some parts of West-
phalia to denote a horse in general. Hengist
seems to have been anciently by no means a
common name. It occurs as the name of a Jutish
chieftain (identical or not with the above), in the
Anglo-Saxon poem of Beowulf The only other
instance is that of a Hengest in the Monumenta
Boica, A.D. 1042. But Hengst is a name stilPin
use among the modern Frisians. And it is found
in names of places in Germany, as Hengistfeldon
and Hengistdorf. In the names of places in
England it is generally corrupted into Hinks, as
Hinks. in Hinksey, Berks., Ang.-Sax. Hengestesige. So
that our Hincks may probably be the same
name. We have also Hinxman and the local
HiNGESTON.
The word ho7\s is common to almost all the
stallion.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 79
Teutonic dialects. An Old High Germ, form is
ors, and an Old Fries, form is hei^s.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Oi-so, 10th cent. Sax. Horsa, 5tli cent. Horse,
En dish Horsey, Hearse, Hersey. French Ors ay, Herse, ^erse.
^_ * ' ' ' Equua.
Herce.
diminutives.
Old German Orsicin, 10th cent. — English Horskins,
Erskine 1 Eng. HoRSELL — French Orsel.
COMPOUNDS.
Old Germ. Ursiraan, 7th cent. — Eng. Horsman. (There
is also an Old German Horseman, 9th cent., horse, nimble.)
From the other form hros may be the follow-
ing. But Grimm also suggests a word ?'0.9, red,
which may intermix. And our name E-oss may
of course also be local.
SIMPLE FORilS.
Boss.
Eng. Ross. French Rossi. Horse.
DIMINUTIVES.
Roscelin (Lib. Vit.J — Eng. Rosling — French Rosselin,
RosLiN. French Rossel, Rosly. Eng. Roscoe.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, famous) Old Germ. Rospert, 10th cent. — English
RosBERT. (Hari, her, warrior) English Rosser, Rosier,
RosERY — French Rosser, Roscher. (Man) Eng. Rosoman
— French Rosemon. (Kel for Ketel ?) Old Norse Hrosskel
— Eng. Roskell.
From the Ang.-Saxon mcBre, mere. Old High Mare.
Germ, mar ah, a horse, Eng. " mare," are probably
Mare, Meers, Hearing, Mara, and perhaps
Mary. There may be other names, but it is
80 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
difficult to se})arate this root from maVy mer,
illustrious. One or two compounds, such as
Maryman or Merriman, which would correspond
with Horsman, Hinxman, seem more naturally
to belong to this.
From the Old Higli Germ, maraliy march, a
horse, Forstemann derives the root marc in Old
Germ, names, observing that marka, a boundary,
may also intermix. Mark may of course also be
in some cases Scriptural.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Mark ^^^ German MapKia^, Gothic leader iu Procopius.
March. Marco, 8tli cent. Anglo-Saxon March, Cod. Dip. No. 971.
iiorso. Eijg Mark, Mahkey, Marcus, March. Modern German
Mark, March. French Marcq, Marc, Marcus, MARcnfe.
PIMINUTIVES.
Old German Marclin, 9th cent. — French Marcillon.
Eng. MARKLiLE.t French Marcol.
COMPOUNDS.
(Here, warrior) Old Gorman Marcher — Eng. Marker,
Marcher — Modern CJerman Marker — French Marchire,
Marquery. (J far, illustrious) Old German Marcomer, 2nd
cent. (Aurcl Vict, de Cccs.J — Marcamar, Frankish prince,
4th cent. — Eng. IMarramore.* (Lei/, supei-stes) Old Germ.
Marcleif, Marclef, Gth cent. — Eng. Marklove — Mod. Germ.
Markloff. ( Ward, guardian) Old Germ. Marcuard, 8th
cent. — Modern German INIarkwardt — French Marcuard.
{Wi(j, wlc, Avar) Old German Mai'covicus, Cth cent. — Englisli
Marknvick.
t Can this bo tho Danisl\ diminutive /i7/(', as iu Tovc/i7/c, North. Eug. lUef
Tho nanio is found iu tho Danish county of Lincolnshire.
** Several Old Qorinan nniuos from this root appear both as Marah and Mark
Thus Marahsind and Marcsind, kc. The Hi^h Germ, h, however, must bo taken
to reproscut somcthiug of a guttural sound,
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 81
I do not think that Stallion is from the
anmial, but, along with tlie French Stalin, from
staid, steel, which enters into some Old German
names.
Palfrey seems also doubtful. It may be
from the Old Germ. Baldfred or Paldfred — -fred
in Eng. generally making frey, as in Godfrey and
Humfrey. But Palfri:man cannot be so ex-
plained.
Colt is, I doubt not, the High Germ, form of
Gold. So also Coltman corresponds with
Goldman and Goldman. Other compounds are
Colter, Coltart, &c.
These four animals then, the bear, the wolf,
the boar, and the horse, all possess obvious
attributes which would make them in favour for
the names of men. The bear, with his power, his
tenacity, his secretiveness, and his imputed wis-
dom— the wolf, with his ferocity, his endurance
and his discipline — the boar, with his vindictive
sturdiness — have always been favourite types for
the Teutonic race : the horse, with his noble and
generous spirit, has had an attraction for all men
in all time.
But the cow — the innocent and ungainly cow
— what is there in her useful and homely life that
could inspire sentiments of reverence in a fierce
and warlike people ? The honour which was
paid to her was from a more ancient and a more
deeply-seated source. From the time when Israel,
tainted with Egyptian superstition, set up a
K
82 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
golden calf and said " These be thy gods, which
brought thee out of the land of Egjrpt'^ — and
from who can tell how many ages before that
time, the cow, as the type of the teeming mother
earth, has been an object of human idolatry. In
the Northern system of mythology she is not,
like the bear, the wolf, or the boar, sacred to any
particular divinity, but appears — in what seems
to be a fragment of a more ancient myth — as
mysteriously connected with the first cause and
origin of all things. Grimm has remarked
(Deutsch. Myth. p. 631^ that the Sanscrit root
g6 signifies both ox or cow, and also earth, coun-
try, district. Hence, on the one hand the Old
High German cliuo, Ang.-Sax. cil, EngHsh cow —
and on the other Gr. 7a, 7>7, earth, German gau.
He further remarks upon the connection which
rinta, the earth, and Rindr, wife of Odin, may
have with Germ, rind, ox.
Both of the above two words, gow or cow,
and rind, are found in our names, and we have
the choice of the above two meanings. But,
upon the whole, the meaning of land, country,
seems more in accordance with the general charac-
ter of Teutonic nomenclature.
I do not take Bull to be from the animal,
though, as elsewhere stated, I am not certain,
while preferring a different derivation, that it is
not from the same root.
There is a root, ur, found in several Old
Germ, names, which Forstemann refers to Aug.-
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 83
Saxon, Old High German, and Old Norse, ^r,
buffalo.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. XJrius, Uro, 4th cent. EDglish UiiE, Urie, ur.
Hurry. Modern German XJhh. French Oury, Hour, Buffalo.
HUREAU, HUREY, HuRE, HeURE.
DDkHNUTIVES.
Eng. HuRREL — French Hurel. French Hurez.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Urinch, 10th cent. — English Youring.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) Old Germ. Urard, 11th cent. — French Hurard.
(Here, warrior) French Urier, Hurier. {Wold, power) Old
German Urold, 9th cent. — French Hurault. ( Winey friend)
Eng. Urwin. {Wig, war) Eng. Urwick.
Calf was not an uncommon name among the
Northmen ; there are several men called Kalfr
in the Landnamabok and elsewhere. The Old
Norse halfr, though primarily signifying the
young of the cow, was applied in a more extended
sense to the young of various animals. And
there is a Northman in the Landnamabok with
the name of Selakalfr (seal-calf) Forstemann
has one Old Germ, name Calpho, which he takes
to be a transposition of Claffo (name of a Lom-
bard king). But I do not feel at all certam that
this, along with a seemmgly Enghsh name
Kalvo in the London directory, and a French
name Calvo, are not to be referred to the Goth.
halho, calf We have also Calf and the Germans
have Kalb and Kalfs, which Pott, though I
P>1^
84 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
think unnecessarily, supposes to be a contraction
of some compound name ending in leib or leif.
There are very few names derived from the
dog. DoGGETT, which I before classed under
this head, I must now withdraw, as I think it
belongs to the root of Ang.-Sax. dugan, to be of
use or value. Also Bick, and the more pro-
nonce name Bitch found in Bowditch, which I
take to be from hicheii, to slash. ^ ■ -.^■
9
Hund, HuND and Hundy, corresponding with an
D^g' Old Germ. Hundo, 8th cent., are probably from
^^2)K<dA hund, a dog, Eng. "hound." Hunt, Mr. Lower
<i*.Cp>v>vv4W. derives from " hunt," a chase or hunting ground,
as a local name. And Mr. Arthur from " hunte,^'
used by Chaucer for huntsman. It is possible
that both these derivations, and particularly the
latter, may obtain in some cases. But as the
general rule I think that Hunt, corresponding
with an Old German Hunto, Mod. Germ. Hundt,
is only the High Germ, form of Hund. In a roll-
call of German officers given by Mameranus, a.d.
550, are the names Hundt, Huntus, and Hon-
tus, the last of which is explained " Georgius
canis seu Hontus." Hence Hunting, French
Hon TANG, as a patronymic form, belongs more
certainly to this last. The Hundings (Hundin-
gas), are a people mentioned in the Scop or Bard's
song, and are supposed to have been the people of
Hundland, which the editors of the Copenhagen
edition of the Edda place in Jutland.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 85
Though the fox was much mixed up with the fox.
popular superstitions of the Middle Ages, it does ^'^^*-
not seem to have been common in the names of
men. Indeed no ancient names come before us
and the word appears first in the Hundred Rolls
as a surname, Le Fox.
Deer might be from the animal, though per-
haps rather in the wider sense of the German
thier, signifying any wild animal. But it is im-
possible, even in the ancient names, to separate it
from deaVy carus, Germ, theuer, wliich I take to
be the preferable sense.
Rain might be in some cases from Old Norse
hreinn, a rein-deer, the name of three Northmen
in the Landnamabok. But as a name of German
origin it is to be referred to Goth, ragin, counsel.
Of other names I take Stagg, Buck, Hart,
Goat, Bam, Ewe, to be derived otherwise than
from the animals.
Lamb was not an uncommon name amongr ^^^^'
Lamp.
the Northmen — little suited as it may seem for Agnus.
those ferocious warriors. It occurs twice as a
baptismal name, and thrice as a surname, in the
Landnamabok. There was also an Erik Lamb,
King of Denmark, A.D. 1139. The High Germ^
form of lamb is lamp, and there is an Old Germ.
Lampo, 10th cent., but Forstemann thinks lamb,
agnus, an improbable root, and suggests Old
Norse lempa, moderari, or Ang.-Sax. limfan, Old
High Germ, limpan, evenire, convenire. But in
the face of the above Scandinavian names, I hardly
Lamb.
Agnus.
86 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
think that his objection can be maintained. It
seems probable, however, that there may be an
intermixture of another root, Old Norse lemia, to
beat, whence in the Cumberland dialect " lam."
Again, there are some names, such as Lambert,
in which lam is a corruption of land. But upon
the whole I think that the following may come
in here.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Lampo, lOth cent. Old Norse Lambi. Eng.
Lamb,''^' Lambey, Lamp, Lampee. Modern German Lampe,
Lamm. Dan. Lampe. Frencli Lambie, Lamy, Lampy.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Lampulo, 9tli cent. — Eng. Lamboll — Modern
Germ. Lamle — French Lamballe, Lambla. Eng. Lamelin
— Frencli Lambelin, Lamblin. Englisli Lampkin — French
Lambquin. ^-^=1 >'
patronymics.
Eng. Lampson. Eng. Lamping.
COMPOUNDS.
(Frid, peace) Old German Lempfrit, 8th cent. — English
Lamprey ? — French Lamfroy ?t
The noblest animal with which the Te atonic
nations were familiar was the bear ; — if they came
in contact with the lion, it must probably have
been some inferior animal of the species. Yet
names from this origin, though not very common,
are of considerable antiquity, being found as early
as the 6th cent. There are two forms — the
* Perhaps we may also bring in here Lumb, Lump, Lumpy, and Lumpkin
(Bowditch.)
t Or might be, as Pott has it, from Landfred.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 87
simple root leo, leiv, loio, (Old High German and
Old Saxon loive, leo. Old Fries, lauw,) and the
extended root lioUy lewon. These I take
separately.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Eng. Leo, Lew, Lewey, Lowe, Lowy. Modern German ^ew, i,ow.
Lkue, Laue. French Leo, Lewy, Loui:. Lion.
COilPOUNDS.
{Wald^ dominion) Old Germ. Leoald, 6th cent. — Modern
German Lewald — French Lioult, Louauld. {Wolf) Old
Germ. Lewolf, 8th cent. — Eng. Leowolf.
Leon,
Lewen.
extended eoot leoTij leuon.
Old Germ. Leon, Leuan, 9th cent. Eng. Lewen, Lion,
LowEN. French Lion, Louin. Lion
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Leonza, 9th cent. — Eng. Lyons ? Lowance —
French ? Liontz.
co:mpounds.
(Ha/rd) Old German Leonard, 6th cent. — Eng. Leonard*
Lennard — Modern German Leonhard, Lexhard — French
Leonard — Ital. Leonard! .
Leopard I take to be the Old Germ, name
Liubhart, Leopart, Leopard {liuh, love, and hai%
hard.^ And Panther, along with Panter,
Pander, Banter, and perhaps Painter, I refer
to the root hand^ hant, pcm^, (Ang.-Saxon bcBud,
crown.)
It is probable that our Link, Lynch ; the
French Link ; and the Mod. German Linck ; are
from Old High German UncJi, lynx. There is an
Old German Linco, 8th cent., which GrafP and
Forstemann refer to this origin. The Ang.-Sax.
Link.
LjTlX.
88
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Welp, Welf .
Whelp.
word is lox, whence may be our LosH, while from
the form luchs, found in Mod. Germ., may be our
LusK and Lush, and the Mod. Germ. Leuchs.
Among the names derived from beasts of prey
must be included that of our gracious Sovereign
— Guelph being a dialectic form of Welph, Eng.
" whelp," signifying the young of beasts of prey.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Old German Huelp, Hwelf, Welf, 9tli cent., Guelf, 11th
cent. Welp, Domesday Torks. English Welp, Guelpa,
Yalpy ? Mod. Germ. Welf. French Yelpeau, Gelpy ?
diminutives.
Old German Walpulo, 9 th cent. — Eng. Welpley. Eng.
Wellflin.
compounds.
(Hard) Old German Welfhard, Welfart, Welfard, 7th
cent. — English Walfokd, Welpord — French Yalfort,
Walferdin (dimin.)
ouphant. Upon the whole I take Oliphant to be, as
Elephant? generally supposed, from the animal. Both the
two forms, elifant and olifant, are found in High
as well as in Low German. The former I have
never met with in English names, but a writer in
Notes and Queries adduces an ^neas Eliphant
from a list of the society of writers to the signet
in Edinburgh for 1711. The name in this form is
found in Germany as early as the 8th cent. At
least I take it that the Old German names
Helfant, Helphant, Eliphand, Eliphant are from
* a Boston surname, but whether of English origin or not Mr. Bowditch
does not say.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 89
that origin. I once copied from a Wiesbaden
visitors' list an " Elephanty, aus London," — a name
which looks like French.
I do not think that Camel is from the
animal. There is a root gamed or carnal, found
in several ancient names, and which is probably
from Ang.-Sax. gamal, old.
Ass, for which Mr. Lower has authority as an
English name, and which corresponds with a
French AssE, may perchance have to be elevated
from a donkey to a demi-god. It may be the Old
Norse as, Anglo-Saxon 6s, semideus, whence Old
Germ, names Aso and Asi, Old Norse Asa. Or
if it be the same as Hass, it will correspond with
Old Germ, names Hasso and Hassi, of which the
meaning is probably Hessian.
Hare I take not to be from the animal, but
either to be classed along with Harre, Harry,
Harrow, from hari, warrior ; or with Air, Airy,
from Goth, ara, eagle. And Hase I take not to
be from the Germ, hase, hare, but along with an
Old Germ. Haso, from hath, war.
Babbit, along with the French Rabot,
Rabotte, I take to be a corruption of an Old
Germ. Badbot, or Batbod. As an ancient name
this appears variously as Badbod, Babbod, Bat-
pot, Bappot. There is a Babbod mentioned as a
"duke of the Frisians" in Eoger of Wendover's
Chronicle.
Badger I take to be either a compound of
had, war, and ger, spear ; or of Ang.-Sax. heag,
L
90
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Eng. " badge," and hari, warrior. Another name,
Badgery, is more evidently the latter compound.
I also doubt Brock, which corresponds with
French Brocq and Broca, being from " brock,"
a badger. Even if from the same root, the deriva-
tion seems too narrow. In Ang.-Sax., Old Norse,
and Old Eng., the word signified a husbandry-
horse, which sense obtains in the North of
England at the present day. The origin seems
to be Old Norse brocka, to go with a heavy and
jolting gait. Brock was the name of a dwarf in
Northern mythology, and he being a wonderful
worker in metals, the above derivation may
perhaps suggest a comparison with the lame
Vulcan. The name then might have a mytholo-
gical origin, but I think on the whole that it may
be better accounted for. Forstemann has nothing
to throw light upon it, but Stark suppHes the
deficiency, and produces Old German names
Bruocho and Bruogo, and Ang.-Sax. Broga, with
compounds Brocardus and Brochard, all of which
he refers to Anglo-Saxon hrdga, terror. I think,
however, that there may be also a root broc,
from Ang.-Saxon brociaUy to afflict, persecute, a
sense quite in accordance with the character of
ancient names.
It seems rather probable, upon the whole, that
Beaver is from the animal. No doubt there is
a root bef, bif, biv (Old Norse, bif, movement),
which enters into a number of names, and of
which it might be a compound. But the forms
THE BRUTE AISD ITS ATTRIBUTES. 91
in which it appears seem to be too extensive and
complete to be thus accounted for. There are
three forms — the Low German hever, the High
Germ, biher, and the Old High Germ, pipar, all
represented in our names — there is also a mixed
form pever.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Bever, Biber,
Biber {Hund. Rolls), English Beaver, Biber, Piper, pjpar
Peffor, Peevor. Modern German Bever, Bieber, Piper. Beaver.
French Bevaire, Biber, Pipre, Piefer, Piver.
DIMINUTIVES.
English Peverall — Pevrell, EoU. Batt. Abb. — French
Peuvrelle.
I do not think it probable that Otter is from
the animal. There are Old Germ, names Other,
Oddar, Mod. Germ. Oder, which Forstemann re-
fers to audy prosperity, and there is an Old Norse
Ottar, which he classes along with these, but for
which I prefer the derivation of Haldorsen, from
Old Norse otta, to strike with fear.
The cat, from the earliest times, seems to have
been connected in the Teutonic mind with magic
and witchcraft. The Icelandic Sagas relate that
Thorolf Skegge, a celebrated magician, had
twenty large black cats, which came to his assist-
ance in time of need, and were each nearly a
match for a man.
It seems certain that the Northmen had names
derived from the cat. Weinhold ( Altnordisches
Lehen)y refers to the names of two brothers, Kott
and Kisi, as bc-th having this meaning. Kott
92 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
again appears as a surname in the Landnamabok.
In the Eyrbiggia Saga there is an account of a
witch called Katla, a name which seems probably
from a similar origin, and which, but that we find
it borne by several other women, we might be
disposed to connect with her magical character.
But as in Northern mythology the chariot of the
goddess Freyia is represented as drawn by two
cats, this might be the most probable reason for
its adoption in proper names.
We do not find any Old Germ, names which
can witli certainty be referred to this origin. The
word cat in some very ancient names, as Catu-
mer and Catualda, though by some writers sup-
posed to be from the cat, is referred by Grimm to
hath, war. And with respect to our own names,
and those of France ; though I think it probable
that such may occur, yet in all cases there are
other roots which present themselves, and render
it more or less doubtful.
Ratt and Mouse are both English names,
and Ratte and Mousse appear also in the direc-
tory of Paris ; I have placed both of them else-
where.
Lastly, we have Mole, which along with
Moll, and the French Mole and Moll, I refer
to Old Norse mola, to beat, English " maul."
And now, having run the quadrupeds to earth, I
must turn to the birds.
Bird itself seems doubtful, and there are two
other roots which I think more suitable than bird.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 93
avis. One is Old Norse hyrde, German hiirde,
an extended root of which is Ang.-Sax. hyrthen,
Eng. " burden." The idea of strength seems to
have been associated with this root. In Old
Norse, hurdir, (j^lur.J, signified strength, vires,
and hiirdalaus signified weak. This might be a
sense present in proper names. Another, and
perhaps a still better derivation, is Old Norse
hurdr, Anglo-Saxon hyrd, birth, which obtained
anciently a sense precisely similar to that which
it has at present in such a phrase as " a man of -
birth."* And there appear to be other roots
with similar meaning in proper names. In some
few cases, however, bird is no doubt a corruption
of hert (famous). And there is one name, Burde-
KIN, which I am rather inclined to take to be
from the bird.
From the Goth, fugls, Ang.-Sax. fugel, Germ.
vogel, fowl or bird, are the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Fugal, 9th cent. English Fuggel, Fuel, Fugei,
FowELL, FowLE, VowELL, VowLES. Mod. Germ. Yogel. ^°^^-
French Faucil ? Foulley 1
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Fukelin, Fugaling, 11th cent. — English
Faullon — French Focillon. French Youlquin.
Fairfoul, as Mr. Lower observes, seems para-
doxical. But spell it Farefowl, and its mean-
* Since writing the above, I find that Stark, referring to an Old Germ, name
Burdo, not explained by Forstemann, proposes the latter of the two meanings which
I have suggested.
Ar.
94 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
ing is explained at once, " bird of passage." Such
names were common among the Northmen. A
Summerfugl and a Winterfugl, " Summer-fowl"
and " Winter-fowl," are among the names on the
coins minted by Scandinavian coiners at York,
( Worsaae, Danes and Norwegians.) Sommer-
VOGEL is found at present in the directory of Paris,
and if French, may be a legacy of the Northmen.
A similar sort of name is our Summersell, the
Sumersul in the Domesday of Yorkshire, which
appears to be from Old Norse sula, explained by
Haldorsen as a sort of pelican. In the genealogy
of the kings of Northumbria occurs a Saefugel,
which name we still have as Sefowl.
The eagle, as the king of birds, is at the head
of the list, and furnishes by far the greatest num-
ber of names. But Eagle itself is uncertain — it
may be the same as an Old German Agil, Egil,
Ang.-Sax. Aegel, elsewhere noted. So also the
French Aigle and Aiguilli^, the latter corres-
ponding with an Old Germ. Aigila.
There are two forms, the simple root ar, (Old
High German aro, ar, Old Norse ari) — and the
extended root arin (Ang.-Saxon earn. Old Norse
am, em, Old High German am, erni). The
former is apt to mix up with another word, hari,
warrior.
SIMPLE POEMS, ar, aro.
Old German Ara, Aro, 7th cent. English Am, Airey,
Eagle. Earee. Mod. Germ. Aar, Ahr.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES, 95
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Arila, 8th cent. — English Ariell, Arle —
French Arioli.
COMPOUNDS.
(Fast, firm) Ariovistus,* leader of the Helvetii, 1st cent.
B.C., Arefastus^ 11th cent, Arfast, Bishop of East Anglia —
Eng. Harvest ? — French Arrivetz 1 (Hard) Old German
Arard, 8th cent. — Eng. Earheart — Mod. German Erhardt
— French Erard. {Had, war) Old German Arahad, 8th
cent. — Eng. Earratt, Erratt. (IFarc?, guardian) .French
Erouard, Erouart. {Wald, power) Old German Arawald,
9th cent. — French Ayrault, Arrault. {Wig, war) Eng.
Earwig ?
simple forms, arn, arin.
Old Germ. Arin, Arno, Am, 8th cent. — Old Norse ArnL ^rin^ ^^n
English Arn, Arney, Arno, Harney, Earney, Herne. Eagle.
French Aran, Arnou, Ernie, Herny.
COMPOUNDS.
(Here, warrior) Old Germ. Amheri, 9th cent. — English
Harnor. {Wald, power) Old German Arnoald, 7th cent. —
Old Norse Arnalldr — Eng. Arnold — Mod. Germ. Arnhold,
Arnold — French Arnault, Arnould, Arnold, Ernoult,
Harnault. (Helm) Old German Arnhalm, 9th cent. —
Eng. Arnum. (Man) Eng. Arnaman, Herniman. (Ger,
spear) Old German Arnger, 9th cent. — French Arranger.
(Hard) English Harnard. (Bert, famous) Old German
Arnipert, Arembert, 7 th cent. — French Erambert. (Dio,
servant) Old Germ. Ariudeo, 8th cent. — French Arrondeau.
(Wulf) Old German Amulf, 5th cent. — Eng. Arnulphe —
French Ernouf.
The Mod. German adler is formed from ar,
eagle (or perhaps large bird in general), by the
* FOrstemann considers the G^rmanhood of Ariovistus uncertain. The
German writers in general seem, however, to consider it Teutonic, but the older
explanation of heerfurst, "army leader," is, I think, inadmissible. Diefenbach
appears to give some sanction to the above placing of mine. Arfast, the bishop, as
a chaplain to William the Conqueror, was, I apprehend, a Norman.
96
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Hawk.
Accipiter.
prefix adel, noble. But as a name, Adler is more
probably from the Old German Adalhar {haru
warrior.) The Dutch form is arend, which we
find as a name of the 14th century, and whence
may be our Arrend.
Hawke (Ang.-Sax. hafoc), I do not find as
an ancient name. In the Pell Records it occurs
as a surname, Bene Havekin, the falconer. Hence
seems to be our Hawken.
Goshawk is the Anglo-Saxon gos-hafoc^ a
"goose-hawk," i.e., a hawk powerful enough to
strike the wild goose. And Sparrowhawk is a
name dating from Anglo-Saxon times. There
was a Sperhafoc elected Bishop of Loadon, a.d.
1050, but ejected before consecration.
Next to the eagle, the raven, as being sacred
to Odin, was of all birds the most common in the
names of men. Particularly so among the North-
men, whose war-standard he formed — there being
seventeen persons called Bafn in the Landnama-
bok. Among the Germans the name was not
universally common, being scarce among the
Goths and Saxons. In proper names, particularly
as a termination, it often becomes hramn, ram or
ran. The Ang.-Saxon has similar forms, hrcem,
hrem, hremn, for hrcefen. The Old Frankish
dialect, increasing the initial aspirate, makes
hramn, hram, hran, into chramn, co^am, cran.
Hence Chramnus, son of Clothar 1st, Chranmis,
(genealogy Merovingian kings.)
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 97
SIMPLE FORMS,
Old Germ. Rabanus (Archbishop of Mayence, 9th cent.), ^^^^^'
1am, E«
Raven.
Rapan, Ravan, Ramno, Ram, Chramnus, Chrannus. Old
Norse Rafn. Eng. Raban, Rabone, Raven, Cram ? Ramm 1
Mod. Germ. Raben. Dan. Rafn. French Raban, Rabon,
Rabineau, Rapin, Rapineau, Ravanne, Ravon, Raveneau,
Raffin, Cramm ?
compounds.
(Bert, famous) Old Germ. Hrambert, Rambert, 7th cent.
French Rambert. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Ravexor — Modern
German Rabener. {Rice, powerful) Old Germ. Ramnerich,
Ramerich, 10th cent. — Eng. Ramridge.
locajl name.
Eng. Ravenshear. (Ravnsore, '' Raven's point," on the
Humber ?)
Crawe was the surname of an Anglo-Saxon crow.
lady, Cod. Dip. No. 685. And I do not find any-
thing to indicate a different origin for our
Crowe. Unless indeed it be Crowson, which
however is not certain, as it may be an extension
of a root GTOSCy and not the patronymic of
Crowe.
The Old Norse krahr, Suio-Goth. Tcraka, a
crow, occurs frequently in Scandinavian names,
and seems to have been generally, though not
invariably, a surname. Wemhold ( Altnordisches
LebenJ refers to two brothers called respectively
Hrafn and Krak (raven and crow) as instances of
names of similar meaning given in a family.
Craca also appears as a simple name in the
Libe7' Vitce. Hence may be our Crake, Craik
Craig, Craigie, and Crakell as a diminutive.
M
Corvus.
Crake.
Crow.
98 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
There are some names, Corby, Corbin, Cor-
BETT, which we probably have from the French,
and which all appear in the Koll of Battle Abbey.
For these the French corheau, corbin, raven,
Scotch "corbie," crow, naturally suggests itself.
But there is a Corbus, son of the Frankish king
Theoderic, 7th cent., for which Forstemann pro-
poses Ang.-Sax. ceorfan, to cut, carve, in a war-
like sense. We have, however, scarcely sufficient
data on which to form an opinion.
It may be doubted whether E/OOKE is from
the bird, as there is a group of ancient names
with which it would fall in, though in any case
it is probably from the same root.
The swan seems a more natural type of
woman than of man. Yet, though it was more
common in female names, it was not exclusively
so used. Swane appears on the coins minted by
Scandinavian coiners at York. It occurs again
in the Domesday of Yorkshire, and is still a name
well known in that county. Mr. Worsaae re-
marks that " names of birds appear on the whole
to have been often assumed in the old Danish
part of England." The earliest name on record
from this origin is that of Swanahilda, wife of
Charles Martel, 6th cent. Weinhold (Deutsche
Frauen) observes, in reference to its use in the
names of women, that along with the beauty of
the swan, was contained a warlike seDse derived
from the swan-plumage of the maids of Odin.
Two other forms are swen and sivoUy the latter
Anglo-Saxon.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 99
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Soawa, 9tli cent. Suanus, Lib. Vit. English Swan, Soan.
SwANN, SoANE ? Modern German Schwann. French Cygnus.
SouinI Suin?
diminutives.
Old Germ. Suanucho, 8th cent. — Eng. Swannack — Mod.
Germ. Schwaxecke — French Saunac. Old Germ. Suanila,
7 th cent. — English Swannell, Swonnell.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old German Soanperht, Soamperht, 8th
cent. — French Sombret. {Burg, protection) Old German
Swaneburgh, 11th cent. — Eng. Swanberg. (Hard) Old
German Suanehard, 9th cent. — French Soinard. (Hari,
warrior) French Soinoury. ( Wig, war) English SwANWiCK.
(Rat, counsel, or rit, ride) Eng. Swexwright.
The nobility of the goose is not so obvious as
that of the swan. Yet it was in ancient and
honorable use as a man's name, if Genseric, the
name of the great Vandal chief, is rightly referred
by Grimm to gdnserich, a gander. But it was
no doubt the wild goose which gave the name,
and if we consider, we shall see that this bird has
some qualities calculated to command the respect
of these early roving tribes. A powerful bird,
strong on the wing, taking long flights to distant
lands, marshalled with the most beautiful discip-
line of instinct, it formed no inapt emblem of
those migratory plunderers who renewed their
unwelcome visitations with each succeeding
spring.
But I doubt very much whether Goose itself
is from the bird. It corresponds with a French
GoussE, and I have elsewhere placed them both
100 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
•
to an Old German Gauso. So also Gosling, and
the French Gosselin I include in the same group.
Gander I have already referred to a different
origin, p. 74. The only two names that seem
with any certainty to be from this origin are
WiLDGOOSE and Graygoose, Ang.-Sax. grceg-gos,
a grey or wild goose.
Swan was usually — if not invariably a bap-
tismal name — Goose sometimes a baptismal, and
sometimes a surname, but Duck always a sur-
name. There was a Northman surnamed Gend
in the Landnamabok, and an Anglo-Saxon lady
surnamed Enede in Flor, Wig. Our name And
might be from the Dan. and Swed. and, corres-
ponding with the Old Norse ond, Ang.-Sax. enede,
a duck. But we have also An doe, and this is
very evidently the Old German Ando, 7th cent.,
from anda, zeal, spirit. So that And may be
more probably the same. Duck agam is not by
any means certain— the Modern German Ducke,
Forstemann refers to Ang.-Sax. dugan, to be of
use or value. So that Duck may go along with
DuGA, DuGGiN, Tuck, and other names elsewhere
noticed, while Duckling will correspond with an
Old Germ. Dugelin from the same root.
Drake again, along with Drage, and the
French Drache, Dracq, is most probably from a
root drac, drag, trag, found in many Old Germ,
names, and which Forstemann refers to Goth.
tragjan, to run.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 101
It is not at all probable that the French
Canard signifies duck. It comes in its place as
one of several compounds from a root gan or can,
and it interchanges with another French name
Ganard, which again corresponds with an Old
Germ. Ganhart.
Thus it will be seen that though there were
ancient surnames from the duck, there is no name
at present, in French or English, which can with
any certainty be referred to that origin.
From the Goth, and Anglo-Saxon liana, Old
Norse liani. Mod. Germ, liahn, which signify the
male of all birds, but particularly of the hen, may
be Hann, Hanna, Hanny, Hannell, &c. But
it is rather more probable that this is only
another form of a.n, which is from a different root.
The names derived from the peacock must
probably have been bestowed on account of the
magnificence, or perhaps the ostentation of the
individual. There was an Icelandic chieftain of
the tenth century, named Olaf P^ (Anglo-Saxon
pawa. Old Norse pd, pea-fowl), the splendour of
whose dwelling is commemorated in the Laxdsela-
saga, and who probably owed his surname to this
cause. Hence might be Pea, Pay, Poe, the
Mod. Germ. Pfau and our Peacock and Pocock,
aU of which I take to have been origmally given
as surnames.
Among the names which I think are to be
otherwise explained are Coote, same as Coode
and Good — Teale same as Deal (Anglo-Saxon
Pea.
Peacock.
102 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
deal, illustrious) Quail, an aspirated form of
Wale — Bunting, the patronymic of Bunt —
Bustard, Buzzard, Mallard, and Partridge,
which I take to be ancient compounds — and
Grouse, referred to at p. 49.
Ostrich I have elsewhere taken to be from
the Old Germ, name Austoric. In an Ang.-Sax.
charter Ostrich also occurs as a corruption of the
female name Ostrith.
Snipe I cannot think to be from the bird,
though it is not improbable that it may be from
the same origin, Dutch and Dan. sneh, beak.
Compare an Ang.-Sax. Cnebba, " he that hath a
beak," (Kemble, — Names, Surnames, and Nic-
names of the Anglo-Saxons.)
Names derived from small birds enter into a
different category. They seem in most cases to
have been sohriqiiets — perhaps often pet-names,
given especially to women. So the Romans
employed columha, pullus, and passer — " my
dove,'' " my chick,'' " my sparrow." The same
prevails very much at present among ourselves ;
indeed birds, with their pretty ways, seem a
natural emblem of woman.
None more so than the dove, which appears some-
times as a pet-name, as in the case of Tovelille
(little dove), the name of Valdemar of Denmark's
mistress, and Dy veke (dovie), that of the German
mistress of Christian the Second. Sometimes
apparently as a baptismal name, though Forste-
mann proposes Old Norse d^ihba, to beat, in pre-
THE BllUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
103
Dove,
ference. However, I am inclined to place the
following here, viz., to Goth, duha, Anglo-Saxon
duva, Old High Germ, tuba, Dan. tove, dove. A
rather common name among the early Danes in
England seems to have been Tofi or Tobi.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Diibi, Tuba, Tupa, 9th cent. Old Dan. Tofi,
Tobi. English Dove, Dovey, Dobie, Tube, Tubby, Tupp, ^ ^^^^^^^
TovEY, ToovEY, Toby. Modern German Taube. French
Dubeau, Duveau, Dobbe, Doubey, Touvy, Touvee.
diminutives.
Eng. DoBEL — French Dobel. English Doblin — French
DoBELiN. Old Germ. Tubinso, 8th cent. — Eng. Dubbins.
We have also Turtle, corresponding with the
name Tyrthell, of a bishop of Hereford, A.D. 688.
This may be from Ang.-Sax. tiirtill, a turtle-dove,
but it may be a question whether we should not
look somewhat deeper. For we find the simple
form Turta, a woman's name of the 8th cent.
This seems to interchange with other women's
names Truta and Trutta, and men's names Truto
and Trut, 9th cent. May not then the Old High
German triity beloved, truten, to caress, be the
common origin of all these names, and also of that
of the turtle-dove '?
It seems probable that Thrush, Trush, and
Throssell are from the bird (Ang.-Saxon thrisc, Thmsh.
throsle.) There are, however, two Old German Turdus.
names, Traostilo and Trostila, 9th cent., which
Forstemann refers to Old High German, ti^dst,
comfort. But the Old Norse throstr, Dan. trost^
thrush, appears in the name (Throstr) of three
104 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Northmen in the Landnamabok, which makes
the former derivation more probable.
A name which I take to be pretty certainly
not from the bird is Linnet. We can trace this
name from an Old German Linheit, through a
Saxon Liniet, to our Linnet, French Linet>
LiNOTTE. It is a compound from the root lin
(probably Old Norse linr, mild), with heit, state,
" hood;^
Fink and Finch, French Fink, seem to be
Fink, probably from the bird (Ang.-Saxon Jinc, finch).
Finch, rjij^^g ^^ £^^ ^g ^ sumamc in Anglo-Saxon times ;
there was a Godric Fine {Cod. Dip. 923.)
Some other names from small birds, as BuL-
FiNCH, Goldfinch, Chaffinch, Nightingale,
TiTMUSS, which cannot reasonably be otherwise
explained, have probably also been surnames. I
do not class Wren along with these, for I think
that it is the same as E,enn, Rennie, Eenno,
French Rene (probably rdn, rapine.)
Sporr (sparrow), is found as a surname among
spt^ow. the Northmen. And to the same origin I am
disposed to refer our Sparrow, Spar, Sparling,
and Sperling (Germ, sterling, sparrow.)
There is some doubt about Swallow, though
the type would not be an inapt one in ancient
times, and though there is a Modern German
Schwalbe to correspond. But we have also
Swale, and we find an Old German Swala, 9th
cent., along with different compounds. So that
our Swallow miglit be the same name, varying
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 105
the termination. A probable etymon seems to
be Anglo-Saxon swelan, to burn (North. Eng.
" sweel"), swol, heat, fire.
It is not easy to see upon what principle the
cuckoo and the owl should have given us names.
Yet Gaukr (Old Norse gaukr, cuckoo), appears
as a baptismal name m the Landnamabok of
Iceland, and seems to be the origin of our Gowk ^""^^
and GooK. We have also Cuckoo and Gougou
— the Germans have Kuckkuck, and the French
have Cucu and CuQU. The Old Norse gauhr
had a contemptuous sense similar to that which
obtains in the North of England at the present
day, where gowk signifies both cuckoo and also
simpleton. Either this, or the peculiar habit by
which this bird evades parental responsibihties,
might account for its origin as a sobriquet, but
not as a baptismal name, of which, however, I
find no other instance than the above.
The owl is found more frequently in baptismal
names, unless some other origin can be suggested
for the following group than the Old High Germ.
ula, Ang.-Sax. ide, owl,
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German OvXtas, Procop. 6tli cent. English Owle, uie
OwLEY, HooLE, HowLE, HowLEY. Modern German Uhle. ^^i-
French Houlie.
DIMINUTIVES.
French Ulliac. Old German Ulit — English Houlet,
HuLETT — French Houlet, Hulot.
COilPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old German Ulberta, 8th cent. — English
Hulbert — Modern German Ulbricht — French Hulbert.
N
106 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
{Ha/rd^ fortis) Frencli Houlakd. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ.
Ov\LapL<s, Procop. 6th cent. — Eng. Owler, Ulier — French
HouLLiER. (Man) Old Germ. OvXtfjiovv, Procop. 6th cent.
— Eng. Ulman — Mod. German Ullmann — French Oulman,
XJlman. {3far, famous) Old German Ulmar, 8th cent. —
Ulmerus (Domesday) — Eng. TJllmer.
It will be seen from the foregoing pages that
while the number of names derived from birds is
very considerable, a large proportion of them have
been originally sobriquets, while others are found-
only as isolated baptismal names, and that the
number of these which have been adopted into
what I may call the regular Teutonic name-
system is only three or four.
Of the whole tribe of fishes I do not think
that there is one which is to be found with cer-
tainty in our names. Fish itself, and Fisk, are
certainly not from fish, pisces, though they might
be from Ang.-Sax. Jisca, fisherman. But I have
elsewhere given a reason for proposing Welsh
ffysg, impetuous, as obtaining at least in some
cases.
Of other names Bream is the Anglo-Saxon
brSme, famous, Burt is the same as Bright,
Smelt is the Ang.-Sax. smelt, mild, gentle, and
Trout is Germ, traut, beloved. Tunny and
Minnow are Tunn and Minn with the endings
i and o {Chap. 2) — Haddock is a diminutive —
Sturgeon is Sturge with a phonetic ending
{Chap. 4) — Herring and Whiting are patrony-
mics— Cod is another form of God ; Perch and
Tench of Birch and Dench {Chap, 7).
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. l07
There may remain a few names, originally
sohriqiietSy derived from, or connected with fish.
I lately met with the curious name Rotten-
FYSCHE, like the name Rottenheryng found by
Mr. Lower in an ancient record of the town of
Hull. There is a Northman in the Landnamabok
with the not very elegant surname of Hwalmagi
(whale-belly.) Mr. Lower produces a similar
English name Whalebelly.
With the exception of the serpent, I doubt
whether reptiles or insects have contributed to
our nomenclature. Perhaps, however, another
exception may be Wasp, which would not be an
unnatural etymon. Mr. Lower, moreover, ad-
duces from a Sussex subsidy roll for 1296, a
" Roger le Waps," (Ang.-Sax. weeps, another form
of wcesp.)
Owing, as we may presume, to its supposed
wisdom or subtlety, the serpent was anciently a
common type in the names of men. In the names
of women still more so, at least among the
Germans. Weinhold (Deutschen Frauen) classes
the snake and the swan together as the two
types most pecuHarly feminine. Respecting the
former he waxes almost poetical — " Our ancestors
had a different idea of this animal to that which
we have ; they not only thought it beautiful, but
from its insinuating and entwining habits, a type
of the living woman. Moreover the mysterious
power and magic craft that was attributed to it
reminded them of the like mysterious subtlety
108 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
and power of woman, and thus the name Linda
had nothing of that hateful sound which our
word snake conveys, but everything of insinua-
tion and enchantment that can be put into a
word/' I cannot but fear, however, that the
original idea may have been a shade more
prosaic.
From the Ang.-Sax. wiirm, Old Eng. worrriy
Old Norse ormr, serpent, I take the following.
Ormr was a very common name among the
Northmen, there being twenty-four men so called
in the Landnamabok. It does not seem to be a
common name at present in Denmark.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Worm ^^^ Oevm, Wurm, lltli cent. Old Norse Ormr. Eng.
oLi.' WoRME, Orme. Mod. German Wurm. Mod. Dan. Orm.
Serpent. French Warm^ 1
COMPOUNDS.
{Bold, audax) Eng. Wormbolt.* {Wcdd, ^onqv) Eng.
WORMALD.
The next ^oup. Snook, Snake, Snagg,
Snook, Snag. ^ . , . mi • l,x U
Snake? Snugg, IS uot quitc SO cortam. i hey might be
from Ang.-Saxon sndce, Old Norse snokr, sndkr,
Dan. snog, snake. But the Old Norse sndkr,
sndkr, as well as another word, snoggr, also means
active, nimble, in a derived, or secondary sense.
There is also a verb snugga, increpare, which
might be the origin of Snugg. There is a
Snocca, whose name is signed to a charter of
• Or this may go along with the Mod. Germ. Warmbold, which Pott makes
the same as Warnebold, from the stem, warin, warn, elsewhere noticed. Indeed
I am not qnite sure that the name Wormbolt itself is not of German origin.
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. 109
Cadwalha of Wessex, comparing with our
Snook.
From the Old Norse lingvi, lingormry serpent,
I am incUned to take the following, though Graff
and Forstemann refer to German gelingen, to
prosper. Lingi was the name of a king in the
Norse Volsungasaga.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Lingo, 1 1th cent. Old Norse Lingi. Eng. ^i^g
Lingo, Ling. French Linge, Linge. Serpent.
PHONETIC EXTENSION.
Old Germ. Linguni. Eng. Lingen.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard^ fortis) Eng. Lingard. (Hait, state, condition)
Old Germ. Lingeeid — French Linget.
Of a similar meaning may be lind. Old High
German lint, snake, basihsk, " lindworm." But
there are other words which are also suitable,
and while Weinhold proposes the above, Grimm
refers also to lind, fountain, and Forstemann
thinks of lind, gentle. The older writers again
propose lind, the lime-tree, the wood of which
was used for shields. It is probable that there
may be an admixture of these different meanings,
or of some of them. As a termination, in which
it is only used in the names of women, lind,
gentle, seems to me to be a very suitable mean-
ing. In such more modern names as English
LiNDEGREEN, which seems to be from the German,
the sense is no doubt that of the limetree. But
there is a name Lendormi in the directory of
110 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
Paris, whicli seems clearly to be from the snake,
and to mean lind-worm.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Lind. Old Germ. Linto, 8th cent. Eng. Lind, Lindo, Lent.
Serpent, ^q^^ Germ. LiNDE, Lende. Swed. Lind. French Lente.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Eng. Linder — French Linder, Lender.
(Man) English Lindeman — French ? Lindemann. (Orm,
serpent) French 1 Lendormi.
Of names apparently from insects, Moth and
Mote may be taken to be from Old Saxon mdd.
Mod. German muth, courage. Emmett is from
Ang.-Sax. emeta, quies, an ill-fitting derivation
for poor Robert Emmett.
Lastly — we have Bugg, and an unpleasant
name it seems. Yet there may be crumbs of
etymological comfort for the Buggs — indeed I
think a good case may be made out to show that
it is a name of reverence rather than of contempt.
It is at all events of respectable antiquity, for Mr.
Kemble (Names, Surnames, and Nicnames of the
Anglo-Saxons), mentions an Anglo-Saxon lady,
Hrothwaru surnamed Bucge, which he thinks
can be derived from nothing else than the name
of the odious insect. The opinion of Mr. Kemble
is not lightly to be gainsayed. Still I should
like to know whether there is any other proof
that there were bugs in Anglo-Saxon times, or
whether there is any other trace of the word in
ancient Teutonic dialects. For I have heard it
maintained that the bug is one of the many im-
portations— good and bad — that we have received
THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES. Ill
during the last few centuries. In Old Eng. the
word meant a spectre — " Thou shalt not be afraid
of any bugs by night," in an old version of the
Scriptures, referred to an imaginary, and not a
real horror. The lady in question, Hrothwaru,
surnamed Bucge, is described as " Abbatissa et
sanctimonialis" — she was an abbess and a holy
person. Now in some ages of the church a per-
verted self-mortification did make -w^zcleanliness
next to godliness, and I could not undertake to
say that it was never so m Anglo-Saxon times.
Yet still it does not seem very likely that the
feehng of reverence, amounting often to super-
stition, which prevailed among that simple-
minded people, would allow them to apply to a
holy lady a term which could not be otherwise
than one of contempt. Might not then Bucge be
classed with several other ancient names, Buga,
Buge, Buggo, referred to in another chapter, and
probably, if it be taken to be a surname, having
the meaning of bowed or bent, as with age or in-
firmity 1 In that case nothing can be more
natural than that the venerable abbess should be
called by a name which would at once bring to
mind the reverend years, — the cares of her high
office — and the self-mortification which had com-
bined to bow down her frame.''^ And even if it
* This stands as I had it before. But I now doubt whether Bucge was a sur-
name at all. It seems to have been another — and perhaps more probably — her
original name. I find that Mr. Haig, in some brief, but very judicious remarks on
Anglo-Saxon names appended to a treatise on the cross at Bewcastle, has taken thd
Bame objection to Mr. Kemble's opinion.
112 THE BRUTE AND ITS ATTRIBUTES.
were perfectly clear that this lady derived her
name from the bug and nothing else — other
BuGGS, as I have elsewhere shown, may wear
their name with a difference, and have no occasion
to change it to Howard.
Having now gone through the names of
animals, beginning with the bear, and ending
with the bug, we may conclude this part of
the subject with a general observation. We
find that the names of the nobler quad-
rupeds, and of the nobler birds, have gene-
rally been assumed as baptismal names. That
the names of the inferior quadrupeds, and
of the smaller birds have been generally conferred
as surnames. That any names that may be de-
rived from fishes — and whether there are any is
very doubtful — were also probably surnames.
That — with the exception of the serpent — names
from reptiles and insects, of which I know only
one at all probable, were also probably surnames.
And, in the exception of the serpent we may
perhaps find a trace of that widely-prevaihng
worship or respect which was paid to that animal
as the representative of evil throughout the
world.
NOTE TO CHAPTEIl X.
To eher or ever, boar, we may put [wacar, watchful) Old German
Eburacer, 8th cent. — Eureuuacre, Domesday — English Earwakek.
The only Old German name which has been distinctly recognised as
having this termination is that of Odovacar, and it is creditable to the
discernment of Forstemann to have suspected the same form in
Eburacer — his judgment, it will be seen, being confirmed by the
Domesday name of Eureuuacre (Evrewacre. ) Both our own name
and the Domesday are quoted from Lower, I must therefore amend
the derivation of Overacre, and make it same as above.
CHAPTER XI.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
The names or titles of their deities have,
among various nations and from the earhest
period, been assumed as the names of men. Thus
we read that Daniel was called by Nebuchad-
nezzar Belteshazzar, "according/' as the king
says, " to the name of my god." In this respect
the Teutonic nations were not an exception,
though, as it seems to me, the practice was more
common among the Scandinavians than among
the Germans. But it is to be borne in mind that
the Scandinavian mythology is the only one
which has come down to us in its integrity, and
that of the corresponding Germanic mythology
we have only fragments. There was a general,
but by no means an exact coincidence between
the two systems, and we are therefore not so well
able to judge how far the names of their deities,
the whole of which are not preserved, were
assumed by the Germans as the names of men.
Before, however, entering upon the traces of
the Northern pantheon, I must refer to two words
signifying divinity, and both very common in
Teutonic names, whose roots may go down deeper
than the Odinic mythology, and perhaps even
reveal to us a glimpse of an older and a purer faith.
o
114 THE GODS OF THE XOETH.
One of these is the same as oiu' o^ti word
God, Goth, guth. Old Norse gaud, Ang.-Sax. god,
Friesic goad, guad, kc. Old High Gerraan goth.
god, cot (the last the oldest form.) Various
derivations have been suo-o-ested for its orio-in, as
that of Pott, from a Sansc. word signifpng to
hide, as found in gtidha, mystery, and that of
Eichhoff, from Sansc. guddha, piu-e. The word
occurs first — if we set aside the fabled Gothic
kinof Gothila mentioned bv Jornandes — in the
name, as I read it, of a Dacian referred to by
Horace, —
" Occidit Daci Cotisonis agmen."
Mr. Talbot says " The name of this Dacian,
Cotison, appears to mean Gottes sohn, or Dei
filius." Such a name, however, would be quite
out of keeping with Old German nomenclature ;
and, moreover, I take the nominative of Cotisonis
to be, not Cotison, but Cot i so. This brings it in
at once as an Old German name, corresponding
with a later Godizo — cot, as Diefenbach observes,
beino- the oldest Hisrh German form — and connects
it with the present names Godsoe, Godso, &c.
The word is very apt in Teutonic names to
mix up with the adjective, guot, god, bonus, which
may be fr'om the same root, and also with Goth,
the people's name, a word likewise perhaps allied
in its root. But the most of the forms I think
come in imder this head. As an ending, how-
ever, I agree with Forstemann in preferring the
people's name.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 115
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Godo, Goddo, Goda, Gotti, Gudo, Guta, Cot, ood.
Cotta, Cudo, Coutus, 6th. cent. Ang.-Sax. Goda. Cudda, ^®"^
Cuddi (Lib, Vit.) English God,* Goddy, Good, Goad,
GooDEY, Goodday, Gott, Gotto, Gut, Codd, Cody, Coode>
CooTE, CoTT, CuDD, CuDDY. Modern German Gode, Gude,
Gutte, Kott, Kude. French Godde, Godeau, Gude,
GouDEAu, Gout, Goute, Coudy, Couty, Couteau, Cotte,
CoTTEY, Cotta, Cote, Coteau, Cudey, Cuit.
diminutives.
Old German Godaco, 4th cent. — Mod. Germ. Godecke —
French Goudchau. Old Germ. Godila, Gudila, Coutilo, 7th
cent., Gothilas or Gudilas {Jornandes, mythical king of the
time of Philip of Macedon). — English Good all, Cottle,
CuTTELL — Mod. German Godel, Gottel, Guttel — French
GouDAL, Godel, Gutel, Cotel. Old Germ. Gotichin, 10th
cent. — Eng. Godkin t — French Godquin, Gauduchon. Old
German Godelenus, Godelin, 6th cent. -^English Codling
— French Godillon. Old German Cotiso {Horace), Godizo,
10th cent. — Eng. Godsoe, Goodess, Coutts — Mod. German
GoTZE — French Coutz. Old German Chotenza — French
CoTTANCE, CouTANCE, CouTANSEAU. Old German Godemia,
9th cent. — Eng. Goddam, Cottam — French Coutem.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Coding, 8th cent. — Eng. Godding, Gooding,
Cutting — Modern German Gotting, Kotting — French
Gottung.
compounds.
[Bald, bold) Old German Godebald^ 8th cent. — Godebol-
diis, Domesday — Eng. Godbold, Godbolt. (Bert, famous)
Old Germ. Godabert, 7th cent. — French Gaudibert. (Fridy
peace) Old Germ. Godafrid, 7th cent. — English Godfrey —
* John God, the name of a writer who lived about the 17th century.
t Pott, in accordance with his general system of contractions — which, how-
ever, I cannot help thinking an erroneous one — makes our name Godkin, as well
as Goad and Godden, an abbreviation of Godard or Godfrey.
116 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
Mod. German Gottfried — French Godefroid, Godefrot,
GoDFRiN (French dimin. 1) (Ger, spear) Old Germ. Cuotker
— Eng. GooDACRE. (Gisil, hostage) Old German Godigisil,
Godesilus, Bnrgundian King, 5 th cent. — English Godsell,
GooDSALL. (Heid, state, condition) Old Germ. Gotaheid, 9th
cent. — English Godhead (Manchr.) (Hard) Old German
Gotahard, Godehard, 8th cent. — Eng. Goddard, Goodheart,
GoTHARD — Mod. German Godehard, Gotthardt — French
Goudard, Coutard, Coudert, Cottard. (Hari, warrior)
Old German Godehar, Goter, 8th cent. — English Godier,
Goodear, Goodyear, Goodair, Goater, Cotter — Modern
German Gotter, Guter, Kutter — French Gouthierre,
CouTiER, CouDER. (Gifu, gift) Ang.-Saxon Godgifu — later
Godiva — English Goodeve — French Gaudiveau. (-^e/J
superstes) Old Germ. Godolef, 6th cent. — Old Norse Gudleif
— Eng. GooDLiFFE — Mod. German Gottleib. (Lac, play)
Old German Godolec, 9th cent.— ■ Eng. Goodlake, (Land)
Old Germ. Godolaijd, 8th cent. — Godland (Lib. Vit.) — Eng.
Goodland. (Man) Old German Godeman, 8th cent. —
Godeman, Domesday — Eng. Godman, Goodman, Gutman,
CoTMAJsr — Modern German Guttman — French Goutmann,
Gutman. (Mar, famous) Old Germ. Godomar, Cuthmar, 5 th
cent. — English Cutmore. (Mund, protection) Old German
Codemund, 9th cent. — Ang.-Saxon Godmund — Old Norse
Gudmundr — Eng. GoDaiUND — French Goudemant. (New,
young) Old German Godeniu, Cotini, 8th cent. — Old Norse
Gudny — Eng. Goodnow — French Codini. (Ram, raven)
Old Germ. Godramnus, 8th cent. — Eng. Goodram. (JRaty
red, counsel) Old Germ. Gotrat, Cuotarat, 8th cent. — Eng.
Goodered — French Gautrot, Coderet, Coutrot, Coteret.
(Bit, ride) Old German Guderit, 6th cent. — Godritius,
Domesday — English Goodwright, Outright. (Run, com-
panion) Old German Goderuna, Guterun, 7th cent. — Old
Norse Gudrun — French Gutron, Codron, Cothrune. (Rice,
powerful) Godricus, Domesday — English Goodrich, Good-
RiDOE, Godrick — French Godry, Coutray. (Scalk, servant)
Old Germ. Godscalc, 7th cent. — Eng. Godskall, Godschall
THE GODS or THE NORTH. 117
(IFaj-c?, guardian) Old German Godoward, 8tli cent. — Eng.
GoDWARD. (Wine, friend) Old German God u in, Codoin, 6th
cent. — Ang.-Sax. God wine — Eng. Godwin, Goodwin — Mod.
German Guttwein — French Goudoin, Coudoin. (Wealh,
stranger) Ang.-Sax. Cudwalh — Eng. Goodwill.
phonetic ending.
Old German Godin, Godino, Gudin, Cotini, 7th cent.—
Gotten (Lib. Vit.) — English Godden, Gooden, Cotton,
CuDDON. French Godin, Godineau, Gudin, Guttin,
COUTIN.
phonetic intrusion of n, r, ly see p. 29,
Old Germ. Godenulf, 8th cent. — English Goodenough.
Old German Godelher, 8th cent. — French Godelier. Old
Germ. GodaJmand, 6th cent. — Eng. Godliman 1 Old Germ.
Goderman, 9th cent. — Eng. Gutterman* — Modem German
Gutermann — French Gaudermen.
It is striking to observe how the names of the
Deity, in the three great languages of Europe,
show forth, each for itself, some one or other of
his attributes. The Romanic Dios, Dio, Dieu,
from a root signifying brightness, tells of his
glory — " He dwelleth in the light whereunto no
man can approach." The Germanic God, Got, if
we take the meaning of Eichhoff,t speaks of his
purity — " He is of purer eyes than to behold
vanity." If we take that of Pott, it refers to his
impenetrability — " Canst thou by searching find
out God V The Slavonic Bog, from a root ex-
* Perhaps this, along with some other names found in SufiFolk Sumamei,
may be a German name anglicized.
t Diefenbach, however, seems to distrust both these derivations. Grimm
observes (Z>eu<sc7i.. Myth.) UiAt " the root-meaning of this word is a subject upon
which we require to be further enlightened."
118 THE GODS OF THE NOETH.
pressive of abundance, speaks of liis bounty —
" He giveth us richly all things to enjoy."
But there is another, and a remarkable word
which was used by our Scandinavian forefathers,
and which is also found, though in a sense seem-
ingly already somewhat debased, among their
German kinsmen, the Old Norse as, Ang.-Saxon
OS, Goth, and High Germ. ans. The word does
not seem to have any immediate co-relatives in
the Northern speech — can we venture to connect
it with the Sansc. as, to be, giving it the meaning
of the self-existing, and comparing it with the
great " I am" of Scripture '? In Old Norse as
was a general title prefixed to the names of all
the principal gods — thiis Thor is called Asa-Thor,
Brag Asa-Brag, while Odin is called by pre-
eminence The As. In the Anses of the Goths
the sense seems to be a little lower, and more
that of demi-god, while the Aug.- Sax. 6s is ren-
dered by Bosworth, perhaps rather under its
meaning, as hero. It is probable that in the
first instance the prefix os was confined to the
names of those who claimed to be descendants of
Odin, though in after times it might come to
be more generally assumed. All the founders of
the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms claimed a descent
from Odin, but it was only in the names of the
Northumbrian branch that the word was common.
Mr. Kemble observes " This word is nearly
peculiar to the royal (god-born) race of Northum-
berland, and occurs rarely in the south of
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 1 1 9
England ; and when it does it is rather of Jutish
or Angle than Saxon character."
It will be seen that there is in our names a
considerable mixture of the two forms as or os,
and a7is ; it is probable that most of the latter
have come to us through the French. The roots
haz and Jiass are rather liable to intermix with
some of these forms.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Anso, Aso, 9 th cent. Old Norse Asa. Eng.
Anns, Hance, Asay, Assey ? Ass 1 French Anceau,
Hans, Hannz, Asse 1
diminutives.
Old Germ. Ansich, Esic, 8th cent. — Eng. Enscoe — Mod.
German Essich — French Essique. Old German Ansila,
Ansilo, Ensilo, Asilo, 5 th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Esla — English
Ansell, Anslow, Onslow, Ensell, Essell — Modern Germ.
Ensle, Asel — French Ansel, Ancel, Assell. Eng. Aslin,
EsLiNG — French Ancelin, Anselin, Enslen, Asselin,
OSSELIN.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bern, bear) Old German Osbem, Aspirn, 8th cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Osbeorn — Old Norse Asbiorn — English Osborn,
AsPERN. {Bert, bright) Old Germ. Anspert, Aaspert, Aspert,
7th cent. — French Auspert, Asperti. (Berg, protection)
Old German Asbirg, 9th cent. — Eng. Asbridge, Asberrey.
(Gund, war) Old German Ansegunde, 7th cent. — Fr. AssE-
gond. (Gaud, Goth) Old German Ansegaud, 9th cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Osgot — English Osgood. (Hard) Old German
Ansard, 8th cent. — English Hansard — French Ansart.
(Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Ansher, 8th cent. — Ang.-Saxon
Oshere — Eng. Anser, Enser, Enzer, Osyer — Mod. German
Anser, Asser — French Aussi^re, Esser.. (Helm) Old
Germ. Anshelm, 8th cent. — Eng. Anselme, Hansom — Mod.
Germ. Anselm — French Anselme, Anceaume. (Lac, play)
Ans, 03.
Divus.
WV"**/^
120 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
Old Grerman Ansalicus, 7th cent. — A ng. -Saxon Oslac — Old
Norse Asleikr — Eng. Aslock, Hasluck. (Man) Old Germ.
Asman, Osman, 9tli cent. — Asseman Hund. Rolls. — Eng.
AsMAN, Osman — French Ansmann. (ifar, famous) Old
Germ. Ansmar, Osmer, 8th cent. — Osmer, Domesday — Eng.
OsMER. (Mund, protection) Old Germ. Ansemund, Osmund,
6th cent. — Ang. -Saxon Osmund — English Osmond — French
Ansmant, Ancement, Osmont. {Waldy power) Old German
Ansovald, Ansald, Oswald, 7th cent. — Ang. -Sax. Oswald —
Eng. Oswald — Modern German Oswald — Ital. Ansaldi.
(Waru, inhabitant) Old German Ansveras, Assuerus ? 8th
cent. — French AssuERUS ? (Wine, friend) Ang.-Sax. Oswine
—Eng. OswiN. (Ulf, wolf) Old German Asulf, Osulf, 7th
cent. — French OzouP.
Of Odin or Woden, the father of the gods,
there are but few subsequent traces in the names
of men. In the genealogies of the founders of
the Saxon kingdoms, for instance, all of whom
claimed descent from Woden, the name is never
reproduced as is so generally the case with that
of a distinguished ancestor. Perhaps it might
be deemed presumptuous to assume the name of
the father of the gods. " It seems," says Miss
Yonge, "to have been avoided as Zeus was in
Greece, and, to a greater extent, Jupiter in
Rome." We find, however, one Old Germ, name
Wotan, 9th cent., which seems to be from this
origin. Possibly also our name Weddon, which
corresponds with the form the word has assumed
in Wednesday, and in names of places, as Wed-
nesbury, &c., may also come in here. The Scan-
dinavian form Odin is rather more common. It
is found among the names of Danish coiners in
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 121
England, and it occurs twice in Domesday. The
English name Oden is adduced by Mr. Lower,
and I find three persons called Odin in the direc-
tory of Paris. The name does not occur in the
directory of Copenhagen, nor do I find the corres-
ponding German form in that country.
One of the principal titles of Odin in the
Scandinavian mythology was Oski, from Old
Norse 6sk, a wish, and which is supposed to
signify " one who listens to the prayers or wishes
of mankind." Grimm (DeutscJi. Myth,) refers, in
connection with the above, to the manner in
which the German minnesingers of the 13 th
cent, personified the wunsch or wish. He gives
a number of examples, on which he remarks : —
" In the greater number of these instances we
might put Deity instead of Wunsch. . . In
the first example from Gregory, the Wunsch
seems almost to be ranked as a being of the
second order ; a servant or messenger of the
higher deity." Pott remarks that we seem to
have here " a trace of the German Cupid." From
the above title of Odin seems to be Osk, a Scan-
dinavian female name in the Landnamabok.
Also the Mod. German name Wunsch and the
English Wish or Whish, showing the respective
High and Low German forms of the same word.
The Edinburgh Review for April, 1855, suggests
that the surname Wishart (Jiart, hard) may
also have been formed from it. It may, however,
perhaps rather be the same as the name Wisu-
p
122 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
cart, Wisigard, of the wife of the Frankish king
Theodebert. But Wisher and Whisker, cor-
responding with a German Wunscher, rather
seem to belong to it. Possibly also Wishman
and Whiskeyman (Bowditch.) The only Old
Germ, name from this root seems to be a Wiscolo,
11th cent.
On two different occasions Odin appears in a
sort of trilogy ; at the creation of the world in
conjunction Avith Vili and Ve ; at the creation of
mankind in conjunction with Hoenir and Lodur.
These beings do not seem to have had an in-
dependent existence, but to denote, as Mr.
Thorpe observes, "several kinds of the divine
agency." The name Yili is from Old Norse vili,
Anglo-Saxon willa, English " will,'' and may per-
haps have here the meaning of creative impulse.
According to Grimm the Anglo-Saxon willa, Old
High Germ, willo. Old Norse vili, denote not only
inclination, " voluntas and votum," but also " im-
petus and spiritus," the power that sets will in
motion. From the personification of the will in
this title of Odin, like that before referred to of the
wish, may be the word will, so common in proper
names. Miss Yonge, generally so trustworthy,
has fallen into what I cannot but consider a grave
error in following old Camden instead of the
German philologists, and making bil and ^EZ other
forms of will.
SCMrLE FORMS.
,,T'": Old Germ. Willo, Willa, Wilia, Guila, 5tli cent. Eng.
Impetus.' Will, Willoe, Willey, Guille, Quill. Modern German
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 123
WiLLE, QuiLE. Dan. Wille. French Ville, Villy,
ViLl4 GuiLLE, GuiLLl4 QuiLLlil.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Willico, Willie, Oth cent.— Uillech, Lib. Vit.
— Eng. WiLLOCK, WiLKiE, WiLKE, QuiLKE — Mod. German
WiLLicH, WiLKE — French Quillac. Old Germ. Willikin,
11th cent. — Eng. Wilkin — French Yillachon, Guillochin.
Old Germ. WilHzo, 10th cent. — Eng. Willis, Wills — Mod.
German Williez, Wilz — French Guilles. Old German
Williscus, 9 th cent. — Modern German Willisch — English
Quillish.
patronymics.
Old German Willing, Willencus, 9th cent. English
Willing, Willink. Mod. Germ. Willing, Quilling,
phonetic ending.
Old German Willin, 11th cent. English Will an,
Guillan. French Villain, Guilaine, Guillon.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bald, bold) Old German Willabald, 8th cent. — French
ViLBAUT, Guilbaut. {Bem, bear) Old German Wilbernus,
10th cent. — Eng. Wilbourn. [Bert, bright) Old German
Willibert, Guilabert, 8th cent. — French Guilbert. (Brod,
dart) Old Germ. Willebort, 11th cent. — Ang. -Saxon Willi-
brord — French Wilbrod. {Burg, protection) Old German
Williburg, 8th cent. — Vilburg, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Wilbur* —
Modern German Willbero. {Gom, com, man) Old German
Willicomo, 9th cent. — Uilcomse, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Wilcomb,
Welcome — Mod. German Willkomm. {Fred, peace) Old
Germ. Wilfrid, 8th cent. — Anglo-Saxon Wilfrid — English
WiLFORD, Wilfred (Christian name.) {Ger, spear) Old
German Williger, Williker, 8th cent. — French Yillegri,
YiLCERE. {Gis, hostage) OJd Germ. Willigis, 5tli cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Wilgis — Eng. Wilgoss. (Hard) Old German
* Hence the local name Wilbraham, originally Wllburgham. Pott cer-
tainly must have been napping when he derived it from "Will \William', and
Abraham I
124 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
"WiUihard, Willard, 8tli cent. — Eng. "Willakd — Modern
German Willert — French Willard, Yillard, Guillakd,
QuiLLARD. {Heid, state, condition) Old German Williheid,
Williheit, 8th cent.— -Eng. Willett— Mod. Germ. Willet
— French Yillette, Guilet, Quillet. [Hari, warrior)
Old German Williheri, Willeri, Wilier, 6th cent. — English
Willer — Mod. Germ. Willer — French Yillerie, Yiller,
GUILHERY, GuiLER, QuiLLERI, QuiLLIER. (Hdm) Old
Germ. Willihelm, Guilhelm, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Wilhelm,
(sixth froia Woden in the genealogy of the kings of the East
Angles) — Eng. Williams, Quilliams, Guillaume — Modern
German Wilhelm — Dan. Wilhjelm — French Yillaume,
Yilliame, Willaume, Guillaume, Guilhem. To the last
Forstemann places also Old German Willermus, Yillerm,
Guillerma, 10th cent., to which correspond French Wil-
lerme, Yillerm, Guilhermy ; but orm, serpent, seems to
me a possible origin, though we do not find it elsewhere as a
termination. (Man) Old German Williman, Wilman, 9th
cent. — Eng. Quillman — Mod. Germ. Willmann — French
Willemin, Yillemain, Guillemain. {Mar, famous) Old
Germ. Willimar {Swiss priest), 7th cent. — Eng. Willmer —
Mod. Germ. Wilmar — French Yillmar. (Mand, joy) Old
Germ. Willmant, 8th cent. — French Guillemant. {Mot,
courage) Old Germ. Willimot, 8th cent. — English Willmott
— French Willemot, Yillemot, Guillemot. {Mund, pro-
tection) Old German Y^illimund, Guilemund, 8th cent. —
TJilmund, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Willament — French Yillemont,
Guillemont. {Nand, daring) Old Germ. Willinant, 6th
cent. — English Quillinan. {Rat, counsel) Old German
Willirat, 8th cent. — French Yilleret, Quilleret.
Among the many titles of Odin — no fewer
than 49 of which are enumerated in the Eddas —
one of the principal was Grimr, from Old Norse
grima, mask or helmet. To this origin Grimm,
and, following him, Leo, place the ancient names
of the following group, and though it is highly
Helmet.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 125
probable, as Forstemann suggests, that grimy
ssevus, intermixes, yet it is impossible to separate
them, for the quantity of the vowel is no
sufficient guide.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Grimo, Grim, 7th cent. Old Noi'se Grimr. Grime-
Eng. Grim, Gream, Grime, Cream, Gryme. Mod. German
Grimm. Trench Grim, Grem^ Gremeau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Grimila, 5 th cent. Eng. Grimley. Modem
Germ. Grimmel. French Grimal.
patronymics.
Eng. Grimson, Crimson.
compounds.
{Bald, fortis, Old German Grimbald, 8th cent. — English
Grimbold,* Grimble — French Grimblot. {Bert, famous)
Old Germ. Grimbert, 7th cent. — French Grimbert. {Heit,
state, " hood") Old German Grimheit, 8th cent. — English
Grimmet. {Hari, warrior) Old German Grimhar, Crimher,
8th cent. — English Grimmer, Creamer ? — Modern German
Grimmer, Krimmer — French Grimar. {Mund, protection)
Old German Grimund, 9th cent. — Eng. Grimmond — French
Grimont. {Wald, power) Old Germ. Grimoald, 7th cent. —
French Grimault — Italian GRiMALDit — Spanish Grimaldo.
{Wine, friend) Old German Grimoin, 8th cent. — French
Grimoin. {Ward, guardian) Old German Grim wart,
Grimoard, 8th cent. — French Grimoard.
The following names, though perhaps more
immediately connected with superstitions of a
later date, may in their remoter origin be traced
to Nikar, a title of Odin, in which he appears as
a water spirit or daemon. Throughout Germany
* Of the 16th cent. I do not find it at present,
t Hence the naturalized Eng. name Gbimaldi.
126 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
and Scandinavia popular superstition has pre-
served some trace of him in this form. Iceland
and the Faroe islands have their Hnikur, Norway
and Denmark their Nok, Sweden its Neck, and
Germany its Nix and Nickel. All these are
water daemons, appearing generally in the form
of a horse, and usually obnoxious to mankind.
England has its Old Nick, in which he appears
directly in the form of the evil one. As the early
Christian missionaries found it difficult to get
rid of him altogether, they seem to have changed
him into the devil. The following root Forste-
mann takes to be from this origin.
Nick, Neck. SIMPLE FORMS.
WaterSpirit, Old German Niko, Necclio, lltli cent. English Nick,
Neck, ISIex, Nix, Nixie. Modern German Nick. French
Nick, Nicaise. (The last name seems to he the Old High
Germ, nichus, whence hy contraction the Mod. Germ. nixe.J
diminutive.
English Nicklen.
COMPOUNDS.
(Aud, prosperity) French Nicaud. (Hard J French Nicard.
extended R00T=THE old NORSE HNIKUR.
Old German Nickar, 8th cent. English Nicker(son).
Dutch Neckar. French NicouR.
I am not sure that the father of the gods has
not contributed to the commonness of the name
of Brown, for Bruni, from the Old Norse hriln,
the brow, was one of the names of Odin, and a
probable meaning seems to be that of having
marked or prominent brows, which is considered
to give power and dignity to a countenance.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 127
This is what Tennyson is generally understood
to mean by —
" The bar of Michael Angelo."
There are several Northmen called Bruni in the
Landnamabok, and one of them was surnamed
" The White," shewing clearly that at any rate
his name was not derived from dark complexion.
The name of Thor, the second of the gods,
from whom we have Thursday, seems also, like
that of Odin, to have been uncommon as a man's
name in its simple form. Finn Magnusen [Lex.
Myth.) states that though he could reckon up
about sixty compound names, he knew no instance
of the simple form.
We have, however, instances of its use in our
own district ; there was a Thor, surnamed the
Long, an Anglo-Saxon or Northman of some note
about the time of the Conquest, and who was so
surnamed to distinguish him from another Thor
who had possessions in the same part of the
country.
The name Tor occurs several times in Domes-
day ; this is the Scandinavian pronunciation, as
in Torsdag for Thursday, but it is not clear to
me that this name, as well as our own Torr and
yc ToRRY, is not from another root, probably Old
Norse doerr, spear. Thor does not occur in the
directory of Copenhagen, though the patronymic
Thorsen is common.
Grimm thinks that Thor is only a contracted
form of Anglo-Saxon thuner, Old Norse thonar,
128 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
thunder. And, in fact, Thuner was another Ang.-
Sax. form of his name, as found in Thunresdaeg
for Thursday. There was an Anglo-Saxon named
Thuner, a " Kmb of the devil,'' a.d. 654, {Rog.
Wend.) And we have still the name Thunder,
though uncommon.
The High German form is Donar, as found in
Donnerstag for Thursday. This occurs, though
not frequently, as a proper name in Germany ;
there was a noble family on the Rhme called
Donner von Lorheim (Grimrris Deutsch. Myth.)
Our names Donnor and Tonnor I apprehend to
be the same. There are also some Old German
names compounded with it.
Names compounded with Thor were very
common among the Northmen, and we have
several corresponding. They seem also to have
occurred, though rarely, among the Germans, and
one or two are to be found in French.
COMPOUNDS OF THOR.
(^Bar, bear) Thurbarus, Goth, leader 3rd cent. — Eng. Thur-
of Thor ^^^' (Bidi'n, bear*) Old Norse Tliorbiom — English Thor-
BURN. (Gar, spear) Old Norse Thorgeir — Eng. Thurgar.
(Gaut, Goth) Old Norse Thorgautr — Turgot (Domesday) —
English Thorgate, Thoroughgate, Targett ? Thurgood,
Thoroughgood — French Turgot. (Kettlef) Old Norse
'* Probably from the sacred bear by which Thor was accompanied. Hence
Thobburn is similar to Osburn, p. 119.
t According to Grimm, from the famous kettle which Thor captured from
the giant Hymir for the gods to brew their beer in. [Deutsch. Myth.) Ketill itself
was a common Scandinavian name, and hence Eng. Kettle. The name Thub-
KETTtiE then corresponds with another Eng. name Ashkettle, Old Norse Aske-
till, Ang.-Sax. Oscytill. The French have Quetil and Anquetil, probably for
Ansquetil. In Denmark I only find the patronymic Kbtelsen, Kjeldsen,
Kjelsen.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 129
Thorketill — Eug. Thurkettle — Frencli Turquetil. {KeU^
a contraction of KetiU, according to Grimm) Old Norse Thor-
kell — Eng. Thurkle. (Man) English Thorman. [Mddy
courage) Old German Thurmod, 9th cent. — Old Norse
Thormodr — English Thurmott. (Stone) Old Norse Th6r'
steinn — Eng. Thurston. (Wcdd, power) Old Norse Thor-
valldr — Eng. Thorold — French Tourault 1 ( Vid^ wood)
Old Norse Thorvidr — Eng. Thoroughwood.
The name of this god in all its three different
forms appearing to be synonymous with thunder,
it may not be amiss to enquire whether there are
any other names which, as perhaps also signifying
t^hunder, may contain other forms of his name.
There seems indeed to me a considerable proba-
bility that the name of this god, or rather of some
god wielding the thunder, is of older date than
the rest of the Odinic mythology. There is a
root dun, which in the opinion of Forstemann, is
at least as probably from Old Norse duna,
thunder, as from Ang.-Sax. dunn, brown. Along
with this may be included dm and don^ Old
Norse dyn, Ang.-Sax. dyne, Belg. don, all having
the same meaning of thmider. This, however,
must be taken for nothing more than a conjec-
ture, though an Old German name Dunitach
(=Thunder-day, like Thunresdseg, Thursday 1)
seems rather to give a colour to it.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Duno, Duna, Dono, Dina, Tunno, Tunna, ^ ^
' ' ' ' ' Dun, Don,
Tinno, 7th cent. Anglo-Saxon Dun, Diinna. Eng. Dukn, Din.
DiNN, DoNN, Donney, Donno, Tun, Tunno, Tunna y. Tunny, Thunder ?
Ton, TiNNEY. Mod. Germ. Donn, Tonne. French Donne,
Don AY, Donn4 Tonne, Tunna, TiNfe.
Q
130 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Dunila, Donnolo, Tunila, Tinnulo, 7tli cent.
— Eng. Bunnell, Donnell, Tunnell, Tunaley, Dinele't,
TiNLEY — French Tonnelle, Tinel. Eng. Donelan, Tin-
ling — French Donnellan.
patronymics.
Ang.-Sax. Dunning. Eng. Dunning, Dinning, Dining.
Tinning.
compounds.
{Ger^ spear) Eng. Dunqer — Fren. Doncker. i^Stcmi,
stone) Anglo-Saxon Dunstan — Eng. Dunstone, Tunstan.
{Wine, friend) English Dunavin.
According to Grimm, a name under which
traces of Thor are still to be found in Germany
is Hamer, and which is derived, no doubt, from
the celebrated hammer or mallet which he
wielded. Hence may probably be the following.
simple forms.
Old German Hamar, Hamari, 8th cent. Eng. Hammer,
Hammer. Hemmer, Amor ? Amory % Mod. Germ. Hammer, Hemmer.
French Hamoir, Amory ? ^-^^.jCu^
The name of Bragi or Brag, the god of
poetry, seems unquestionably to have been borne
by men. Finn Magnusen says " Nomen Bragi
ssepe viris, et non raro poetis celebribus in Sep-
tentrione contigit." There was among others a
celebrated Icelandic bard named Bragi Skalld
(Bragi the poet.) The English Bbagg, and the
French Brag may be from this origin, but the
Eng. Bragger seems uncertain.
The name of Baldur, the Apollo of the
Germans, seems to occur in one Old German
name Baldor. Another, Baldro, 9th cent., (our
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 131
BoLDERO '?) seems less certain. There was also
an Old German name Baldher, from a different
origin, to which, as being more common, our
Balder, and the French Baltar, may more
probably belong.
The name of Tyr, son of Odin, in its Gothic
form Tins, may perhaps be found in Teias, a Gothic
leader of the Gth cent., and with which our Tyas
and Tyus seem to correspond. But the Goth.
thius, minister, an alHed word may put in a claim.
It does not seem probable that Lok or Loki,
who represented the evil principle in the Northern
mythology, would be much in favour for bap-
tismal names. I find it only as a surname in the
Landnamabok, and it might have been given for
mischievousness or malignity of disposition. The
group of names which we have, viz., Eng. Locke,
LocKiE, French Loque, Locque, Loch, &c.,
might, however, be from the same root. Old
Norse lokJca, to deceive, seduce. A title of Loki
was Loptr or Loftr, " the aerial ;" this was a
common Scandinavian name, and hence possibly
may be Eng. Loft. The corresponding deity
among the Saxons was Saeter, from whom we
have Saturday, and whose name seems to have
the same meaning, Ang.-Saxon scetere, a seducer.
I have found Satter as an English name, though
very uncommon.
Mr. Lower (Pat. Brit.) makes a suggestion re-
specting the name of Flint, which I reproduce*
without, however, being able to throw any
132 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
further light upon it. " Our Ang.-Sax. ancestors
had a subordinate deity whom they named Fhnt,
and whose idol was an actual flint-stone of large
size. The name of the god would readily become
the appellation of a man, and that would in time
become hereditary as a surname. Such it had
become, without any prefix, at the date of the
Hundred Rolls (1273), and even in Domesday
we have in Suffolk an Alwin Flint. The town of
Flint, in North Wales, may however have a claim
to its origin."
The following group Forstemann connects
with the name of the goddess Frigga or Frikka,
wife of 0dm. The Ang.-Sax. free. Mod. Germ-
frecJi, bold, is also a probable root.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Fricco, Frich, 8tli cent. Ang.-Sax. Freok,
Frigga or Cod. Dip. 971. English Fricke, Frickey, Freck, Freak*
Frikka. |^od. German. Frick, Freche. French Fricq, Frech.
Wife of Odin-
COMPOUNDS.
(Here, warrior) Old German Fricher, Sth cent. — English
Fricker — Mod. Germ. Fricker — French Friker. (Wald,
power) French Fricault, Frecault.
There are some roots which seem to be con-
nected with the names of certain deities, though
there is scarcely sufiicient reason for supposing
that they are derived from them. Thus the root
had, hath, war, Grimm thinks is connected with
the name of the god Hodr, a son of Odin. And
the root sib, sif, friendship, with the goddess Sif,
wife of Thor. Also the root nand, nan, with the
goddess Nanna, wife of Baldur. And the root
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 133
fraw, fri, expressive of freedom or authority,
with the goddess Freya. But if the Odinio
mythology be, as some think, of no very profound
antiquity — if Odin were a real personage, the
founder of a kingdom and of a dynasty, it is
possible that the names may have been those of
men before they were those of gods.
The names of some of the Valkyrjur, maidens
of Odin appointed to select the victims in battle,
seem, as elsewhere noticed, to have been common
in the names of women. One of these is Hrist,
probably from Old Norse hrista, to shake (per-
haps to brandish as a sword), whence seem to be
Eng. and French RiST. In connection with this
name a suggestion occurs to me. There is a root
C7nst found in Frankish names from the 7th to
the 9th cent., and which Fcirstemann takes to be
from the name of our Lord. But some of the
compounds, as those with hild, war, savour rather
of a heathen sense, and it now occurs to me as
possible that crist may be nothing more than the
Frankish form of hrist, the aspirated h forming c
as noticed at p. 46. To this then may belong
English Christ, Christo, Christy, Chrystal ;
Mod. Germ. Christ, Christel ; French Christ,
Christy, Christel, or some of them. It may
be objected to this theory that all the Frankish
names in question occur in Christian times, but
on the other hand it is from Christian records
that most of the Frankish names known to us
are derived. However, I only throw this out as
134 THE GODS OF THE NOKTH.
a suggestion, but the fact that as well as Christ
we have also Rist and Grist seems rather to sug-
gest a common origin for the three.
There is a race of dwarfs or elves which fre-
quently come before us in the Northern mythology,
and the names of many of which are enumerated
in the Eddas. The root alb, alf, elf is very com-
mon in Teutonic names, among the Anglo-Saxons
as well as others ; the older German writers re-
ferred it to the mountains of the Alps, and the
words connected therewith ; but Grimm and
Massmann connect it with these mythological
elves. Some of these beings seem to have been
noted for their wisdom, and others for their
mechanical skill, and this may perhaps be the
idea present in some of these names, as for in-
stance, Alfred {rid, counsel.)
SIMPLE FORMS.
Alb Alf
Elf. Old Germ. Albo, Alpho, Albi, 8th cent. Eng. Alvey^
Alpha, Alp, Elbow, Elve, Elvy, Elphee. Mod. German
Alf, Elbe. French Albo, Alby, Aube.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Albecho, 11th cent. — ^Ifech, Domesday —
Eng. Elphick, Elvidge. Old German Albizo, Aluezo, 8 th
cent. — Albsi, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Alvis, Elvis, Elves — French
Aubez. Old Germ. Albila, 6th cent. — Mod. Germ. Albel
— Fr. Aubel.
phonetic extension.*
Old German Alfan, Elbenus, Albini, Alpuni, 8th cent.
Eng. Alban, Albany, Alpenny, Halfpenny? Modern
Germ. Elben. French Albin, Aubin, Aubigny, Aubineau.
The Latin root may intermix in these names.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 135
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Albioc, 8tli cent. French Albenque.
COMPOUNDS.
(G^er, spear) Old German Alfger, Halbker, Sth cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Alfgar — Eng. Halfacre? (Raid, state, con-
dition) Old German Albheid, Sth cent. — Eng. Halfhead ?
(Hard J Old German Alfhard, Albheid, Sth cent. — English
Alvert — French Aubard. (Rari, -warrior) Old German
Alfheri, Albheri, Sth cent. — English Alvary, Albery,
Elvery, , Aubery — French Aubier, Aubery. (Man J Old
German Alpman — Eng. Halfman ? (Bed, counsel) Old
Germ. Alberat, Sth cent. — Anglo-Saxon Alfred — English
Alfred — French Albaret, Alfred, Aubriet. {Run, com-
panion) Old German Albruna,t Tacitus, Albrun, 10th cent.
— Fr. AuBRUN. {Wer, defence ?) Old German Albwer, Sth
cent. — French Aubouer. {Wine, friend) Alboin, Lombard
king, 6th cent. — Fr. Aubouin.
As well as the dwarfs or elves there was a
race of giants which figure in the Northern
mythology as at continual enmit}^ with the gods
— the foundation of the myth (if not a relic of a
still more ancient one), being perhaps to be traced
to the subjugation by Odin and his followers of
the older and less civilized races with whom they
came in contact. But I do not know that there
are any names in which the sense can with suf-
ficient reason be taken to mean more than large
stature.
Many of the names derived from the weather
appear to have a mythological origin. Thus
Frosti was the name of one of the dwarfs or elves
t A woman mentioned by the historian as highly venerated by the Germans
for her wise counsels. Among the various readings of the name, this is most in
accordance with ancient noraenclatiure.
136 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
before spoken of ; the meaning, according to Finn
Magnusen, is "gelidus vel gelu ac frigora
efficiens," Our nursery hero, Jack Frost, may
possibly have his origin in the old northern
mythology. Frosti occurs as a Scandinaviaix
name in Saxo ; and we have Frost and the
diminutive Frostick. Frost occurs frequently
in the Hundred Rolls, temp. Edw. 1. Mr. Lower
observes (Pat. Britt.) that " one Alwin Forst
was a tenant in Co. Hants, before Domesday, and
his name by a slight and common transposition
would become Frost.'' This is true, but the con-
verse might also apply, for forst is an Ang.-Sax.
form oi frost. In another name, however, Frost-
man, given by Mr. Bowditch, I should take the
proper form to be Forstman.
One of the Valkyrjur was called Mist, which
must be from Anglo-Saxon mist, English " mist/'
There is an Old German name Mistila, 9th cent.,
which Weinhold takes to be a diminutive of the
above. We have Mist, and Mister, which may
possibly be a compound.
Of the same meaning and from a similar
source to Mist might naturally be supposed to be
Fog and Foggo. This, however, is less certain ;
there is a root foe, for which Forstemann proposes
Old Norse /oA;, flight, to which they might be put.
The name of an old, probably a mythical king
of Denmark was Snio (snow.) It enters into
some Old German names, and hence may be our
Snow.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 137
I thought before that Snowball might be a
compound (paid, fortis), but on the whole I now
think that Mr. Lower's derivation from a feudal
tenure (Pat. Britt.) is to be preferred.
It seems probable that something of a mytho-
logical origin may be assumed for the English
Eainbow, the German Regenbogen, and the
French Rainbeaux and Eegimbeau — the two
latter names appearing to bespeak for themselves
a considerable antiquity.
The system of personification which pervaded
the Northern mythology, and which, extending its
influence deep into the middle ages, has left its
traces on the popular mind of Europe to the
present day, extended to the earth, the sun, the
moon, day and night, summer and winter. The
sun in Northern mythology was reckoned among
the goddesses, being feminine in all Teutonic
languages except our own. The moon, on the
other hand, was masculine, being the brother of
the sun. In some parts of Germany the peasantry
still give the sun and moon the title of Frau and
Herr — Mrs. Sun and Mr. Moon.
I thought before that the names signifying
sun and moon might be derived from this per-
sonification of Northern mythology, but I am
now inclined to think that as the worship of the
heavenly bodies is probably a relic of an earlier
creed, so the names too may be of a date anterior
to the Odinic system. From the Goth, sauil,
Old Norse sol, the sun, may be the following.
R
Sun
138 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Sol, Sola, 8tli cent. Also probably, as it
Sole, seems to rae, though Fijrstemann places them elsewhere,
SaoTjA, " Dux barbarorum," Zosim. 4th cent., Saul, 9th cent.
Sol, Saul [Domesday). Sola, Lib. Vit. Eng. Sole, Soley,
Soul, Saul. Mod. Germ. Sohl. French Sol, Sole, Saul,
Soule, Soui^]^.
compounds.
[Burg J protection) Old German Solburg, 9th cent. — Eng.
SoLBERRY. {Hari, warrior) French Soulery, Solier.
[Hard) French Solard. [Rat^ counsel) French Soleret.
Of the same meaning, according to Forste-
mann, is the name Sunno, of a Frankish prince of
the 4th cent., and with which may correspond
Eng. Sun.
The moon, in Old Norse mdni, figures in
Northern mythology as the brother of the sun.
Mani occurs as a Scandinavian name in the
Landnamabok, but I do not find any trace of it
as an ancient name among the Germans. Perhaps
from this origin may be English MooN, Mooney,
and Mawney.
There is a root hiriy which Forstemann, finding
names of a similar sort, thinks may be from Old
High Germ, lujia. Mid, High Germ, lune, change
of the moon. He holds the word to be related
to the Latin, but not borrowed from it. Luno is
mentioned in Ossian as a Scandinavian armourer,
and the maker of Fingal's sword. But the
name, at least in that form, could hardly be
Scandinavian. None of the ancient names given
by Forstemann correspond with the following.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 139
SIMPLE FORMS. Lun.
EDg. LUNE, LOONEY. French LuNEAU. Moonchange.
DIMINUTIVE.
French Lunel.
COMPOUNDS.
(Aud, prosperity) French Lunaud. (Hard) French (or
Ital. 1) LUNARDI.
Some other names, such as English Sunrise,
Sunshine, German Monschein, Germ. Morgen-
STERN (morning-star), Abendstern (evening-
star), MoRGENROT (morning-red), Abendrot
(evening-red), &c., may be from a similar origin.
Abendrot was the name of a spirit of light
(Grimm's Deutsch. Myth.) I do not know what
to say of such names as Fairweather and Fine-
weather^ except that the Germans have similar
e.g., SCHONWETTER, BOSEWETTER, &C.
The worship of the goddess Hertha (the per-
sonified earth) was no doubt of remote antiquity
among the Germans. She is reckoned among
the goddesses in the system of Northern
mythology, but this, I take it, is a rehc of a more
ancient myth. A root jordy which seems to be
from Old Norse jord, terra, comes before us in
some ancient names, and we seem, as below, to
have it both in this and the Saxon form eorthe.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Eng. Earth, Earthy, Jurd. Modern German Erd.
French Jordy, Jourdy, Jourde.
CX)MPOUNDS.
(ffari, warrior) French Jordery, Jourdier.
JorA
Earth.
140 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
EXTENDED EOOT.
Old German Jordanes, Jordanus, 5th cent.* — Jordan'
Jurdan, Lib Vit. Eng. Jordan, Jortin. Modern German
Jordan. French Jourdan.
The name of Rinda, one of the wives of
Odin, is derived by Grimm from Old High
Germ, rinta, Ang.-Saxon rind, Eng. " rind," and
explained as signifying the crnst of the earth.
From this source may be our names Rind,
E/iNDLE, Kinder, though rand, shield, is liable
to intermix. There is one Old German name
Eindolt, which Forstemann brings in as above.
The Old High German himil, heaven, occurs
frequently in ancient names, where it is probably
from a mythological origin. We have the corres-
ponding Saxon word in our name Heaven, but
it may be, as Mr. Lower thinks, only a cockney
form of Evan. Himmel is a Mod. Germ, name
and Him ELY is a French name.
From a similar mythological personification
may be our names Summer and Winter. These
have been supposed to be derived from persons
having been born at these seasons. But it seems
to me that though a man might naturally enough
be called Friday because he was born on a
Friday ; or Christmas, Noel, or Yule, because he
came into the world at that festive season ; yet
to call him Summer because he was born in all
summer, seems rather wide. The names at any
rate are of great antiquity. In Neugart's Codex
* Forstemann thinks that some of these names may be derived from the
sacred river Jordan.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 141
Diplomaticus Alamannice there are two brothers
called respectively Sumar and Wintar, a.d. 858.
And Whiter was the name of one of the com-
panions of the Anglo-Saxon Herew^ard. With
the English Summer correspond Mod. Germ, and
Danish Summer, Frencli Summer and Sommaire.
The French has also Sommerard, which seems
to be a compound. Winter is likewise a Modern
German, Danish, and French name, but there is
another word, elsewhere introduced, which is apt
to mix up with it.
The Eng. name Troll and the French Troly
may be from Old Norse trolly a demon. There
was a Danish family named TroUe, of great im-
portance in the 15th or 16th cent., who bore in
their coat of arms a headless troll or demon. The
name and the arms were assumed in commemora-
tion of an exploit of their ancestor in decapitating
a troll-wife, which, sooth to say, he seems to have
done in anything but a chivalrous manner, while
she was presenting him with a drinking horn
(Thorpe's North. Myth.) Trollo was also an Old
German, and Trolle is a Mod. Germ. name. Our
name Trail is supposed (Folks of Shields) to be
a corruption of Troll, though etymologically it
would go better to another root.
The following root Forstemann derives from
Goth, alhs. Old High Germ, alah/'' Anglo-Saxon
* The h was no doubt in this and similar cases strongly aspirated, like the
Mod. Germ. ch.
142 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
ealh, temple. An intermixture with halig, holy,
is easy-— indeed the two roots seem to be cognate.
SIMPLE FORMS,
All 1711 Old German Alacli, Elachus, 8tli cent. AUic, Alich
Alk, Elk. ' ^ '
Temple. (Domesday). Eng. Allick, Allix, Elk. French Alix,
Elcke.
compounds.
(Hard) Old German Elkihard, 8tli cent. — Anglo-Saxon
Alcheard, Cod. Dip. 520. — English Allcard — French
AucHARD. {Here, warrior) Old German Alcher, 8th cent.
— English Alker — French Alquier. {Ward, guardian)
Eng. AUKWARD It
According to the tradition of Northern
mythology the first man and woman were created
out of two pieces of wood left by the waves upon
the beach. The man was called Askr, which
means " ash/^ and we may presume has reference
to the wood out of which he was formed. Many
men in after times were called after the Teutonic
Adam, as, for instance, ^sc, son of Hengist. We
have Ask, Ash, and various compounds, but I
am inclined to think that the warlike sense de-
rived from the spear (which was made of ash-
wood), is stronger than the mythological.
The first woman was called Embla, the meaning
of which is not very clear. According to Grimm,
it is derived from Old Norse ami, amhl, assiduous
labour, a derivation which, however, seems open
to considerable doubt. The name of the Teutonic
Eve is still found in the Christian names of
women, as Amelia, Emily, and Emmeline, though
t Though this seems a natural compound, yet we find no ancient name to
correspond, and it may be only a corruption of Allcaiid.
THE GODS OF THE NORTH. 143
perhaps the Latin Emilia may intermix. The
word, however, was by no means confined to the
names of women, being found in the name Amal,
of one of the Anses, or deified ancestors of the
Goths. It was most common among the West
Goths ; scarce among the Saxons.
SIMPLE FORMS. Amal, Emel.
Old German Amala, Amelias, Emila, Almo, names ol
men, 5th cent. Amalia, Ambla, Emilo, names of women,
8tli cent. Eng. Hammill, Emly, Emblow. Mod. German
Emele, Emmel. French Amail, Emmel.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Amalin, Amblinns, men's names, 9th cent.
Amelina, woman's name, 11th cent. — Amelina (woman ?)
Lib, Vit. English Emlyn, Emblin, Emblem l French
Amelin, Emelin.
patronymics.
Old German Amalung, 5th cent. English Hamling,
Hambling. Mod. Germ. Amelung. French Ameling.
COMPOUNDS.
(Gar, spear) Old German Amalgar, Emelgar, 7th cent. —
English Almiger, Ellmaker. {Ha7'd, fortis) Old German
Amalhart, Amblard, 9th cent. — French Amblard. (Hari,
warrior) Old German Amalhari, Amalher, 5th cent. — Eng.
Ambler, Emeler. (Man) Eng. Ambleman, Ampleman —
Mod. German Ha^ielmann. {Rice, powerful) Old German
Amalaricus, "West Gothic king, 6th cent., Almerich, 10th
cent. — French Elmerick.
Lastly — I do not thmk that any of the names
which seem to be derived from the classical
deities are so in reality. There are indeed Mars,
Bacchus, Yenus, Cupid, and Pan ; also French
Mars, Janus, Minerve, and German Pallas,
but not " ut sunt divorum." Bacchus is the
144 THE GODS OF THE NORTH.
„o -RAri^TTOTTSE which seems local, like the
same as ijACKHOUbt-, wu^. Vt-xtttq
Modem German Backhaus and Backhof. Venus
ralso local, as shown by Mr. Lower-" Stephen
de Yenuse, Miles, temp. Edw. 1st." Ctjpid I
put along with CUBITT and Cupit. Maks cor-
responds with an Old German Marso, 7th cent
which Forstemann refers to the German tribe ol
the Marsi. And the French name Minekve I
take to be local, from a place called Mmerbe in
North Italy, though I apprehend that the pia<3e
is named after the goddess.
CHAPTER XII.
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
In the dim morning of the history of our race,
when we first find the German tribes wrestling
in their rude strength against the power of
imperial Rome — there stands out — drawn by the
hand of an immortal historian — one taller by a
head and shoulders than the rest. Foilmo: in
their own science Rome's trained legions — baffling
by his singleness of purpose her crafty policy —
resisting by his honesty her fatal blandishments
— we find in him, the hero, the patriot Arminius,
the first embodiment of that principle of unity
which Germany has yet fully to learn. With
what generous appreciation the great historian
describes his country's foe — with what elegant
irony he points his description. '''"" The deliverer
of Germany without doubt he was, and one who
assailed the Roman state, not like other kings
and leaders, in its infancy, but in the pride of
imperial elevation ; in single encounters some-
times victorious, sometimes defeated, but not
worsted in the general issue of the war ; he hved
thirty-seven years ; twelve he was in possession
of power ; and amongst barbarous nations his
memory is still celebrated in their songs ; his
Tacitus, "Annals." Oxford translation.
s
146 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
name is unknown in the annals of the Greeks,
who only admire their own achievements ; nor
is he very much celebrated among us Komans,
whose habit is to magnify men and feats of old,
but to regard with indifference the examples of
modern prowess."
And yet how few are there at the present day
who know even the name of this first great man
of our race ; another Arminius, the founder of
one of the isms, is probably of much more exten-
sive reputation.
The name of Arminius, Armin, Ermin, or
Irmin, is not, as some writers have supposed, the
same as Herman ; this opinion, as Forstemann
observes, is to be considered as now completely
set aside. It is a simple, not a compound word ;
its root is arm, erm, irm — the ending in being
only phonetic ; its meaning, as Grimm observes,
is altogether obscure. Many names compounded
from it occur in the genealogies of the kings of
Kent and Mercia, as Eormenric, Eormenred,
Eormengild, &c. There are traces of Irmin as
the name of a deity in the ancient German
mythology.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Arminius, leader of the Cheruski, 1st cent.,
Armm.
Irmin. Ermin, Irmino. English Armine, Armeny, Ermine, Har-
mony. Mod. German Ermen. French Armeny. Italian
Ermini.
compounds.
(Ger, spear) Old German Irminger, 8th cent. — English
Arminger, Iremonger ? (Gaud, Goth) Old German Ermin-
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH. 147
gaud, 8th cent. — French Armingaud. (Dio, servant) Old
Germ. Irmindiu, Ermenteo, 7th cent. — French Armandeau,
Armenti^. (Deot, people) Old German Irmindeot, 8th cent.
— French Armandet.
" The older and the simple form of Irmin/'
says Forstemann, " runs in the form Irm, Erme,
Irim." To this I place the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Ermo, Irma, 8th cent. Eng. Harme. Mod. Enn, irm.
Germ. Herm. French Hermj^, Hermy.
DIMIXTJTIYES.
Old German Irmiza, 10th cent. — English Arms. — Modem
German Ermisch — French Armez, Hermes. Old German
Hermulo, 9th cent. — Mod. Germ. Ermel — French Hermel.
Old Germ. Ermelenus, 7th cent. — French Hermeline.
compounds.
(Gar, spear) Old German Ermgar, 5th cent. — English
Armiger. (Gis, hostage) Old German Ermgis, 8th cent. —
French Hermagis. (Geltan, valere) Old Germ. Ermegild —
Eng. Armgold. {Had, war) Old Germ. Ermhad, 9 th cent.
— Eng. Armat — French Armet. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ.
Ermhar, 8th cent. — Hermerus, Domesday — Eng. Armour,
Armory, HAR^rsR — French Hermier. [Bad, council) Old
Germ. Ermerad, 8th cent. — Eng. Ormerod.
But for the most part the heroes of the North
are legendary rather than historical. At the
same time it must not be overlooked that legends
and traditions are the most ancient vehicle of
history, and that as a general rule we may accept
the existence of the hero, whatever amount of
faith we may be disposed to place in the story of
his achievements.
The most ancient heroic poem in the Teutonic
language at present discovered is probably the
t
148 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
Ang.-Saxon lay which recounts the achievements
of Beowulf the Scylding. The Scyldings (in
Ang.-Sax. Scyldingas, in Old Norse Skioldungar)
were an illustrious race, the descendants of Scyld
or Skiold, a name which respectively in Anglo-
Saxon and Old Norse signifies " shield." The
Danish traditions make their Skiold the son of
Odin and first king of Denmark, but the Anglo-
Saxon genealogies make their Scyld an ancestor
of Woden. Beowulf, as the son of Scyld, was the
Scylding by pre-eminence, though all his people
are called Scyldings. Our names Shield, Skeld-
iNG, Scolding, Skoulding, I have taken to be
from this origin. As to the name Beowulf, if we
could suppose the right form to be Beahwulf, it
would be from Ang.-Sax. heag, heah, ring, crown,
bracelet, and would correspond with an Old
Germ. Baugulf. Or it might be, as Bos worth
has it, a contraction of Beadowulf Mr. Kemble,
however, and following him. Miss Yonge, derive
it from heo, harvest.
According to the Ang.-Saxon genealogy the
father of Scyld was called Sceaf, which signifies
sheaf: and whence perhaps the English name
Sheaf.
The legend, as related in the Anglo-Saxon
chronicles is that, as an infant and asleep, he was
brought by the waves in a small boat, with a sheaf
of corn at his head, to an island of Germany called
Scani or Skandza. The inhabitants, struck by
the apparently miraculous nature of the circum-
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH. 149
stances, adopted him, gave liim the name of Scef,
and eventually making him their king, he reigned
in the town which " was then called Slaswic, but
now Haithebi" — the locality marking the legend
as probably an Angle one. Very poetically in
the poem of Beowulf (though the legend is by
mistake transferred to his son Scyld), he is repre-
sented, at the close of his long and prosperous
reign, as placed by his own last command in a
ship, surrounded by the arms and ornaments of a
king, and again committed to the waves which
had laid him as an infant on the shore. The
story is so poetical, both in sentiment and expres-
sion, that I may be excused in quoting a part of
it from the translation of Mr. Thorpe, again re-
marking that Scef, and not Scyld, should have
been the hero.
" Scyld then clepai*ted
at his fated time,
the much strenous, to go
into the Lord's keeping.
They him then bore away
To the sea-shore,
his dear companions,
as he had himself enjoined.
-X' * •Jfr *
There at the hithe stood
the ring-prowed ship
icy and eager to depart,
the prince's vehicle.
They laid then
the beloved chief,
the dispenser of rings,
150 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
in the ship's bosom,
the great one by the mast :
there were treasures many
from far ways
ornaments brought
I have not heard of a comelier
keel adorned
With war- weapons
and martial weeds.
* * * *
Men cannot
say for sooth,
councillors in hall
heroes under heaven,
who that lading received."
Does not this warrior's funeral, in the oldest
heroic poem of our language, remind us somewhat
in its tone of Tennyson s ode on the funeral of
Wellington "{
Among the heroic romances of Germany the
most notable is the Nihelung en-lied, or lay of the
Nibelungs. The name Nibelung is a patronymic
or a diminutive of the name Nibel, which the
German writers refer to Old High German nihuh
Modern German nebel, a mist. Mono, in his
Heldensage, has with great labour collected
examples of this name from all parts of Germany,
as well as the countries into which the Germans
have imported it. From the following list of
Lombard names, it will be seen that he makes
the name Napoleon identical.
Neapoleo de Ursinis, 1306 — Napolio Spinula, naval
captain of the Gibellincs at Genoa, 1336 — JSTevolonus, a con-
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH. 151
fessor at Faeuza, 1280 — Neapolion, head of the Gibellines at
Rome under Fred. 2nd — Napolione Visconte di Campiglia,
1199, (fee.
He further remarks, thovigli in language some-
what wanting in clearness, " The name seems to
have come to tlie Lombards through two causes.
When we find the Napoleons in alliance with the
Gibellines (more evidences thereof would be desir-
able), the question arises whether or not this is
accidental. Napoleon is the older name"^^ and
more nearly expresses the correct form. I cannot
account for its transmission to Italy except
through the Frankish conquest of Lombardy.t
But as yet I have not been able to meet with any
ancient examples."
I do not find the form Nibelung, except in the
name Nefflen quoted by Mr. Bowditch, and
which looks like an English name, though there
are several examples of the simple form Nibel as
below.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Nivalus, Nevelo, No vol, 6th cent. English^^^^' ^^^*^
Mist
NiBLOE, NivoLEY, Neville, Novell, Noble 1 Mod. Germ.
Nebel, Nibel. French Nibelle, Nivelleau, Novel.
The German hero-book refers to a king
Orendel or Erentel, whom it describes as the
greatest of all heroes, and whose wife was the
most beautiful among women. In the story of
his shipwreck and subsequent adventures Grimm
traces a close resemblance to the story of Ulysses.
A
* Older than Neapoleon I suppose is all that he means,
t Why not by the Lombarda themselves ?
152 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
The origin of the name appears to be Ang.-Sax.
eareiidel, a beam of light, a star. An Ang.-Sax.
hymn to the Virgin Mary in the Cod. Ex., seems
to apostrophize her under this title.
" Eala Earendel, engla beorhtast."
O star, brightest of angels !
The names Aurendil, Orendil, Orentil, occur
star. ' frequently in the 8th and subsequent centuries ;
among others was a count of Bavaria. In the
old metrical romance of Sir Bevis of Hamptonn,
his " good steed" is called by the name of Arundel,
which has been presumed, though I think with-
out sufficient reason, to be a corruption of
hirondelle, a swallow. Arondel is not uncom-
mon as a French name ; there are five persons so
called in the directory of Paris. In Holinshed^s
copy of the Roll of Battle Abbey is an Arundel,
but it is not in all the others. The English name
Arundel may be in all, or in some cases, from
the place.
Of Weland, the wonderful smith, the Vulcan
of Northern mythology, many traces are to be
found in this country. There is a place in Berks,
called Wayland's Smithy, which retains its name
from Ang.-Sax. times. And our nam.es Weland
and Wayland are, I take it, derived from him.
The etymology of the name I have elsewhere
referred to.
The father of Weland is called in Ang.-Saxon
Wada, in Old Norse Vadi, in Old High German
Wato. He was the son of the celebrated king
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH. 153
Vilkinr or Wilkin, by a mer-wife, and was a hero
of gigantic size. Some traces of him are to be
found in our early English poets ; Chaucer cele-
brates Wade's boat called Guingelot. In the
Scop or Bard's Tale we are told that " Wada
ruled over the Helsings," a Scandinavian tribe of
whose name memorials are to be found in Hel-
singor (now Elsinore), Helsingfors, in Finland,
and perhaps in one place in England, Helsington
in Cumberland. As to the meaning of his name,
Grimm says " I think that it is derived from his
having, like another Christopher, with his son
upon his shoulders, loaded over the nine-ell-deep
Groenasund, between Seeland, Falster, and Moen."
Our names Wade, Wadd, Watt, &c., elsewhere
introduced, I have hence derived.
The brother of Weland was called in Anglo-
Saxon Aegel, in Old Norse Egil. As Weland
was celebrated as a smith, so was his brother as
an archer, and precisely the same legend is related
of him as of the Swiss Tell. Having been com-
manded by the king Nidung to shoot an apple
off the head of his son, and having taken two
arrows from his quiver, the king demanded his
reason for so doing, and received the same bold
reply that was given to the tyrant Gessler. The
same myth re-appears elsewhere with sHght
variations and different heroes ; whether the
legend of Aegel is the foundation of all the others,
or whether it is to be traced back to a still more
ancient source, we cannot say. The following
T
154 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
group of names are to be referred to this origin,
but the meaning of the word is obscure. The
form ail for agil seems, as Forstemann observes,
to be more particularly Saxon.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Agil, Ail. Old German Agila (king of the West Goths, 6th cent.),
Aigil, Egil, Alio, Aile. Eng. Eagle, Egley, Ayle, Ale,
Ayley, Oiley. Mod. Germ. Egel, Eyl. Fren. Aiguille,
Egle, Egly, Ayel, a illy.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Agilin, Aglin, Ailin, 7th cent. — Eng. Aglin,
Eagling, Ayling — French Egalon.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, bright) Old German A gilbert, 7 th cent. — Anglo-
Saxon Aegelbeorht — French Aj albert. {Ger, spear) Old
Germ. Egilger, Ailger, 8th cent — Eng. Ailger. (Hard)
Old German Agilard, Ailard, 7th cent. — English Aylard —
French Aillard. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ Agelhar, 8th
cent. — Eng. Aguilar.* (Man) Old Germ. Aigliman, 6th
cent. — Eng. Ailman, Aleman. {Mar, famous) Old German
Agilmar, Ailemar, 8th cent. — Eng. Aylmer. {Rat, counsel)
Old German Agilrat, Eih^at, 8th cent. — French Ailleret.
( Ward, guardian) Old German Agilward, Ailward, 8th cent.
— Eng. Aylward. {Wine, friend) Old German Agil win,
Eilewin, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Aegelwine — Eng. Aylwin.
The son of Weland was called in Ang.-SaxoH'
Wudga, in Old Norse Vidga, in Old High Germ.
Wittich, and in an unpublished Low Germ, poem
referred to by Grimm, Wedege. The name,
according to Grimm, signifies silvicola, being a
diminutive from the root luudu, wltu, vidr, wood.
Corresponding English names are Wedge, Vetch,
Wittich, Whittock.
* This name is, I believe, immediately derived from Spain.
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH. 155
Other heroes of the Nibehmgen Leld were
Guiiter or G anther, Hagan, Hildebrand, and
Hawart. The German Gunter corresponds with
the Old Norse Gunner of the Volsungasaga ; the
etymon is gumi, gund, war, and hence our names
Gunter, Gunther, Gunner, &c., introduced iii
another place. Hagan, according to Lachmann
(Kritik der sage von den Nihelungen), is " more
than heroic." The name comes in a group else-
where noticed ; according to Grimm its meaning
is spinosuSj thorny. Hawart is described as a
king of Denmark, and I think that our corres-
ponding names (Ha ward, Howard, &c.) are
more particularly of Scandinavian origin. Never-
theless, according to Mone, there are many in-
stances of the name Haward or Hawart in
Southern Germany during the 12th and two
following centuries.
It is to be remarked that in the poetic legends
of various countries we frequently find something
uncommon or supernatural attaching to the birth
or to the rearing of the hero. Sometimes he is
the offspring of a mortal and a divinity ; some-
times of a mortal and one of the nobler animals,
as the bear or the wolf ; more frequently he is
only reared or suckled by one or other of these
animals. Grimm has remarked (Deiitsch. Myth.)
that something of the heroic character frequently
attaches to one not born in the natural manner, but
cut untimely from his mother s womb. Such, among
many other instances, was the Scottish Macduff.
7
156 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
Macbeth — I bear a cliarmed life, whicli must not yield
^ To one of woman born —
Macduff — Despair thy charm ;
And let the angel whom thou still hast served
Tell thee — Macduff was from his mother's womb
^\^ Untimely ripped —
V
«'
Macbeth — ^Accursed be the tongue that tells me so.
I'll not fight with thee.
The title of ungehorne, " unborn," is given to
some of the heroes of German romance, and the
corresponding one of ohorni occurs in the Scan-
dinavian Eddas. From this latter I before took
to be our name Oborn ; it might, however, be
^ properly Hoborn, from the root hoh, hoc, celsus.
It is also to be noted that the wearing of the
J* hair long, or curled, or fastened up in a peculiar
I manner, was held among the ancient Germans as
a badge of the hero. To this I have alluded in
,- . ^^ another chapter.
It is to be remarked that among the Anglo-
^ V/ Saxons and other Teutonic races there was a sort
J 5 of nobility arising from connection with a distin-
■ "^ guished ancestor. The whole of the descendants
of such a man frequently took his name, with the
addition of ^V^^, giving the meaning of " descendant
of," not as their own individual name, but as a
family or clan name. Thus as well as being a
simple patronymic, in the manner referred to at
I p. 31, ing is often applied as the badge of a family
or tribe. Thus from the name of Uffa, king of
^ East Anglia, his posterity were called Uffings
^ (Uffingas.) ■ In the life of St. Guthlac mention is
made of a Mercian nobleman who is said to have
THE HEROES OF THE NORTH. 157
been " of the oldest race, and the noblest that
was named Iclingas." In the genealogy of the
Mercian kings there is an Icil, who most probably
was the founder of the Iclings. The names
Hick, Hickling, &c., elsewhere introduced, I
have referred to this origin.
The Billings were a powerful and celebrated
family in North Germany during the 10th and
11th centuries, and there is some trace of them
a hundred years further back (Grimm's Deutsch,
Myth.) We seem to have a still earlier trace of
them in the Scop or Bard's song, where we are
told that " Billing ruled the Werns" (the Verini),
a people on the Elbe. There was also a noble
family named Bille in Denmark. The Billings
seem, from the names of places, as well as from
the names of families, to have made considerable
settlements in England. The etymology is else-
where referred to.
The Harlings (Herelingas) are another people
mentioned in the Scop or Bard's song. Their
locality was on the banks of the Bhine. There
is a castle of Alsatia called Brisach, from which
all the adjacent country is called Brisach-gowe,
which is reported to have been anciently the
fortress of those who were called Harlungi
( W. Ghnmm's Held. Sag.) We have the names
Harling, Harle, referred to in next chapter.
Sometimes ing has the still wider sense of
nationality. Thus from Skiold the son of Odin,
and first king of Denmark according to Danish
158 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
tradition, the Danes were called Skioldungar
(Skioldings).
The Hokings are a people mentioned in the
Scop or Bard's song — " Hnsef ruled the Hokings/
These seem to have been a Frisian people, and to
have derived their name from a Hoce mentioned
in the poem of Beowulf Mr. Kemble observes
( ArcJiceological Journal) that Hoce is " a really
mytliical personage, probably the heros eponymus
of the Frisian tribe, the founder of the Hokings,
and a progenitor of the imperial race of Charle-
magne." The etymology and the names we have
corresponding are referred to in another place.
It would seem that a surname acquired by
some distinguished man was often conferred on
others as a baptismal name, probably on no other
ground than that of hero worship. Thus Magnus,
-- king of Norway, acquired the name of Barfot
(bare-foot), on account of having adopted the kilt
'^ when in Scotland. And Barfot ever since has
^ been a common name in the Scandinavian coun-
^^ tries. Barefoot is also an English name.
Probably also on the same principle it is that we
.. have the name of Ironside. There was a cele-
V brated Norwegian pirate named Olver, who, set-
ting his face against the then fashionable amuse-
ment of tossing children on spears, was christened
by his companions, to show their sense of his odd
scruples, Barnakarl or Barnakal, " babies' old
man." Hence possibly may be our name
Barnacle.
/
^
>^
THE HEROES OF THE NOHTH. 159
Tliere is yet another name which I have re-
served as a worthy conclusion to this chapter.
Very famous in early English romance was the
Danish hero Havelok, of whom some traces are
still to be found in the local traditions of Lincoln-
shire. There is a street in Grimsby called Have-
lock Street ; and there was, according to the
" History of Lincolnshire," a stone, said to have
been brought by the Danes out of their own
country, and known as " Haveloc's stone," which
used to form a land-mark between Grimsby and
the parish of Wellow. That the Danes would
take the trouble of bringing a stone out of their
own country is not very probable — but it is
possible. The stone in question may have been
a bauta or memorial stone ; and some Northman,
from a motive of superstition or pious friendship,
might wish to consecrate the shores of his new
home with the memorial of a revered ancestor.
Havelok was not a common Danish, as it is
not a common English name. Its proper Scan-
dinavian form I should assume to be Hafleik,
from haf, the sea, and leik, sport. War being the
game of heroes, the termination leik or lac is
frequently coupled mth a prefix of that meaning.
But there was another pastime in which the
Northmen pre-eminently rejoiced. To them the
sea was " a dehght," and there were bold Vikings
who could make the boast that they had " never
slept under the shelter of a roof, or drained the
horn at a cottage fire." Thus then the name
160 THE HEROES OF THE NORTH.
Havelok, " sea-sport," would be a name than
which we could find no more appropriate for one
of the wild sea rovers.
And among the many brave men raised up in
our time of great need, let us acknowledge with
thankfulness and pride the dauntless valour of the
old Danish hero, tempered by a christian spirit,
in our own gallant Havelock.
CHAPTER XIII.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
In an age when war was — if not the " whole
duty," at least the mam busmess of man — names
taken from the pasthiie in which he delighted,
and the weapons in which he trusted, were as
natural as they were common. And, directly or
indirectly — from words signifying war, battle,
death, slaughter, victory — from words signifying
strength, valour, and fierceness — from words
signifying arms and warlike implements — or from
words signifying to wound, to slay, to strike, to
crush — there are probably as many names from
this source as from all other sources put together.
Of such ungentle origin were the names of
women as well as men. Indeed two of the prin-
cipal words signifying war, liild, and giind or
gunn, are more especially common in the names
of women, and sometimes, as in the Norse Gun-
hilda, and the Old German Hildigunda, these two
words are joined together. They are still retained
in some female christian names, as in the Danish
Hille and Gunnila ; in our Matilde, French
Mathilde ; and in the French and Ital. Clothilde.
The reason for the particular use of these two
words in the names of women is to be found in
Northern mythology, where Hild and Gunn are
u
162 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
tlie names of two of the Valkyrjur, maidens
appointed by Odin to select the victims in battle,
and also to wait upon the heroes in Valhalla.
Our name Hill has been generally supposed
to be local, from residence on or near a hill. But
I think it will be clear, from the place which it
takes in the following group, that it is, at least in
some cases, from hild, battle, which, even in
ancient names, appears often as hill. The Frankish
form child was common in the names of the
Merovingian period, and we have a few in which
it occurs, bat it is rather singularly wanting in
the names of France.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Old German Hildo, Hilt, Hillo, Cliildi, Chillo, 7tli cent,
-^'ar. Eng. Hilt, Hill, Hilly, Child, Chill, Chilly. Modern
German Hild, Hilt, Hill. / voCj?tt.
PATHONYMICS.
Old Germ. Hilding, 8th cent. — English Hildixg. Eng.
Hillson.
COilPOUNDS.
[Ber, per, bear) Old German Hiltiper — English Hilber —
French Hilber. {Bert, bright) Old German Hildebert, 6th
cent. — Mod. Germ. Hilbert — French Hilpert. (Brand
sword) Old Germ. Hildebrand, 7th cent. — Eng. Hildebra:st>
— Mod. Germ. Hildebraxd — French Hildebrand. (Ger,
spear) Old German Hildigar, 6th cent. — English Hilgers —
Modem German Hilger — French Hilger. (Hard J Old
Germ. Heldiard, 8th cent. — English Hild yard, Hilliard.
(Here, warrior) Old Germ. Hildier, 8th cent. — Eng. Hilder,
Hillyer, Hillary, Childers — Modern German Hiller —
French Hiller, Hilaire. (Ham, ran, raven) Old German
Childerannus — English Children.* (Man J Old German
* Tlie female name Childeruna {run, companion) might also put in a claim.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 163
Hildeman, 6tli cent. — Cliildman, Hund. Rolls — Eng. Hill-
man, iLLiLVN, Chillman — Mod. German Hiltmaxn, Hlll-
MAXN — French Cuilmax. (Mar, illustrious) Old German
Hildimar, 6tli cent. — Eng. Hilmer, Hellmore — Mod. Germ.
HiLLMER, Helmar. (Mod, courage) Old German Hildimod,
8th cent. — Eng. Chillmaid ? (Bad, counsel) Old German
Hildirad, 8th cent. — Eng. Hildreth — French Hillairet.
(Mice, powerful) Old German Hilderic, Goth, king, 4th cent.
— Eng. Hilrldge.
local name.
(Drup, trup, corruption of tlwrp, a village) English
HiLLDRUP — Mod, Germ. IIiltrup.
As a termination hild was extremely common,
particularly among the Franks. But as in
modern names it would change into hill, it be-
comes confounded with the diminutive ending el
or il.
From the An g. -Sax. guih. Old High German
guild, gunt, Old Norse gunn, are the following : —
simple forms.
Old German Gundo, Gonto, Cund, 9th cent. English q-^^a
GUNDEY, GUNN, CoNDY, CUNDY, COLTrt), COL'NTY, CoUNT ? Gunn„
Modem German Kunde, Kunte, Kunth. French Gonde, ^'^r.
GoN, Cont^ Contl
DBIINUTIVIS.
Old Germ. Gundicho, 8th cent. — Eng. Guxdick — Mod.
Germ. Kuntke. Old Germ. Gundila, Cundilo, 7th cent. —
English GuNNELL, Cundell — Mod. Germ. Gl^ndel — French
GoNDAL, GoNDOLO, GoNELLE. Old German Gunzo, Gonzo,
Cunzo, Conzo, 7th cent. — EngKsh Guns, Countze — Modern
German GuNZ, Kunz — French Gonsse, Kunz^. Old Germ.
Gunzila, 8th cent. — Eng. Consell, Counsell — Mod. Germ.
GuNZEL, KiJNSEL — French Kuntzl]^ Conseil — Span. Gon-
zales. Old Germ. Guntiscus, 7th cent. — Eng. Gondish.
patronymics.
Eng. Gunning, Gunson.
164 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
COMPOUNDS.
[Bald, fortis) Old German Gundobald, Burgundian king,
5th cent., Gumbald, 9th cent. — English Gumboil — French
GoMBAULT. (Hard) Old German Gundhard, 8th cent. —
French Gondhard, Gontard. [Here, warrior) Old German
Gunther, Gonthar, Cuntaher, Cundher, 8th cent. — Old Norse
Gunnar — Ang.-Sax. Gu there — English Gunther, Gunter,
Gunner, Counter, Conder — Mod. Germ. GiJNTHER, Konter
— ^French Gonthier, Gontier, Conter, Contour. {Lac,
play) Anglo-Saxon Guthlac — Eng. Goodlake, Goodluck.*
{Nand, nant, daring) Old German Gundinand, 5th cent. —
French Continant. (Bam, ran, raven) Old German Gund-
ram, Condramnus, 6th cent. — Eng. Condron. (Eat, counsel)
Old German Gundrat, 8th cent. — French Gondret. (Bice,
powerful) Gundericus, Gothic chief, 3rd cent., Vandal king,
6th cent., Gunderih, 8th cent. — English Gundry, Guthrie,
Gunnery, Condry. (Wine, friend) Old Germ. Gondoin, 7th
cent. — French Gondouin. (Steinn, stone) Old Norse Gun-
steinn — English Gunston. (Salv, anointed f) Old German
Gundisalvus, Gonsalvus, 9th cent. — Span. Gonsalvo.
A third word signifying war is Ang.-Sax. and
Old High German wig, Old Norse vig, which,
losing the guttural, becomes in many cases wi,
both as a termination, and also in the middle of
a word. In other cases it assumes a prefix of g
or c, as referred to at p. 46.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Wigo, Wico, Wihho, 9th cent. Wig,
genealogy of Cerdic, king of the West Saxons. Wiga,
War. Domesday Yorks. English Wigg, Wiche, Wick, Wickey,
YiCK, Quick, Wye, Quy. Modern German Wick, Wich,
Weiii. French Wigt, Yig4 Yicq, Yiey, Guiche, Guieu,
queck, quyo.
diminutives.
Old German Wigilo, 8th cent. — Eng. Wigle, Quiggle,
* Might also be from another root, p. 110.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 165
Quickly, Wiiichelo — Modern German Wegel, Wiegel,
WiGGELE — French Vigla, Vicel. Old Germ. Wikelin —
Mod. Germ, Wegelein — French Violin.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Wiking, 8th cent. — Eng. Wickfno. Eng.
WlGSON, WiCKSON.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bcdd, bold) Old Germ. Wigibald, Wibald, Guibald, 8th
cent. — French Guibald, Guibaud. {Bert, bright) Old Germ.
Wigbert, Wibert, Guibert — English Yibert — Mod. Gernx.
GuiBERT — French Yibert, Guibert. {Burg, protection)
Old Germ. Wigbnrg. 11th cent. — Wiburch, Lib. Vit. — Eno-.
Wyberg, Wybrow. (Hard) Old Germ. Wighard, Wicard
"Wiart, Vichard, Guiard, 7th cent. — Uigheard, Lib. Vit.
Eng. Wyard — Mod. Germ. Wiggert, Wickardt — French
WiCART, WlART, YlCART, YlCHARD, YlARD, GuiCHARD,
Guiard. {Here, heri, warrior) Old Germ. Wigheri, Wiger,
"Wiccar, Wiher, 8th cent. — Uigheri, Lib. Vit. — Old Norse
Yikar — English Wicker, Witcher, Yigor, Yicary, "Wire
GwYER, QuiER — Mod. German Weiger, Weiher — French
YiGiER, >?igerie, Yicaire. {Had, war, or ead, prosperity)
Old Germ. Wicod, Wihad, Guichat, 8th cent. — Ang. -Saxon
Wigod — Eng. Wiggett, Wichett, Wyatt — French Wicot
YiETTE, GuiCHOT, GuiET. {Helm, helmet) Old German
Wighelm, 8th cent. — Uighelm, lAb. Vit. — English Whigam.
{Ram, raven) Old German Wichraban, Wigram, 8th cent.
— English WiGRAM. (Man) Old German Wigman, 8th
cent. — Eng. Wigman, Wickman, Wyman — Modern German w^JUv "^
Wichman, Wiemann. {Mar, famous) Old Germ. Wigmar,
Wimar, 7th cent. — Uicmer, Wimar, Lib. Vit. — English
Wigmore, Wymer — Mod. Germ. Wiemer — French Yimar.
{Rat, counsel) Old German Wigarat, 8th cent. — French
Yicherat, Quickerat, Quierot. {Rice, powerful) Old
Germ. Wigirich, 7th cent. — Eng. Yickridge — Mod. Germ.
Wegerich. {Wald, power) Old Germ. Wigold, 11th cent.
Modern Germ. Weygold — French Yiault.
166 THE WABRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
A fourth word signifying war is Goth, hadu,
Ang.-Sax. heado. I apprehend that the French
names Badou, Battu, Pattu, &c., contain simply
the Gothic word. There are no such ancient
forms in Forstemann^s Hst, but it will be seen
that they do occur in the Liber Vitce.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Bado, Batto, Patto, Bedo, Beddo, Betto,
Bad, Bed. Beto, Betho, Peto, Petto, 6th cent. Saxon Bieda, a.d. 501,
^*''- Peada, Betti {Bede's Ecc. Hist.) — Bada, Badu, Bettu, Lib.
Vit. — English Bad, Batt, Batty, Bath, Batho, Paddy,
Patte, Pattie, Bede, Bed, Beddoe, Beath, Beatty, Betty,
Peede, Peat, Peatie, Pett, Peto, Petty. Mod. German
Bade, Bath, Beede, Bethe, Bette, Pathe, Pathe. French
Bady, Badou, Batte, Battu, Patte, Pate, Patay, Paty,
Pattu, Pathe, Pathi, Bede, Bedeau, Bedu, Bette, Betou,
BlED.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Badiicho, Patucho, Bettika., 8th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Beadeca — Baduca, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Badock, Biddick,
Paddick, Pethick, Pidduck, Pittock — Moderrw German
Badicke, Bettack, Bethke, Pattke, Pethke — French
Patoche, Pettex. Old Germ. Bettikin, 10th cent. — Eng.
Badkin, Batkin, Betkin. Old German Baduila, Patilo,
Bedilo, Betilo, Pettilo, Pettili, 6th cent. — Eng. Baddeley,
Batley, Battle, Beadle, Beetle, Bettell, Bethell,
Beatley, Betteley, Padley, Paddle, Pattle, Patullo
Pedley, Petley — Mod. German Padel, Patel, Pedel —
French Badel, Batel, Bataille, Bedel, Betille, Betail,
Pataille, Petel.
patronymics.
Eng. Batting, Bedding — French Bedenc.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Bathari, 6th cent. — English
Badder, Bather, Beater, Pedder, Pether, Petter — Mod.
German Bader, Bader, Better — French Bader, Badier,
I
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 167
Bedier, Bethery, Pader, Pathier, Pettier. (Ha/rd)
Beadheard, Lib. Vit. — English Beddard — French Batard,
Bedard, Patard, Petard. (Jfar, famous) Eng. Padmore,
Patmore — French Bedmar, (Man) Badumon, Betmon,
Lib. Vit. — English Badman, Beadman, Padman, Pattman.
Dutch Betuman. {Rice, rich, powerful) Old Germ. Baturich,
Paturich, Paturih, Betterich, 6th cent. — English Bethray.
Betteridge, Bithrey, Patridge, Patry, Petrick, Petrie
— French Bath key, Petry, Patry. {Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Bettwin, 7th cent. — French Bedouin. {Wold, power)
French Batault, Bidault, Pidault. ( Ulf, wolf) Old Germ.
Badulf, 8th cent. — English Biddulph. (Hild, war) Old
Germ. Baduhilt, wife of Chlodwig II., 7th cent. — French
" Bathilde, Mme., Superieure de la maison des dames de
St. ClotUde'' — Christian or surname %
A fifth root signifying war is Goth, liaili. Old
High Germ, had, Ang.-Sax. heatho, Old Frankish
chad. There is also a form cat, as found in the
Catumer and Catualda of Tacitus, which Grimm
holds to be the most ancient form of this root.
And in the Celtic cad or cath, war, we trace a
corresponding form of the Aryan tongue — the
Old Celtic name Cathmor being, as Gluck ob-
serves, the precise equivalent of the Old German
Catumer, and the more recent Hadamar, and the
Old Celt. Caturix of the Old German Hadurich.
Grimm connects the name of the god Hoedhr in
Northern mythology with the above root signify-
ing war, as a Scandinavian form.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Hatto,* Haddo, Hatho, Chado, Hed, Heddi, s*^' ^^*'
Hetti Names of Anglo-Saxons, Had or Hath, Dux, in a ^^^^
* The legend of the hard-hearted bishop of this name who was devoured by
rats is well known.
168 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
charter of Athelstan ; Hedda, Hsedda, or Chad, Bishop of
Wessex, a.d. 676. — Hada, Lib. Vit — Eng. Hatt, Hadow,
Haedy, Heath, Head, Heddy, Hodd 1 Hett, Chad, Catt,
Cattey, Catto, Cato. — Mod. German Hatt, Hedde, Katt.
French Hatt^ Hedou, Cat, Catau, Catty, Catu.
diminutives.
Old German Chadichus, 7th cent. — English Haddock,*
Hettich, Chaddock, Shaddock ? — Mod. Germ. Hadicke.
Old German Heddilo, Hetilo, Hathli, Catla — Eog. Hadlow,
Hadley, Hatley, Hedley, Hetley, Hoadly, Cattle,
Cattley — Mod. German Hadel — French Hadol, Catal,
Catala. Old Germ. Hadalin, Chadalenus, 7th cent. — Eng.
Cattlin — French Hedelin, Catillon, Chatelin 1
patronymics.
Old German Hettinc, 1 0th cent. — Eng. Heading — Mod.
Germ. Hadank — French Hadingue.
compounds.
(Bald, bold) Old German Hadubald, 8th cent. — English
Shadbolt — French Chabault ? (Beado, war) Old German
Chadbedo, Chabedo, 7th cent. — Eng. Chabot — Fr. Chabot.
(Bern, bear) Old German Hadabern, 9 th cent. — Eng. Chad-
BORN. (Gis, hostage) Old Germ. Hadegis, 9th cent. — Eng.
Hadkiss. (Man) Eng. Chadman. (Mer, famous) Catumer,
Prince of the Catti, 1st cent., Hadamar, 8th cent. — English
CAT0M0RE,t Catmur, Hattemore — French Hadamar. (Not,
bold) Eng. Hadnutt — French Chadinet. (Rat, counsel)
Old German Hadarat, 8th cent. — English Hadrot — French
Hadrot. (Rice, powerful) Old Germ. Hadaricus, 8th cent.
— English Hatrick, Headrick, Shadrake (apparently not
Jewish) — Mod. Germ. Hedrich — French Chadirac. (Wig,
wi, war) Old Germ. Hathuwic, Hathuwi, Hathwi, Haduwi-
* The curious name Headache quoted by Mr. Lower is no doubt a slight
corruption of Headick.
t May be derived directly from Catmere in Berks, bnt the name of the place I
is simply that of a man. It was originally Catmere's gemaere. " Catmere 's boundary '
the inconvenient length of which has caused all to be dropped but the name of the|
man.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 169
Eng. Hathaway, Hathway, Hadaway, Chadwick, Chata-
WAY. (Wald, poAver) Old German Catualda, Tacitus — Ital.
Cataldi. {Wiiie, frieud) Old Germ. Hadawin, Chaduiii, 7tli
cent. — Eng. Hadwen, Chadwin — Fr. Hedouin. {Walah^
stranger) Sceadwala, father of Beowulf, Flor. Wor., Cad-
wallia, king of Wessex — Eng. Cadwell, Chatwell.
The root haz For stem ann takes to be another
form of had or hath, while Graff proposes haz,
hatred, m the sense, perhaps, of hostility. So
that in any case the names will come under this
head. There is also a root az, but the separation,
even in the ancient names, seems to me so doubt-
ful that I have included them together.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Hazo, Azo, Azzo, 8tli cent. English Haze. Haz.
Mod. Germ. Hetz. French Aze.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Hezilo, Azzilo, 8th cent. — English Hasell,
Hezel — Mod. German Hetzel — French Azille. French
Azema.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Hayzen. French Azan.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) French Azibert. (Hard) Eng. Hazard
— French Hazard, Azard. (Man) Old Germ. Hazaman
Azaman, 10th cent. — English Haysman — French Azimon
{Mar, famous) French Azi^mar.
There is a root san, for which Forstemann
supposes a Goth, sanja, m the sense of beauty,
traces of such a word appearing to be found in
seltsdni, precious, and unsdni, deformed. Instead,
however, of this hypothetical word, I would sug-
gest the Old Fries, san, strife, sania, to combat,
as containing a meaning suitable for the purpose.
V
170 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SIMPLE FORMS.
San. Old Germ. Sano, Seno, 6th cent. Mod. German Sann,
Combat. Senne. French Sen^.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Senocus, 8th cent. — French Senocq, Senac,
Seneca ? Old Germ. Sanilo, Senila, 9th cent. — Eng. Senlo
— French Senelle. French Senillon.
COMPOUNDS.
{Gund, war) Old Germ. Senegundis, 9th cent. — French
Sanegon, Sennegon. (Hard) Old Germ. Senard, 8th cent.
— Mod. Germ. Sennert — French Senard. {Hari, warrior)
Eng. Saner — Mod. Germ. Senner — French Sannier.
Another root for which Forstemann's deriva-
tion seems to be still more unsatisfactory is
criecli, crieh, as found in the names Criecholf,
Crieholf, Crea, which he appears to refer to the
name of the Greeks, but for which the Mid. High
Germ, hrigen, Old Fries, kriga, krija. New Fries.
kryen, to make war, seems to me very appro-
priate.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Krieg. Old German Crea, 9th cent. English Creech,* Creak,
War. Creah, Cree, Greek, Gregg ? Grigg ? Modern German
Kriegk. French Cria, Grigi 1
diminutive
English Crickmay — Seep. 25.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) English Creaker, Cryer, Creer, Grier,
Greer — Mod. German Krieger — French Krier, Grehier,
Griere. {Wald, power) French Grigault.
From the Goth, sakjo, Old High Germ, sack,
Anglo-Saxon sac, sec, war, we may take the
following.
* There is a word creagh, creich, crick, &c., occurring in names of places, and
probably from a Celtic origin, which might intermix in those names.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 171
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Sacco, Sahho, 8th cent. Eng. Sack, Sago, sac.
Say. Mod. Germ. Sacke, Sach. French Saqui, Say. War.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Sacquila, 8th cent. Eng. Satchell.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Sachano. French Sacquin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Harij warrior) Eng. Sacker, Sager, Sayer — Modern
Germ. Sager — French Sacre, Sacareau, Sayer. (Man)
Eng. Sackman. {Wald, power) Eng. Sackelld.*
From the Old High Germ, sir it. Mod. Germ.
streit, war, are probably the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Eng. Stride, Street. Mod. Germ. Streit. -^^^
DIMINUTIVE. phonetic ENDING.
Eng. Strettell. Eng. Streeten.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ Stritheri, 9th cent. — English
Streeter — Mod. Germ. Streiter.
From the Ang.-Sax. camp, comp, Mod. Germ.
hampf, war ; Ang.-Saxon caempa,, cempa, com-
batant, whence the North. Eng. kemp, champion,
are the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Campo, Cempho, 8th cent. English Camp, camp.
Champ, Kemp. Modern German Campe, Kemp. French war.
Campy, Champy, Champeau.
diminutives.
Eng. Camplin, Campling, Kemplen — French Champlon.
Eng. Campkin.
An eleventh root is hag, hack, "pack, Old
High Germ, hagan, to contend.
A Boston surname, but perhaps only a corruption of Salejxo.
172 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SliMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Bago, Bacco, Pago, Sth cent. Englisb. Bagg,
Bag, Back, Back, Pack. Baga^ Bacca, Lib. Vit. — Mod. Germ. Backe,
Pack. Bage, Packe. French Bague, Bag, Bacque, Bacqua,
To contend, -r-,
Bach.
diminutives.
English Baguley, Bagley, Bailey — French Paquel,
Pacilly, Pagelle, Bailly. Eng. Baglin — French Baglan.
COMPOUNDS.
(Aud, prosperity) Old German Bacauda, Sth cent. — Eng.
Baggett, Packett — French Baccaud, Pacaud, Bacquet.
(Hard) Eng. Packard — French Bagard, Paccard. {Harit
warrior) Eng. Backer, Packer — French Bagier, Bagary,
|4^' Pacquier. (Man) English Packman. (Mund, protection)
French Bachiment, Pacquement. (Wald, power) French
Pacault. (Ward) French Bacquart.
From tlie Ang.-Sax. sige, Old Norse sigr. Old
High Germ, sign, victory, are the following.
Sig, Sic.
Victory.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Sigo, Sico, Seggi, Secki, 4th cent. Ang.-Sax.
Sig, Sigga. Old Norse Sigi. Eng. Seago, Seage, Sike, Sea.
Mod. Germ. Sieg, Sigg, Sieke, Sick. French Sege, See.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Sigilo, Sigili, 9th cent. — Eng. Sigley, Sickle
— Mod. Germ. Sigel, Sigle, Sickel — French Siegel, Sigl^
SiCHEL. Old German Sigilina, Siclina, 8th cent. — English
SiCKLEN, Sickling — Mod. Germ. Siglen. Old Germ. Sigizo,
10th cent. — Eng. Siggs 1 Sykes ? Old Germ. Sigunzo, 9th
cent. — Eng. Sickens.
compounds.
(Bold) Old German Sigibald, Sicbold, Sibold, 8th cent.
— Ang.-Sax. Sigebald, king of Essex — Eng. Sibbald — Mod.
Germ. Siebold — Fr. Sicbel, Sebault. (Aud, prosperity)
Old German Sigaud — French Segaut. (Bert, bright) Old
German Sigibert, Sibert, Gth cent. — Ang .-Saxon Sigebert —
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 173
Eug. SiBERT — Mod. Genu. Siebkrt — Fi-eucli Sibert. {Bod,
messeugcr) Old German Sigibodo, Siboto, 9th cent. — Modern
Germ. Sebode — French Sibot. {Fred, peace) Old German
Sigifred, Sieffred — Ang.-Sax. Sigefred, Bishop of Chicester —
Eng. Seyfried, Seffert — Mod. G^rm. Siegfried, Seyfrid
— French Seyffert. (Hard) Old Germ. Sigihard, Sigard,
Sicard, 9th cent. — Mod. Germ. Siegiiardt, Sichert — French
Segard, Sicard. {Here, warrior, or^ar, spear) Old German
Sigger, Sicker, Sier, 8th cent. — Siggser, genealogy of the
Northumbrian kings, Sigar, bishop of Wells — Old Norse
Siggeir, king of Gothland in the Yolsungasaga — Eng. Segar,
Siggers, Secker, Sedger, Sier, Seare — Mod. Germ. Sieger,
SiCHER, Seyer — French Seeger, Segur, Seguier. (Man)
Old Germ. Sigiman, 8th cent. — Eng. Sickman — Mod. Germ.
SiEGMANN. {Not, bold) Old Germ. Sigenot — French Signet.
{Rat, counsel) Old German Sigirad, 8th cent. — French
Si^GURET, Secrot. {Mar, famous) Old German Sigimar,
brother of Arminius, 1st cent., Sicumar — Eng. Sycamore,
Seamer, Seymour — ]\fod. Germ. Seymer — French Siemers.
{Mund, protection) Old Germ. Sigimund, Burgundian prince,
5th cent. — Old Norse Sigmundr — Eng. Sigmund, Simmoxds
— Mod. Germ. Siegmund, Simuxd — French Simond. {Wig^
war) Old Germ. Sigiwic, 9th cent. — Eng. Sedgwick. {Wine
friend) Old Germ. Sigiwin, Seguin — Seguin, Roll. Batt. Abb.
— Eng. Seguin— French Seguin.
PHONETIC intrusion OF I and r, see p. 30.
Old German Sicumar — Eug. Sicklemore. Old German
Siginiu — Eng. Sigournay.
We have a name Sigrjst, and there is a cor-
responding French Siegrist. Eist was the name
of one of the Valkyrjur, maidens of Odin, among
whose duties it was to dispense victory. In this
sense the compound seems a natural one, and I
do not know of any other way in which the name
can be explained.
174 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
Another root with the meaning of victory
may be gagan, gain. This root, which is found
in several Old German names, Forstemann refers
to gagan, contra, which in the sense of opposi-
tion, hostility, would not be unsuitable. But I
think that a still better meaning is found in
English " gain," French gagner, and the Old
Norse gagn, which had the direct sense of victory.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Gagan, Gain, Old Germ. Cagano, 8th cent. English Gagan, Gahan>
Victoiy. Gain, Gainey, Jane, Cahan, Cain, Caney. Mod. German
Cahn. French Gagin, Gagne, Gagne, Gagny, Gagneau,
Gain, Gagin, Cahen, Cain.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Kaginzo. Eng. Gains, Janes, Cains.
compounds.
(Aud, prosperity) French Gaignaud. (Hard) Old Germ
Gaganhard, Caganhard, 8th cent. — French Gagnard, Cag-
NARD, Gainard. (HaH, warrior) Old Germ. Geginheri, 9 th
cent. — Eng. Gainer, January 1 — French Gagner, Gagniere^
Gagnery — Ital. Gagneri.
Then there is another class of names from
verbs signifying to wound, to slash, to strike, to
kill, to devastate, to spoil, or else from nouns
signifying death, havoc, slaughter.
From the Ang. -Saxon ha7iay a slayer, are pro-
bably the names in the following group. In the
Scop or Bard's song, an ancient Saxon poem pro-
fessing to be an account given by a wandering
minstrel of the different countries he had visited
we are told that " Becca ruled the Bannings."
We know nothing further of this people, but
their name seems to indicate that they were a
warlike tribe.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 175
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Paimo, lltli cent. English Bann, Banny, pan, Ban.
Pann. French Banie, Panay. ^^y^'^-
DIMINUTIVES.
English Pannell — French Bannielle, Panel. English
Bannick. French Panisse — Ital. Panizzl ?
COMPOUNDS.
(Rere, warrior) Eng. Banner, Pannier — French Bannier,
Pannier. (Ger, spear) Old Germ. Panager, 9th cent. — Eng.
Banger (if not local) — Modern German Banger. (Hard)
English Banyard — French Panhard, Pan art. {Ward,
guardian) Mod. Germ. Bannwart — French Banouard.
Another form of Ang.-Saxon hana, a slayer
was hona. The root hon occurs especially in Old
Frankish names, and the Latin bonus may per-
haps intermix in the simple forms. I have sug-
gested, p. ^^, that Bonaparte may be an Old
Frankish name in an Italianized form. It will be
seen from the following list that the name has
representatives, both in French and English.
simple forms.
Old German Bonus, Bono, Pono. Eng. Bonny, Boney, ^^^^ p^^
Pony. Mod. German Bonn, Bonne, Bohn. French Bon, siayer.
Bonne, Bonni, Bonny, Bonnay, Bonneau, Bonno, Pon.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Bonila, 8th cent. — English Bonnell — French
Bonnell, Bonnelye, Ponnelle. Old Germ. Bonigo, 10th
cent. — Eng. Bonnick — Mod. German Bonnecke. English
BoNKEN — French Bonichon. Old German Bonizo, 10th
cent. — Anglo-Saxon Bonsig, Cod. Dip. 810 — Eng. Bonsey —
French Bonasseaux, Bonze, Bonys.
PATRONY'MICS.
Eng. BoNNiNG — French Bonningue, Boning.
COMPOUNDS.
{Audj prosperity) French Bonnaud, Bonny aud. {Bert^
famous) Old Germ. Bonibert, 7th cent., Bonipert, 8th cent.
176 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
— Eng. BoNBRiGHT — French Bonpard, Bompart — Italian
BoNiPERTi, Bonaparte ? {Fus, funs, prompt, eager) Old
Germ. Bonafusus, Bonafiisse,* llth cent. — French Bonna-
Fous, BoNNEFONs, BoNiFACE 1 BoNFiLS 1 {Gar, spear) Eng.
BoNiGER, Bomgar(son). [Here, warrior) Old Germ. Bonarius
— Eng. BoNAR, Bonner — Modern Germ. Boehner — French
BoNNAiRE, Bonier, Bonnery, Boniieur 1 (Man) English
Bonnyman — French Bonnemain. {Mund, protection) French
Bonnement. (Hard) Old Germ. Bonard, 8th cent. — Mod.
German Bohnhardt — Fr. Bonnard, Bonardi, Bonnardet
{French dimin.) {Sind, way) Old German Bonesind, 9th
cent. — French Bonnissent. . {Wold, power) Old German
Bonoald, Bonald, 9th cent. — French Bonald (Archbishop of
Lyons) — Ital. Bonoldi.
From the Anglo-Saxon hen, a wound, in the
sense, with the ancient termination, of a wound-
inflicter, may be the following. I am inclined to
think, however, that this, and the preceding
groups ban, hon, are in reality only different forms
of the same word.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Benno, Benni, Ben, Penna, 8th cent. — Bynni,
Ben, Bin. 7 ? 5 j j 1
Wound. ^^^- y^^' — ^^g- Benn, Benney, Binney, Penn, Penny, Pinn,
Pinny, Pino — Mod. German Behn, Bihn, Penn. French
Bena, Bina, Biney, Bineau, Peny, Pin, Pineau, Pinau.
It appears also that Benno, Penno, was sometimes used
anciently as a contraction o^ Bernhard, Benedictus, and
Pernger.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Benico, Bennic, 9th cent. — Benoc, genealogy
of Ida, king of Bernicia — Eng. Bennicke, Bennoch, Pen-
nick, PiNNOCK — Mod. Germ. Benicke, Binnecke, Pennicke
— French Benecke, Benech, Binoch. Old Germ Bei/t'Aos,
Frocopius, 6th cent., Benilo, llth cent. — English Bennell,
* There is also an Old Germ. Bonafuisset, 10th cent. Is not this the French
diminutive added, as in the Old French name Charlemainet ?
THE. WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 177
Pennell — French Penel, Pinel. English Benkin — Mod.
Germ. Beneken — French Pennequin. Old German Benzo,
Penzo — Eng. Benns, Bense, Binns — French Bence, Benz,
BiNz, Penc^ Pinseau. Old German Benimius, Benimia,*
8th cent. — Fries. Bonnema — French Bonamy, BoNOMif.
PATilONYMICS.
Old Germ. Benning, 9th cent. — English Benning — Mod.
Germ. Benning.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ger^ spear) Old Germ. Benegar, 8th cent. — Eng. Benger
— French Binnecher. {Gaud, got, Goth) Old Germ. Bene-
gaud, 8th cent. — Eng. Pexnycad — Fr. Penigot, Penicaud.
(Hard) Old German Benehard, Benard, 9th cent. — Modern
German Bennert — French Benard, Binard, Pinhard
{Here, warrior) Old German Beneher, 9 th cent. — English
Benner, Bynner, Penner — Fr. Benier, Binier, Peniere.
{Aud, prosperity) French Penaud, Pinaud. {Bert, bright)
French Penabert. (Man) Eng. Penman — Mod. German
Bennemann. {Mar, famous) Eng. Benmore, Pennymore.
{Nant, daring) English Pennant — French Binant, Penant. .^ %-ric.
{ Wald, power) Mod. Germ. Bennold — French Pinault. k ^a.l\
From the Mid. High Germ, hichen. Old High
Germ, pichan, to slash, Forstemann derives a root
big, hie, pig, pic, to which I place the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Bicco, Bigo, Picco, Pigo, Picho, 8 th cent.
Eng. BiCK, Bitch, Bigg, Pick, Pigg. Mod. Germ. Bieck, f.^' f^l'
Bigge, Pick, Pich. French Bigi^, Bigey, Pick, Picque, to slash.
PiCHi, PicHOu, Pigeau.
diminutives.
Eng. Bickle, Bickley, Bigelow, Pickell — Mod. Germ,
PiCKEL — French Bical, Bigle, Pical.
* Benimius and Benimia occur as Old Prankish names both of men aud
women.
w
178 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
COMPOUNDS.
(Avd, prosperity) Frencli Picaud, Pichaud, Bigot 1
PiGEAT ? PlCQUET ? — Eng. PiCKETT ? PiGGOTT 1 (Hard)
^■. Eng. PiCKARD — Mod. Germ. Pickhardt — French Bicuard,
rf> BiGEARD, Pickard, Pichard, Pigeard. {Here, warrior)
Englisli Bicker, Biggar, Picker, Pitcher — French Bigre,
BiTCHER, Picher, Pichery, Picory, Pigeory. (Man) Eng.
BiGMAN, PiCKMAN. {Ram, ran, raven) English Pigram —
French Bicheron, Pigeron. {Wald, power) Old German
Bigwald, Picoald, 7th cent. — French Picault, Pigault.
I am inclined to think that the following
group are formed by a phonetic n from the pre-
ceding, and that they correspond with the Old
Eng. 'pink, to pierce, to stab.
simple forms.
Pink English Bingey, Pingo, Pink, Pinkey, Pinch — French
To pierce. BiNG, BiNGE.
phonetic ending.
Pinceon, Lib. Vit., Eng. Pincheon. French Pingeon,
PiNCHON.
compounds.
{Hard, fortis) Eng. Pinkert — French Pingard.
From the Goth, malvjan, Old Norse mola,
contundere, Eng. " maul," we may take the fol-
lowing.
simple forms.
Old German Malo, 8th cent. Moll, " also called Ethel-
^^^^" wold," kincr of Northumbria. Maule, Maulay, Eoll Batt. A hb.
MoU. 5 & , J ,
To beat. Eng. Mall, Malley, Maule, Moll, Mole, Molley. Mod.
German Mahl, Malle, Mohl. French MAiiLE, Mall6,
Malo, Moll, Moll^ Mole, Molay, Maull.
diminutives.
English Mallock — French Mallac, Maleco, Molique
Eng. Malkin — French Malaquin.
patronymics.
Eng. Mallino, Mollino. French Malingue.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 179
C051P0UNDS.
(Bert, famous) Old German Malpert, lOtli cent. — French
Malapert. (Bot, envoy) Old Germ. Malboto, 8th cent. —
French Malbot. (Hard, fortis) Old German Mallard, 7th
cent. — ISIaularde, Boll Batt. Abb. — Eng. Mallard, Mollard
— French Mallard, Mollard, Mouillard. (Bad, council)
Old Germ. Malrada, 8th cent. — French Malaret, Malrait.
(Bice, powerful) Malorix, Frisian Prince, 1st cent., Malarich,
prince of the Suevi in Spain, 6th cent. — English Mallory —
French Malory. (Thius, servant) Old German Malutheus,
in a Gothic record at Naples, 6th cent. — English Malthus,
Malthouse. (Ulf, wolf) Old German Malulf, 6th cent. —
Eng. Maliff.
It appears to me that mel and mil are dif-
ferent forms from the same root, and corresponding
directly with Old Norse melia, English " mill,"
which is still used in the sense of pugilistic
encounters. Forstemann calls this a yet unex-
plained root, " ein noch unerklarter stamm," and
refers to " mild," also to a Slavonic root. But it
appears to me that there is no occasion to go
further than the above.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Milo, Mello, 10th cent. MIAwv, a Sigamber
in Strabo, 1st cent., Grimm makes the same as the above. ^^®^' ^'^^^•
English MiLO, Miley, Millie, Mello, Mellow. French ° ^* '
MiLLE, Mill, Miley, Milly, Millaux, Melle, Melaye.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Milike— Eng. Millige, Milk — Mod. Germ.
Mielecke, Milcke, Milch — French Melick, Melique.
Old German Milizzo, 8th cent. — English Millis, Mellis,
Mellish — Fr. Milisch. Eng. Millikin. Fries. Mellema
— French Malamy, Milhomme ?
patronymics.
Eng. MiLLiNGE — French Millange.
180 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
COMPOUNDS.
(Dio, servant) Old German Mildeo, Qtli cent. — English
Mellodew, Melody, Mellowday, Malady. (Hard) Old
Germ. Milehard, 7tli cent. — English Melliard, Millard —
Mod. Germ. Mielert — French Millard, Milord. (Hari^
warrior) Eng. Meller, Miller ? — Mod. Germ. Miller ? —
French Melier, Miller, Millery. (Sind, expedition) Old
German Milesinda, Milissent — English Millicent — French
Milsent.
It is rather probable that the word mold,
malt, mold, which seems to be a derivative of the
previous root mal, has also the meaning of hostile
collision. The prefix meald occurs in several
Anglo-Saxon names, as Mealdhelm, &c., and
EttmuUer supposes an Aug.- Saxon m^eald, in the
sense of confrictio. The most natural meaning
to give to this seems to be that of mingling in
battle fray. The form malz, which appears in
some French names, may be another form of the
same.
simple forms.
Ang.-Sax. Malte, charter of Edward, a.d. 1060. Maald,
Maid. Maid, Lib. Vit. Eng. Malt, Mould, Moult. Mod. Germ.
^^^' Maldt. Dan. Malthe. French Maulde, Malteaux ?
diminutives.
Eng. MouLDiCK. Dan. Moltke. French Malzac.
phonetic ending?
Old Germ. Maldra,* king of the Suevi, 5th cent. Eng.
Moulder. French Malt aire, Malzar.
PATRONYMICS.
Eng. Moulding. French Malsang 1
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, famous) Old Germ. Maldeberta, 7th cent. — French
Maubeut ? (Gar, spear) Old German Maldegar — French
* Called in another chronicle Masdra.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 181
Mauger ? (Man) Eng. Maltman — French Maudemain.
{Vid, with, wood) Ang.-Sax. Maklvit — Maldwith, Domesday
— Eng. Malt WOOD — French Mauduit.
From the Old Norse hasa, to strive, contend,
Fiirstemann derives the root has in Old German
names. And from the Old Norse hisa, to strive
fiercely, a word no doubt cognate, he also derives
a root his. It seems to me, however, that the two
words are too closely connected to be separated.
Thus we find that the Thuringian king Basinus
was also called Bisinus.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Base, Basso, 7th cent., Biso, Piso, 9th cent.
Bass, a " Mass- Priest," Ang.-Sax. Chron. Bassason, a gg
Northman, Ann. I si. Bisi, bishop of the East Angles, 7th Bis.'
cent. Bysey, Roll Batt. Abb. English Bass, Bessy, Biss, strife.
Pass, Passey. Mod. German Bass, Bese, Pass. French
Basse, Bassei^, Basso, Besse, Bessay, Biseau, Bissay,
Passe, Passy.
diminutives.
Old German Bassac, 9th cent. — Eng. Baseke, Bask
BiscoE — Mod. Germ. Baske, Basch. Old German Basulo
6th cent. — Eng. Bassil, Bessel, Besley, Bissell — Modern
German Basel, Pesel — French Beslay.
PHONETIC ending.
Basinus or Bisinus, Thuringian king, 5th cent. Basina
wife of the Prankish king Childerich, and daughter of the
above. Pisin, 9 th cent. Basin, Dom sday. Eng. Basin
Bisney. French Baissin, Besson, Bessoneau, Bessona
BiSSEN, PiSSIN.
compounds.
{Gaud, Goth) Eng. Bisgood, Peascod ? — Fr. Bassaget.
(Hard, fortis) French Bessard, Bisard, Passard, Pissard.
{Mar, famous) Eng. Bessemer, Bissmire, Passmer. (Man)
Eng. Passman — Mod. Germ. Bassmann.
182 THE WARRIOR AND niS ARMS.
I am not sure that Bishop is not in some
cases from this root. No doubt it might be de-
rived from the office, for even in ancient times
such names seem to have been given baptismally,
and there is an Old German Piscof, 8th cent.,
which Graff so derives. But there is a Biscop in
the genealogy of the kings of the Lindisfari, who
of course mast have been a heathen. Possibly
it may be from the above root his, with Anglo-
Saxon c6f, strenuous, which apparently occurs
sometimes as a termination in Saxon names.
There are several words signifying to beat,
some of which are still in use in the English
language, or in provincial dialects. One of these
is hang or hank. Old Norse hanga, Danish hanke,
Eng. " bang," Exmoor dialect " bank," to beat.
SIMPLE FORMS.
_ , Eng. Bang, Bank, Bench, Penk. Mod. Germ. Banck,
Bang, Bank. & j ' ' ?
To beat. Bang. French Bangy, Banc.
diminutives.
French Benqel. French Panckouke.
compounds.
{Gaud, Goth) Old German Bancgot, 9 th cent. — English
Penkett. {Aud, prosperity) French Panchaud. {Hard)
English Banghart,* Bankart — Modern German Benckert.
(Here, warrior) Eng. Bancker, Bankier — French Penquier.
Another word signifying to beat. Old Norse
heysta. North. Eng. " baste,'' may perhaps be the
root of the following. This group is constructed
on a purely hypothetical principle, as I have as
yet found no ancient names to correspond.
* A Philadelphia name, possibly of German origin.
THE WARRIOR AND UlS ARMS. 183
SIMPLE FORMS.
Eug. Baste, Bastow, Best, Paste, Pest. Mod. Germ. Baste.
Beste. French Basta, Bastie, Best, Past^ Pasty, ^° ^^^'
Pasteau, Pesty.
diminutives.
Eng. Bastick. French Bestel, Pestel.
patronymic.
Eng. Basting.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, fortis) Eng. Bastard — French Bastard. (Here,
warrior) Eng. Baster, Bastray, Pester — French Baster,
Bastier, Pastier, Pastr^ Pestre. (Wcdd, power) French
Bestault.
A third root signifying to beat is Old Norse
klappa. Old High Germ. klaphd)L
simple forms.
Old Germ. Claffo, Lombard king, 6th cent., Clapho, Clep, aap, ciaflf,
Cleb, Cleph. Clappa, son of Ida, king of Bernicia. Osgod ^o beat.
Clapa, Danish nobleman at the court of Canute. English
Glapp, Clayey. Modern Germ. Klapp. French Claveau,
Clave, Clayey.
diminutives.
Eng. Claplin. French Clabbeeck. French Clavel.
patronymics.
Eng. Clapson. French Clapisson.
compounds.
(Aud, prosperity) French Clabaut. (Hari, warrior)
Eng. Clapper — Modern German Klaber — French Clapier,
Clavier, Claverie, Kleber. (Ron, raven) Fr. Clapeyron.
(Eat, red, counsel) French Clavrot, Claparede.
From the Old High Germ, hliuwaii, to strike,
to kill, Forstemann thinks may be a Goth, name
Blivilas of the 5 th cent. There are a few names
mostly French, which may perhaps be referred to
this origin.
Dolk.
Vulnus.
184 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Biaive. French Blaive, Bleve.
Verberare.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Eng. Blevin, Plevin. French Blavin, Blevanus.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) French Plivard. {Hari, warrior) French
Blavier, Plouvier.
The following root seems to be referable to
Old Norse dolgr, foe, Ang.-Sax. dolg, vulnus,
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Tulga (West Gothic king, 7th cent.), Tulcho.
Eng. TuLK. Mod. Germ. Dulk.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Tolcon, 10th cent. Eng. Tolkien, Tolken.
Mod. Germ. Dulcken.
COMPOUNDS.
(Fin, people's name ?) Old Norse Dolgfinnr — English
Dolphin. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Tolcher.
Then there are several roots signifying to
break, subdue, crush, and in which the meaning
probably often mixes with that of the former
class. From the Goth, hrican, Ang.-Sax. bracan,
hrecan, Old High German hrechan, hrelifian,
hrihhan, prehhariy to break, crush, Eng. " bray,^'
Cumb. " brake," to beat violently, I take to be
the following. There are but few ancient names,
and Forstemann does not give any explanation.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Brachio, Thuringian king, 6th cent., Briccius,
Brici 5th cent. English Brack, Brake, Breach, Brick, Brigg,
To beat Bridge, Bray, Prigg, Pray. Mod. German Brack, Bry.
French Bracq, Breck, Brique, Brahy, Bray, Bri^au, Bri^e,
Pray, PrI^au.
Brack,
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 185
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Breakell, Brickell, Prickle. Brixi, Domesday
JS'otts. — English Brixey, Brix, Briggs 1 Bridges 1 — French
Brack ? Prax ? French Braquelonne, Pri^lin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Aud, prosperity) French Brigaud, Brayoud, Brioude.
(And, life, spirit) Eng. Briand, Briant — French Bregand,
Briant. (Hard) French Braciiard, Brechard, Br^geard,
Bricard, Brichard, Bri^rd, Briard. {Herey warrior) Eng.
Bracher, Bricker, Breaker, Breecher, Bridger, Brayer,
Brier, Preacher — French Bracher, Brayer, Bregere,
Bricaire, Breyer, Preyer, (Man) English Brakeman,
Brayman, Brickman, Brigman, Bridgemax — Mod. German
BRACiorANN, Brtjckmann — French Braquemin, Brechemin.
( Wine, friend) French Bregevin. ( Wald, power) Old Germ.
Briceold, 9th cent. — French Brault, Preault.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Bragan, Bridgen, Brain, Prain. French Bricon,
Brainne.
phonetic intrusion of n.
Eng. Brainard. French Pregniard.
Another root signifying to break may be hrit,
Ang.-Sax. hritian, whence Eng. " brittle.'^ But
the Ang.-Sax. hrytta, ruler, prince, may come in
for all or part. Forstemann also proposes Ang.-
Sax. Bryt, a Briton, and hind, as the root of bridle.
simple forms.
Old German Briddo, Britto, 9th cent. Brette, Roll Bait.
"Rrit
Ahh. Eng. Brett, Pritt, Pretty, Pride, Priddy. French ^^ break?
Bret, Breteau, Pret^, Bride, Brideau.
diminutives.
Eng. Brettell, Brittell — French Bretel. Fr. Bretocq.
compounds.
{Here, warrior) Old Germ. Brittharius, Thuringian, 6th
cent. — Englisli Britter, Preter— French Bretar, Pretre ?
(Hard) French Pr^tard. (Man) Eng. Prettyman ?
X
186 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
Another root of similar meaning I take to be
found in Anglo-Saxon hrysan, Old Eng. hrise^
French hriser, Old French bruiser, English
" bruise/' The following names show the Teutonic
origin in French as well as English.
SIMPLE POEMS.
Brese.Bruse. Old German Briso, Priso, 8tli cent. Old Norse Bresi.
Eng. English Brise, Brissey, Breeze, Bressey, Brewes, Bruce,
"bruise." °
Prissey, Pruse. Modern German Brese, Breis, Preiss.
French Brise, Brisay, Breysse, Bresse, Bresseau, Bresst,
Brucy, Brousse.
diminutives.
English Brisley, Prisley — French Bressel, Brezol,
Pruzelle. Old German Brisca, 11th cent. — Eng. Brisco,
Brisk, Breysic, Prissick — French Brisac. Eng. Breslin,
Preslin — French Bresillon, Bruzelin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Aud, prosperity) English Bruzaud — French Brissaud.
{And, life, spirit) English Bruzand — French Bressand.
(Hard) English Breazard — French Brissard, Brizard.
(Man) Eng. Brisman, Priseman. {Here, warrior) French
Bresser, Bruezier.
Then we have several roots signifying to plun-
der, to devastate, to overthrow. From the root
rob (Goth, rauban. Old High German raupan,
Old Sax. roven), are a number of names, many of
which have been supposed to be contractions of
Bobert. The word has not a pleasant sound to
English ears, but it must not be understood in
the petty larceny modern sense, but in the respect-
able ancient sense of burning down a village,
slaughtering the men, and carrying off the goods
and chattels, women and children.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 187
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Ruabo, Rubbo, Rubo, 8tli cent. Eng. Robb, Kob, Rub.
Robbie, Roff, Roffie, Roaf, Roof, Rough, Rubb, Ruby, ^° t^^i^^^q^-
Ruff, Ruffy, Rope, Roope. Mod. Germ. Rube. French
Robbe, Robi, Roubo, Rubio, Rub6, Ruby, Rupp, Rouffe,
Rouveau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Rupilo — English Roblow, Robley, Roupell,
Ruffle — French Rubelle, Rouvel. English Rubidge —
French Robiquet (double dimin.) Old German Ruopilinj
10th cent. — English Robolin — French Roblin, Ro villain.
French Robquin, Robichon.
compounds.
{Here, warrior) Eng. Roper, Rooper, Rubery — French
Robier, Rubier, Rouvier. {Rice, powerful) Fr. Ruprich.
Then there is another root ra6, rap, raf^
which I take to be most probably another form
of the last, Old High Germ, rabany Ang.-Saxon
reafan. Old Norse hrapa.
simple forms.
Old German Rabo, 9th cent., Raffo, 11th cent. English
Raby, Rapp, Ravey. French Raby, Raba, Rabeau, ^^' ■^*^-
Rabou, Raffy, Rapp, Rape, Raveau, Ravou. o-pym er.
diminutives.
Ehglish Raffell — Modern German Raffel — French
Raphel, Rapilly, Ravel. English Rapkin. French
Rabillon, Rafflin.
compounds.
{Aud, prosperity) French Raveaud. (Hard) French
Raffard, Raffort, Ravard. {Here, warrior) Eng. Raper
— French Rabier, Ravier. {Got, Goth) French Rabigot.
( Wold, power) Old Germ. Raffolt, 8th cent. — Eng. Raffold
— French Ravault. {Wine, friend) French Rabouin. {Ulf,
wolf) Old Germ. Rafulf, 9 th cent. — French Rabeuf.
Another form of the same root signifying to
rob is I think, rehy rev, rip, riv, Ang.-Sax. re/an.
188 THE WAREIOR ANP HIS ARMS.
rypan, Eng. "rifle," (diminutive). Forstemann
proposes Ang.-Sax. ri'pe, English "ripe" in the
sense of mature, a less probable root, as it seems
to me. Some of the Old German names begin-
ning with an aspirated h, it is possible that crib,
crip, may be Frankish forms from this root, as
at p. 46.
SIMPLE FORMS,
Eib, Eif. Old Germ. Hripo, Hriffo, 9tli cent. Eng. Kibb, Riff,
To plunder. Cribb 1 Mod. Germ. Reibe, Reiff. French Revu, Ribou,
RiF, RivAY, Riv4 HivAu, Crepy ? Crepe, Crepeau ?
diminutives.
Eng. RiBBECK, Repuke, Ripkey. Eng. Reffel, Revill,
Reavell, Ripley — Rivell, Roll Batt. Ahhey — Mod. German
RiippELL, RiFFEL — French Rible, Ribail, Rebel, Revel,
Reveil, Crepelle ? French Rebillon, Revelin, Rivelin.
compounds.
(Audi prosperity) French Riffaud, Ripaut, Rivaud.
(Hard) French Rebard, Ripard, Rivard, Reverd. {Here,
warrior) Old Germ. Ripher, Riper, 8th cent. — Eng. Riper,
ReverE; Riviere, River, Griper ? — Ripere, Rivers, Roll
Batt. Abb. — Mod. Germ. Reiber — French Ribier, Ribiere,
Riviere, Gribier? — Spanish Ribera. (Wald, power) Old
German Ribald, Rippold, 8th cent. — French Ribault,
Rebold, Riffault, Ripault — Ital. Rivolta ?
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Rifuni, 8th cent. English Rippin, Crippen ?
French Ribun, Riboni, Rivain.
Another root of similar meaning may be ran,
ren, from Old Norse rcena, spoliare, rdn, rapine.
But this is difficult to separate in many cases
from ragiriy counsel, which is frequently con-
tracted into rain, as at p. 48. Forstemann also
refers to Ran, the wife of Oegir in Northern
mythology.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 189
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Rano, 9tli cent. En^r. Rann, Rannie, Renn,
^r ^ ^ ' ,, * ' ' ' Ran, Ren.
Wren, Rennie, Renno. Modern German Raiin. French Rapine.
Range, Renny, Renj^
diminutives.
Old Germ. Ranila, Tth cent. Eng. Rennell. French
Renel.
patronymics.
Eng. Rennison. French Renesson, Rennecon.
COMPOUNDS.
(Gar, spear) Old German Rangar — Eng. Raniker, Ranger 1
Another root of the same meaning is dil, til,
which Forstemann refers to Old High German
tilen, Ang.-Sax. dilgian, diruere, destruere. To
the few ancient names of his hst I add several
others from our own early records.
simple FORMS.
Old Germ. DiUi, Tilli, Thilo, 8th cent. TiUi, Lib. Yit. ^^' '^"•
Dm, Tilly, Tille, Hund. Rolls. EngHsh Dill, Dilley, ^° ^''^'°^'
DiLLOW, Till, Tilley. Modern German Dill, Till, Tilo.
French Dilly, Dille, Tilly, Till^.
diminutives.
Ang.-Sax. Tilluc {found in TUluces ledh, Cod. Dip. 436.)
Eng. Dillick, Dilke, Tillick, Tilke. French Dilhac.
PATRONY^IICS.
Eng. Tilling. Mod. Germ. Dilling.
COMPOUNDS.
(Ger, spear) Ang.-Sax. Tilgar (found in TUgdres die, Cod.
Dip. 714) — Dilker, Hund. Rolls. — Eng. Dilger, Dillicar.
(Hard) Eng. Tilleard — Mod. German Dillert — French
Tilliard. (Here, warrior) Ang.-Sax. Tilhere, bishop oi
Worcester — English Diller, Tiller, Tillier — French DiL-
lery\ Tillier. (Ef) English Tillott — French Dillet,
"* Many ancient endings, as aud or ead, prosperity, had, yrax, hait, "hood,"
converge in modem names into et.
190 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
TiLLOT. (Man) Ang.-Sax. Tilmann (found in Tilmannes
den, Cod. Dip. 379) — Tilmon, Lib. Vit. — Tileman, Hund.
Rolls. — Eng. DiLLMAN, Tillman, Tilgman, Tileman — Mod.
German Dillemann, Tillman n — French Tilman. (Mar,
famous) Old German Tilemir, 8th cent. — Eng. Dillimore.
{Noth, bold) English Dilnutt. {Wine, friend) Tiluini, Lib.
Vit. — Eng. DiLLWYN. (Mund, protection) Anglo-Saxon
Tilmund {found in Tilmundes ho, Cod. Dip. 663) — French
Tilmant.
PHONETIC ending.
Eng. Dillon. French Dillon, Tillon.
Another root of similar meaning is probably
turn, which is found as early as the 6th cent.,
and which Forstemann supposes to be from Old
High German turnan, Eng. " turn/' in the sense
of overthrowing, or in the later sense of tilting.
He has five ancient names from this root, but
none corresponding with ours,
SIMPLE poems.
Turn.
To overthrow. English TuRNEY, TouRNAY? French TOURNE, TOXJRNAY?
Durney.
diminutives.
Eng. TuRNELL, Turnley — French Tournal, Dournel.
French Toue^aillon. French Tournachon.
compounds.
{Here, warrior) Turnerus, Capellanus, in a grant to the
monastery of Croyland, a.d. 1051 — Eng. Turner — French
TouRNEUR, Tournaire, Tournery.
Another root with this meaning may be
strude, strut, Ang.-Saxon strudan, to devastate,
destroy, along with which, as a High Germ, form,
we may class struz.
strude, SIMPLE FORMS.
Stmt. Old German Strodo, Strut, Stmz, 8th cent. English
To destroy. g^j^^DE, Strutt. Mod. Germ. Strauss.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 191
COMPOUNDS.
(Here, warrior) English Struthers. (Wigy war) Eng.
Strudwick.
Another root of similar meaning may be Ang.-
Sax. scathan, isceathan. Old Norse skedia. Old
High German scadan. Mod. German schaden, to
injure, plunder, destroy. There is also another
root proposed by Forstemann, and which might
intermix — Goth, skadus. Old High Germ, scato,
shade, in the older sense of shelter or protection.
And a third might be Old Norse skati, rex, vir
munificus, from skattr, tribute, whence Skati, a
name in the Landnamabok.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Scato, 9th cent. English Skate, Shade, r^^ (destroy.
Sheath, Skeet. Mod. German Schat, Schade. French
Scat, Scatti.
compounds.
(Here, warrior) Eng. Sheather, Shether. (Lac, play)
Eng. ScADLOCK. (Leof, dear) Eng. Skatliff. (Wecdh,
stranger) Sceadwala,* father of Beowulf (Flor. Wor.J Eng.
Shadwell.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Scattani (Genit.J, 9th cent. Eng. Scaddan.
Some other words of hateful sound to
Christian ears are no doubt derived in a warlike
sense. Such is the root bal, hale, pale — Goth.
halv. Old High German palo, Ang.-Saxon bealo,
bale, woe, calamity, in the sense of one who
inflicts calamity upon others. This root is apt
to mix up with another of very different meaning,
hil, lenitas, placiditas, as explained by Grimm.
* Or this name might be put to the root, had, chad, war, as at p. 169.
192 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Old German Ballo, Pallo, 8th cent. Paley or Paling,
Bai, Bale, Danish Jarl in the time of Ethelred. Eng. Ball, Balley,
Pale. Bail, Bailey,* Pail, Paley, Bell, Belly, Bellow, Bellew,
Calamity. ^^^^^ Pelly, Pellew. Mod. Germ. Ball, Pahl, Behl.
French Balle, Balay, Bally, Ballu, Bail, Bailla, Bailly,
Baillieu, Paille, Pailley, Pallu, Bellee, Belleau,
Belli, Bellu, Pelle, Pelle, Pellu.
diminutives.
Eng. Ballock — French Balloche. English Balaam,
Bellamy — Fries. Ballema — French Bellamy, Belhomme 1
PATRONYMICS.
Eng. Balling, Paling. French Pallanque, Pellenc.
COMPOUNDS.
(Fred, peace) Old German Palfrid — English Palfrey.
(Hard) English Ballard, Paillard — French Ballard,
Bailliard, Paillard, Pailliart. (Here, warrior) Eng
Baller, Balyer, Paler — Fr. Bailliere, Balery, Pailleur,
Paillerie. (Mer, famous) Old Germ. Ballomar, 2nd cent.,
Belimar, 8th cent. — Eng. Balmer, Bellmore, Palmer ? —
French Bellemare, Palmier ? (Eet, counsel) English
Palairet — French Balleret.
Then there are some roots which signify fear,
loathing, horror, in the sense, with the ancient
termination, of " one who is a terror to others.''
Thus a warrior in Saxo describes himself —
Bessus ego sum,
Fortis in armis,
Trux inimicis,
Gentibus horror.
Hence I take to be the root og. Old Norse
6ga, abominari, whence Oegr, a name in the
Landnamabok. This seems to be the root of our
* Or some of these might be put to the root bag, as at p. 172.
Horror.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 193
words " ugly" and " ogre." Forstemann, however,
places og to the root hug, thought, reason, which
may indeed intermix — the difference between og
and hog not being much to build upon.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Ogo, 9th cent. Old Norse Oegr. Eng. Ogg. Og.
French Og, OgjI
COMPOUNDa
{Bern, bear) Eng. Ogborn. {Herej warrior) Eng. Ogier,
French Ogier, Oger,
A root cognate with the above seems to be
Goth, agisy^ Old High Germ, akiso, ekiso, horror,
which is found in several Old German names,
none however corresponding with the following.
SIMPLE FORMS. ^^.^ ^^^^
English Aggis, Aggas, Akass. French Agis, Agasse, Ekis.
AgUESSE, AjASSE, EgASSE, EgAZE, Horror.
DIMINUTIVK
Swiss Agassiz 1
A third root with the same meaning may be
broke, brook, which Stark refers to Old High
Germ, bruogo, pruoko, Ang.-Saxon bruga, terror.
There might also be a root brock, from Ang.-Sax.
brockian, to afflict, oppress, but a separation
would be difficult.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Bruocho, Bruogo, 11th cent. Anglo-Saxon
Broga. Eng. Brock, Broke, Brook, Brew. Mod. Germ. ^^°^^'
BrUCH, BrOCKE. French BrOC, BrEUCQ. Terror
patronymics.
Eng. Brooking. Eng. Brookson.
May not this be the origin of Eng. "aghast," formerly spelt agaxed f
Y
ott.
Terror ?
194 THE WAKRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
COMPOUNDS.
{Here, warrior) English Broker, Brooker, Brewer 1 — •
Modern German Brocker — French Brugiere, Bruhiere.
(Man) Eng. Brockmann, Brookman — Mod. Germ. Bruck-
MANN, Brockmann, Broockmann. (Hard) Old German
Brocard, 11th cent. — Eng. Brocard — Mod. Germ. Bruch-
hardt — Fr. Brocard.
There is another root which may come in
here, ott, from Old Norse dtta, terrere. Hence
Haldorsen derives the Scandinavian name Ottar,
in the sense of metuendus, " one to be feared,'^
and hence, I take it, the Eng. name Otter. But
whether Ott, Ottey, Otway, are also to be
placed to the same root, may be doubtful.
Another word of similar meaning is Old High
Germ, leid. Old Sax. led, Ang.-Sax. IdtJiy hateful,
loathly, in the sense, Hke the preceding words, of
one who is a terror to others. But it seems to
me probable that there is an intermixture of
another root, not noticed by Forstemann, Ang.-
Saxon ledaUy to lead, Idteow, latheow, Iddman,
leader.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Lethu, Lombard King, 5th cent., Laitn, Ledi,
Letus. English Laid, Lady, Late, Lathy, Leath, Leete*
Laith, Late, j^^^ Germ. Lethe, Lette, Leyde. French Laity, Laitii^,
Letho, Lede, Ledo, Ledoux, Ledieu, Lettu.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Ledila, 9th cent. — Eng. Lathall, Leathley^
Letley — French Li^talle, Letaille, Li^toile. Old Germ.
Ledoc, 8th cent. — French Leduc, Letac, Letocq.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Leiting, 9th cent. English Leedino,
Lathangue. Mod. Germ. Leding. French Letanq.
t
THE WARRlOll AND HIS ARMS. li)5
COMPOUNDS.
{Ger, spear) French Ledagre. (Hard) Old German
Lethard, Letard, 9th cent. — English Leathart — French
Latard. {llere^ warrior) Old Germ. Leither, Lctar, Lether,
8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Lethar {Episcopus^ Cod. Dip. 981) —
Eng. Later, Leather, Leader — Modern German Leder,
Leiter — French Ledier, Le Thi^re ? (Man) English
Laidman, Ladyman. {Rice, powerful) Old Germ. Letoerich,
8th cent. — French Laederich. {Ramm, ran, raven) Old
Germ. Lethramnus, 9th cent. — French Laduron, Letteron.
(Rat J counsel) Old German Laidarat, (Archbishop of Lyons^
8th cent.) — French Ladret, Laterrade. {Ward, guardian)
Old German Lethward, 8th cent. — English Lateward.
There is another root very difficult to separate
from the above, Goth, lathon, Old High German
ladon, to invite, in the sense, according to Forste-
mann, of challenge. So that in any case the
names come under this head.
simple forms.
English Ladd, Lath, Lattey, Latta, French Lad^ Lad, Lath.
LaTTE. Challenge
COMPOUNDS.
{Here, warrior) Eng. Latter — French Latry, Latour.
{Leof, dear) English Latliff. {Mar, famous) Old German
Lathomar, 7th cent. — Latomer, RoU Bait. Abb. — Latimarus,
Domesday — Eng. Latimer.
From the Goth, driugan, Ang.-Sax. dreogan,
militari, we may take the following.
simple forms.
Old German Drogo, Drugo, Trogo, Trugo, 7th cent, prog
Drogo, Domesday. English Troke, Trow, True, Drew. Drew.
Mod. Germ. Droge, Troche, Drue. French Truc, Trou, ^^^^itari.
Drou, Druey.
diminutives.
Eng. Drewell, Trowell — French Truelle. French
Droulin.
196 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Druggan, Drown. French Drugeon, Dkouen,
Drouyn (de Lhuys.)
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) French Trubert. {Hard, fortis) French
Drouard. {Hari, warrior) Old German Truogheri, 9th
cent. — English Drewery, Drury, Trower — Mod. German
Drucker, Truger — French Drucquer. (Man) English
Trueman — Mod. Germ. Drumann.
The following seem to be from Anglo-Saxon
griUan, ad litem provocare. There is only one
Old Germ, name, which Forstemann thus derives.
simple forms.
Eng. Grill, Greele, Greely, Crilly, Crealey — French
ChaUenge CrRILL, GrILLY, GrEEL.
compounds.
{Hari, warrior) French Grellier. (Man) Old Germ.
Grilieman, 10th cent. — Eng. Creelman.
From the Goth, draban, Ang.-Saxon drepan,
to hew, slash, wound, are probably the following.
simple forms.
Drab. Old Germ. Drebi, 8th cent. Eng. Trapp, Tripp. Mod.
To slash. Qqyjji. Trappe. French Trappe, Tribou.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Trebel, 10th cent. Eng. Drabble, Travel,
Treble. French Treboul, Treffil.
COMPOUNDS.
{Wald, power) Old German Trapold, 9 th cent. — French
Trabold, Drevault.
In an age of hand-to-hand conflict, when
every man had to depend on the strength of his
own arm and the temper of his own steel, a tried
and trusted weapon was naturally regarded with
a feeling something akin to veneration.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 197
We find, both in the Celtic and Teutonic
mytlis, that the sword of a celebrated warrior
was often distinguished by a proper name, and
that magical or peculiar properties were not
unfrequently attributed to it. Thus the cele-
brated sword called Skofnung, which belonged to
the Icelandic warrior Hrolf Kraki, and which
was afterwards carried away out of his grave,
could not, as related in Scandinavian myths, be
drawn in the presence of women, or so that the
sun shone upon the hilt, without losing something
of its virtue.
The sword of Roland was called Durenda, a
"word which also occurs frequently in the names
of men, where it is probably derived, at least in
many cases, from the weapon of the renowned
champion. In France, at the present day, the
name is extremely common.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Durand, Duorant, 9th and following cen- ^^''*°<^-
turies. Durandus, Lib. Vit. Eng. Durand. Mod. Germ. ^°
DoRAND, Durand. French Durand, Durandeau, Durant.
ItaL DURANDY, DURANTO.
COilPOUND.
(Hard, fortis) French Durandard.
Names derived from weapons are extremely
common, but not, as it seems to me, at least as
the general rule, in any metaphorical sense, but
rather on the principle referred to p. 18. That
is, in simple forms, the ancient termination gives
the sense of " one having a sword," " one having
a spear," &c.
Roland.
198 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
Sword itself is not common ; it is found in an
Old Germ. Sueridus, 4th cent. — in the name
Swerting, of a Goth mentioned in Beowulf — and
in Svertmgr, the name of four Northmen in the
Landnamabok.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Sword ^^^ Grerm. Sueridus, 4th cent. Eng. Sword. Modern
Ensis. Germ. Schwerdt. French Sourd, Sourdeau, Serdou, Sert.
COMPOUNDS.
{Here, warrior) Eng. Sworder, Sortor — Fr. Sourdiere.
(Or else the same as Old English " sworder," swordsman ?)
{Wal, stranger) Eng. Sort well — French Sourdeval.
A more common word is brand, Old Norse
brcmdr, signifying literally a torch, a burning,
but metaphorically a sword, from its shining, in
which sense it is still used in poetry. Graff gives
it the former meaning in proper names, but
Forstemann, more reasonably, as I think, the
latter. It was common among the Lombards,
and among the Northmen, but not among the
Saxons, nor, except as a termination, among the
Franks. Another form in Ang.-Sax. and Old
Fries, is irond. The Brondings are a people
mentioned in Beowulf, also in the Scop or Bard's
song.
simple FORMS.
Old German Brantio, 9 th cent. Old Norse Brandr,
Brand, Brandi. English Brand, Brandy, Brant, Brond, Brent —
Brond. Mod. German Brandt — French Brand, Brandy, Brandau,
^^°'^- Brandao, Brand.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Brandila, 5th cent. — Eng. Brandle— Modern
Germ. Brandel — French Brandely, Brondel. Old Germ.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 199
Brandalenua, 8th cent. — Eng. Brandling — Modern German
BrJvndlein. Eng. Brandis,* Brandish — Modern German
Brandeis — French Brandes.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) English Brand ard. {Here, waiTior) English
Brander — French Bronder (or same as Old English
"sworder," swordsman.) {Ram, raven) Eng. Brandram.
{Red, counsel) Eng. Brandreth — Mod. Germ. Brandroth.
{Rice, powerful) Eng. Brandrick.
As a termination I find it in three English
names, Gillibrand, Shierbrand, and Hilde-
brand. And in five French, Albrand, Aude-
BRAND, ChABRAND, GhEERBRANT, and HlLDE-
brand. Perhaps we may find another in Mali-
bran. The name of the Dutch painter, Rem-
brandt, comes in here.
Another word signifying a blade, sword, is
Old Fries. Hinge , Germ, and Dan. Hinge, Dutch
Hing.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Chlincho, 9th cent. English Cling, Clingo, g^o^d
Clink, Clinch, Clench. Modern German Kling, Klink,
Klencke.
compounds.
(Hard) Eng. Clinkard — Mod. Germ. Klinkhardt —
French Clenchard.
There is considerable probability that in
proper names, spade (Ang.-Sax. spada, Old High
German spata), had the meaning of sword.
Forstemann observes that this sense obtains in
the Romanic languages and in Polish. And the
* Perhaps, rather, the ending in these names may be, as Pott has it, from
«is, iron. And thus Brandis, &c., may be the converse of the Old Germ, names
Ysbrand, Isanbrand, "Iron-sword."
200 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
probability is increased by the fact that plough,
as hereafter noticed, had sometimes the meaning
of spear.
SIMPLE rOEMS.
Spade, Qi(j Grerman Spatto, 9tli cent. English Spade, Spady,
Sword? ^PEiCJHT. Mod. Germ. Spaeth, Spat. French Spada.
COMPOUNDS.
{Man) Eng. Spademan. {Here^ warrior) Eng. Spader.
(Or perhaps more probably same as " sworder," swordsman.)
A fourth word for a sword is Goth, meki,
Ang.-Sax. meche. There is a Meaca mentioned
in the Scop or Bard's song, as ruling the Myrg-
ings (the people of the Old Nordalbingia), whose
name seems to be from this origin. This root is
very difficult to separate from another, mic, pro-
bably meaning great.
Me^lj SIMPLE FOEMS.
Meech. Old German Meco, 9th cent. Meaca, Sc6p or Bard's
Sword? song. Eng. Meek, Meekey, Meech.
PATRONYMIC.
English Meekinq.
COMPOUND.
(Herej warrior) Eng. Meeker.
From the Ang.-Sax. seax or sex, a dagger or
short sword, it is supposed by some writers — and
this theory I think has the greatest probability
— that the Saxons have derived their name.
Hence in proper names the meaning may some-
times be that of the nation, and sometimes that
of the weapon.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Sax, Saxo, 7th cent. Ssexa, genealogy of the
^ ^^^ East Saxon kings. Eng. Saxe, Sex, Sexey, Six. Modern
Germ. Sachs, Sax. French Sax, Six.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 201
DIMINUTIVE. COMPOUND.
English Saxl. (Afer, famous) Eng. Sexmer.
The father of the above Ssexa was called
Sledda. This seems to be from Old Norse sledda,
a faulchion or curved sword. We seem to have
here one of the instances of the earliest attempts
at a family name. The father being called by a
name signifying a sword, the son is called by a
name perfectly different in sound, yet having the
same meaning ; so as, without any confusion, to
connect him with his father. The following
names come in here.
SIMPLE FORMS. g^^^
Sledda, Gen. East Sax. kings. Eng. Slade, Slate, Slight. Faulchion?
PHONETIC ending. COMPOUNDS.
Eng. Sladen. (Reref waiTior) Eng. Slader, Slater 1
A very ancient name is Knife, which appears
in the name Cniva, of a Gothic kmg of the 3rd
cent, in Jornandes. Two centuries later we find
in the same author a Gothic name Cnivida.
This has the same meaning, " knife-wood," a
poetical or pleonastic expression for a knife.
simple FORMS.
Old German Cniva, 3rd cent., Gniva. English Knife,
Knipe, Canniffe (Manch.) Mod. Germ. Kniep. French
Oanneva, Cheneveau. Ital. Canova ?
• compounds.
[Vid, wood) Old German Cnivida, 5th cent. — English
Xnyvett — French Canivet, Ganivet.
We see how in the English knife and in the
French canif, the awkwardness of the uiitial k
has been variously got rid of — in the one case by
dropping it in the pronunciation altogether, and
Knife.
Culter.
\3f
K
202 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS*
in the other by the Introduction of a vowel, so as
to make it a dissyllable, as is the case in some of
the above names. The latter course we have
ourselves adopted in the name of the EngHsh
king Canute, properly Cnut or Knut.
There are more names derived from the spear
than from the sword. One of the most common
of all roots is Ang.-Sax. gdr. Old Norse geiv. Old
Sax. and Old Fries, ger, Forstemann thinks
that ger, avidus, and garo, paratus, may mix up
with this root. The Old Frankish forms char
and car, of liar^ army, are also often difficult to
separate.
Gare, Geer, SIMPLE FORMS.
Gore. Old Germ. Gero, Kero, Caro, 7th cent. Old Norse Geir,
Spear, q^^yti. Eng. Gare, Garey, Garrow, Geere, Geary, Gore,
GuRR, Jary, Jeary, Carr, Carey, Carew, Core, Cory,
Kerr. Mod. Germ. Gehr, Gohr, Kehr. French Garay,
Garr4 Garey, Gareau, Gery, Geray, Giry, Girou, Gorre,
Guerre, Guerry, Goer, Jayr, Jarry, Carey, Carr^
Careau, Cora, Coru.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Gericho, Kericho, 8th cent. — Eng. Garrick,
Gerich, Carrick, Kerridge — Mod. Germ. Gericke, Gorich
— French Guerico, Corich. Old German Gerlo, Kerilo,
Cherilo, 8th cent. — Eng. Garell, Girl % Kerley, Kerrell,
Cherrill — Mod, Germ. Kerhle — French Gairel, Gariel,
Garrel, Garella, Gueurel, Carel,, Coralli. English
Garling, Carling, Carlen", Girling — French Garrelon,
Garlin, Carlin. English Garras, Gerish — French G^rez,
GoREZ, Gorisse, Carraz. Eng. Gerkin — Modern German
Gherken — French Carquin.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Gering, 8th cent. — English Garing, Goring,
Gearing — Mod. Germ. Gering, Goring.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 203
COMPOUNDS
(And, life, spirit) Old Germ. Gerand, 8th cent. — French
Garand, Gerande, Gerente, Gorand, Gui^:rand. (Bad, bet,
war) Old Germ. Kerpato, 8tli cent. — Eng. Garbett — French
Gerbet, Guerbet. (Bold, bold) Old Germ. Garibald, duke in
Bavaria, 6th cent., Kerbald — Eng. Gorbold, Gorbell, Cor-
BOULD — French Garibal, Gerbault, Girbal — ItaL Gari-
baldi, Gerbaldi. {Bert, bright) Old Germ. Garibert, 7th cent.,
Gerbert — Mod. Germ. Gerbert — Fren. Gerbert. (Brand,
sword) Old German Gerbrand, 9th cent. — Eng. Garbrand,
17th cent. — French Gheerbrant. (Brun, bright ?) Old
Germ. Gerbrun — Eng. Gorebrown. {Bod, but, envoy) Old
German Gaerbod, 8th cent. — Gerbodo, Domesday Yorks. —
Eng. Garbutt — Mod. Germ. Gerboth — French Gerbaud,
Gerbaut. (Hard) Old German Garehard, 7th cent., Ger-
hard, Gerard, Girard — Eng. Garrard, Gerard — Modem
German Gerhard — French Gerard, Girard, Girardin
(French dimin.) Guerard. {Hari, warrior) Old German
Garaheri, Caroheri, Gerher — Eng. Carary, Carrier — Mod.
Germ. Gehrer, Kehrer — Fren. Garrier, Gerrier, Girier,
GuERRiER, Jarrier, Carriere. {Lac, play) Old German
Gerlac — Eng. Garlick — Mod. Germ. Gerlach. (Land)
Old Germ. Gerland, 9th cent., Jerlent, 11th cent. — English
Garland, Garland — French Jarland. (Man) Old Germ.
Garaman, Caraman, German — Ang.-Sax. Jaruman, bishop
ofMercia — English Garman, German, Germany, Gorman,
Jakman, Carman, Kerman — Mod. German Germann, Kar-
MANN — French German, Germain, Caraman. {Mund, pro-
tection) Old German Garimund, Germund, 7 th cent. — Old
Norse Geirmundr — English Garment — French Germond,
GuERMONT, Garment. {Not, bold) Old Germ. Garnot, 8th
cent. — Eng. Garnett — French Garnot, Guernet, Carnot.
(Rod, red) Old German Kaerrod, 8th cent. — Old Norse
Geirraudr — English Garrod — French Girod, Carod. (Laif,
relic) Old Germ. Gerlif — Old Norse Geirleifr — Eng. Gerloff.
(Ferhth, life, spirit) Gerferth, Lib. Vit. — English Garforth.
(Stin, stone) Old German Kerstin, 11th cent. — Old Norse
Geirstinn — English Garstin. (Wold, power) Old German
204 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
Garivald, Garold, Gerwald, Gerald — English Gerhold,
Garrold, Jarrold, Jerrold — Modern German Gerhold,
Gerold — French Garault, Gerault, Girauld, Gueroult.
(Ward^ guardian) Old German Garward, Geroard — French
GiROUARD. (Was, vas, courageous) Old German Gervas —
Eng. Jervis — French Gervaise. (Vid, wood*) Old Germ.
Gervida, 7th cent. — English Garwood, Gurwood, Jerwood,
(Wig, wi, war) Old Germ. Geravig, Gei'wi, 8th cent. — Eng.
Garraway, Gorway, Garvey, Jarvie, Carroway. (Sind,
way, journey) Old German Gersinda, 8th cent. — French
Garzend, Guersant. (Wine, friend) Old German Girwin,
Garoin, Caroin — Eng. Curwen — Modern German Gerwin,
Kerwin — French Garvin. (Wan, hesLutj 1) Old German
Geravan, 11th cent. — Eng. Caravan.
phonetic ending.
Old German Garino, Gerin, 7th cent. English Goren.
Mod. German Goren. French Garin, Guerin, Guerineau.
The oldest form of gar, as found in the
Gothic, is gais, which shows the identity of the
word with the old Celt, gais, weapon, the gcesum
of Csesar, a sort of javelin used by the Gauls, and
the Greek yaia-og. Forstemann finds a difficulty
in the fact that the word is found in personal
names long after Gothic times, as late as the
10 th cent. But the theory which I have else-
where proposed as to the adoption of names in
many cases simply as having been borne by men
who had gone before, is, I think, sufficient to
account for this. Such names would generally —
but not invariably — follow the changes of the
language. The name of the great Vandal king
Genserich, is in some readings, Gaiserich, and
would come in here.
* Ang.-Sax. gar-vmdu, spear- wood, a spear.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 205
SIMPLE FORMS.
OaLi.
Old Germ. Gaiso, Geeso, 6th cent. Eng. Gaze, Geazey, spear.
Case, Casey, Kays. French Gaze, Caze, Jeze.
DIMINUTIVES.
English Gazelle, Cazaly — French Gazel, Gazelius,
Cazel. French Cazalong.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hardy fortis) Eng. Gazard — French Gaissard. {Herey
warrior) Casere, Gen. kings of the East Angles — English
Cayzer ? (Mundy protection) Eng. Casement 1 {Raudy
red) French Jazeraud.''^
From the Celt, gais, weapon, the GaeHc tongue
forms gctisge, bravery. And probably from some
German form of the same word comes Eng. gash,
to cut. Whether of these two meanings is to be
found in the following group I cannot say, as the
German character is not very strongly marked,
and as I find no ancient names to correspond.
Perhaps also, as Pott suggests, the French
Gasc may be the same as Gascon.
SIMPLE forms.
Eng. Gash, Cash, Cashow, Cask, Casky. Mod. Germ.
Kasch, Kaske. French Gasc, Gasche.
diminutive.
English GASKELL.+
compounds.
(Man) English Cashman ? (Hari, warrior) English
Gashry 1
Another form from the same root as gar and
gais is gaid, English " goad," to which I put the
followmg.
"* Seems to correspond with the Old Norse Geirraudr. This termination I
have taken to be generally from another word, hrod, glory.
t Or according to Mr. Arthur, from Gael. Gaisgeil, valiant.
Gash.
Vulnerare f
206 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SIMPLE FORMS.
jj^^j Old German Gaido, Caide, 9th cent. English Gade,
Gate, Cade, Gate, Cato. Mod. German Gaide. French
Gaide, Gaitte, Gaytte.
compounds.
(Bon, fatal,) Eng, Gadban — French Gattebon. (Gary
spear) Eng. Gataker — French Gatechair. (Hari, warrior)
English Gaiter, Cater.
The root sp forms maay of the words signify-
ing a weapon or sharp instrument, and forms
them perhaps in two different senses. One sense
may be that of darting or shooting forth, as
found in spew, spout, spirt, speed — the other that
of diminution, as found in spare, speck, split, spin
(to draw out or attenuate), sparrow, spink (small
birds), sprat (small fish), &c., — this gives the
sense of a fine or sharp point.
In the latter sense I take it is formed the
word spear, Ang.-Sax. spere. Old High German
and Old Sax. spir, cognate with Latin sparus, &c.
It is by no means a common word, either in
ancient or modern names.
simple FORMS.
Hasta ^^^ German Sperus, 8th cent. English Speae, Spyer.
Mod. German Speer. French Spire^ Spiro.
PATRONYMICS.
English Spearing, Spiring. Mod. Germ. Sporing.
COMPOUNDS.
(Man) Eng. Spearman. (Wine, friend) Eng. Sperwin.
From the same root as spear comes spit —
Old Norse spiot, Dan. spyd, Dutch speet, Ital.
spiedo. Old High Germ, spiz. Mod. Germ, spiess,
all having the same meaning of dart or spear.
}
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 207
and no doubt closely allied to the word spade,
p. 200. I do not find any ancient names to cor-
respond with the following.
SIMPLE FORMS. Spit.
Eng. Spitty, Spitta, Spite, Speed, Spice. Mod. Germ. Spear.
Spiess.
A third form from the same root is spike —
Old Norse spik, falcicula, Dutch spijk, pike, Lat.
spica, point, &c. The Old Norse spekia, philoso-
phari, spakr, wise, sj^eki, wisdom, might inter-
mix in the following names.
simple forms. gpike^
Spech, Domesday. Eng. Speak, Speck, Spike. Mod. point.
German Speck. French Spicq.
COMPOUNDS.
(Mem) English Speakman, Spikeman. Mod. German
SPECKMAjfN.
From the root sp above referred to, and pro-
bably in the former of the two senses, is formed
Ang.-Sax. spreot, sprit, which has the double
sense of sprout, branch, twig, and also of dart
or spear. In the latter sense might be taken the
EngHsh names Sprout, Sproat, Spratt, &c., but
there is another sense allied to that of sprouting,
viz., that of vigour, activity, " sprightliness," to
which, on the whole, I have thought it better
elsewhere to place them.
Another word for a spear was Old Norse
doerr, probably from the Sansc. root tar, to pene-
trate, to which Forstemann places the following
ancient names. The word durand, durant, p. 1 9 7,
I take also to be from this origin.
>.^^-> t*.
208 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Dar. Dor. ^^^ German Tarro, Terra, Torro, 9tli cent. Terri, Lib.
Spear.
Vit. English Dark, Darrow, Door, Dorey, Durre, Tarr,
Tarry, Terry, Torry. Mod. German Dooer. French
Dary, Darru, Dor, Dori^, Dory, Doreau, Durr, Durey,
DuREAu, DuRU, Tar]^, Terray, Terre.
diminutives.
Old German Darila, 9th cent. — Eng. Darrell, Darley,
DORRELL, DURELL, DuRLEY, TURRELL French DOREL,
Durel, Tarlay, Turell.
phonetic ending.
English DoRAN. French Dorin, Torin,
COMPOUNDS.
(Bon, fatal) Eng. Dorbon* — French Tarabon. (Gaud,
Goth) Eng, Daracott — French Dargaud. (Gund, war)
Old Germ. Taragun,t 9th cent. — Eng. Darrigon, Dargan
— French Taragon, Targant, Dargenne. (Here, warrior)
Eng. Tarryer, Terrier — Fren. Darier, Terrier, Terreur,
(Ois, hostage 1 comrade 1) Eng. Darkies — French Dorchies,
Turgis. (Man) English Dorm an, Durman — Mod. German
Dormann. {Mar, famous) Old German Terrimar, 9th cent.
—English Dormer — Mod. Germ. Dormeier — French Doer-
MER. {Not, bold) Old German Ternod, 9th cent. — English
Ternouth — French Tarnaud, Darnet. {Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Daroin, 8th cent. — English Darwin. {Wald, power\
Old Germ. Derold — Mod Germ. Darold, Turhold — French
Darralde, Dorvault.
From the above root dar I take to be formed
Ang.-Sax. dareth, English darty found in two or
three ancient names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Dart. Qi^ German Daredus,J Tarit ? 8th cent. Eng. Dardy,
Jaculum.
* Fttrstemann has no examples of hon as an ending. But it evidently occurs
in some of the words signifying spear, as in Gadban, p. 206.
t Fbrstemann seems to think this name corrupted. Only, I presume, in so
far that it has lost the final d.
X Forstemann does not place either of these two names here. Daredus, hel
suggests, may stand for Dagredus ; and Tarit he places to the root dar, with &n\
ending probably phonetic. But from the root dar with such an ending may no!
the word dareth, dart, be formed ?
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 209
Dart, Dearth, Tart, Tarratt 1 French Darte, Dard,
Bardie, Tard, Tardy, Tardu, Taride 1 Tarratte 1
PHONETIC ending.
Eng. Darton. French Dardenne, Daridan.
COMrOUNDS.
{Ilari, warrior) Old German Dirodhar, 8th 'cent. — Eng.
Darter, Tarter — French Dardier, Taratre, Tartteb,
Tartary.
From the Old High Germ, ecca, Mod. Germ.
ecJce, Ang.-Sax. ecg, edge, sharpness, cognate with
Lat. acies, &c., and from the root found in Sansc.
ag, ac, to pierce, I take the forms ag, ac, eg, ec,
widely spread in proper names. And I also in-
clude the forms hag, hac, though Old Norse hagr,
handy, useful, might be suitable. Grimm, how-
ever, explains the name Hagen as "spinosus.'*
Still it must be admitted that the varied forms
of the group suggest the probability of an admix-
ture of roots.
SIIUPLE FORilS.
Old German Ago, Acco, Hago, Hacco, Ego, Eggo, Ecco,
Hego, Hecco, Aiko, Aio, Eyo, 4th cent. Old Norse Haki. ^g, Ack,
English Agg, Ague, Ache, Ake, A key, Haig, Haggie, Eck.
Hack, Haw, Hay, Egg, Ego, Edge, Eye, Heggie, Heck, ^"^^
Hedge. Mod. German Acke, Egge, Ecke, Hacke, Heye. - '^'^
French Hacq, Hache, Hage, Haye. '" ^^^^"^-*^
diminutives.
Old Germ. Hagilo, Hachili, Eccila, 9th cent. — Ang.-Sax.
Hagel, Cod. Dip, — Eng. Hagel, Heckle, Hail — Modern
Germ. Hacked — French Hecklj^. Old German Hacchilin,
Echelin, 8th cent. — Eng. Achlin, Hailing — Mod. German
Hagelen — French Egalin.
COl^IPOUNDS
(Hard, fortis) Old German Agihard, Achard, Aicard,
Eckliard, Heccard, 8tli cent. — English Achard, Haggard —
A 2
210 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
Mod. Germ. Eckardt, Hagart, Hackert — French Acart,
Aycard, Hagard. (Hari, warrior) Old German Agihar
Agar, Aichar, Aiher, Egiher, Hager, 8tli cent. — Eng. Agar
Acre, Ayer, Eager, Hagar — Mod. Germ. Acker, Aicher,
Eger, Hager, Hayer — French Acar. (Earn, ran, raven)
Old German Agramnus, Agrannus, 8th cent. — 'Eng. Acron
Acorn 1 — French A gram, Agron. (Lac, play) Old German
Ekkileich, 9th cent. — French Aclocque. (Leof, dear) Old
Germ. Ailiv, 9th cent. — Old Norse Eylifr — Eng. Ayliffe.
(Mar, famous) Old German Agomar, Aimar, 7 th cent. —
French Aymer. (Man) Old German Egiman, 9th cent. —
Eng. AiKMAN, Hackman, Hedgman, Hayman — Mod. Germ.
Hachmann, Heckmann, Haymann — Fr. Heymen. (Mund,
protection) Old Germ. Agimund, Ekimunt, 9th cent. — Old
Norse Agmund, Aamund. — Agemund, Domesday — English
Hammond — French Agmand, Eymond, Aymont, Echement.
(iVo^, bold) Old German Eginot — French Agenet. (Eat,
counsel) Old German Egered, Accarad, 7th cent. — English
AcROYD? — French Egrot, Eyraud. (Wald, power) Old
Germ. Agiovald, Agold, Ekkold, 7th cent. — Mod. German
EcKHOLDT — French Agoult, Accault. (Ward, guardian)
Old Germ. Eguard, 11th cent. — Fr. Echivard, Hacquart.
(Wine, friend) Old German Agiwin, 8th cent. — French
AiGOiN. (Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Achiulf, a Wern, 5th cent.
— Eng. AcHUFF.
The root ig or ic, which Forstemann considers
obscure, I should rather take to be another form
of ag or ac, as found in Old Fries, ig, point, edge,
sword, Lat. ico, &c.
simple FORMS.
Ic Old Germ. Igo, Ico, 8th cent. Iccius, Belgic name in
Cuspis. Csesar 1 Eng. Igo, Hick. Mod. Germ, Icke.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Ikiko, 10th cent. — Eng. Hickock.
compounds.
(Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Igulf, 8th cent.--French Igouf.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 211
From the root ag or ac is produced by a
phonetic termination the form agin or akin. The
only appellatives that I find are the Old High
Germ, agana, Goth, ahana. Old Norse bgUy stalk,
stem, spike, North Eng. awn, the beard of barley,
from which we may assume for proper names the
meaning of spear or weapon,
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Agino, Eggino, Achino, Hagino, Haino, Tth Agin.
cent. Eng. Ac an, Acken, Aikin, Hagen, Hacon, Hain.* <^^spis.
Mod. Germ. Hagen, Heyxe. Fr. Agon, Egon, Eychenne,
Hagene, Hacquin, Hain.
compounds.
{Bert^ famous) Old German Aganbert, Agembert, Sth
cent. — Eng. Agombar ? — French Echanbard. {Fred, peace)
Old Germ. Aganfred, Ainfred, Sth cent. — French Hainfray.
(Hart, warrior) Old Germ. Agenar, Haginer, Tth cent. — Old
Norse Agnar — Mod. Germ. Hagner — French Haguenoer.
(Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Eginhard, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ.
Heinhardt — French Echinard, Ignard.
From the same root ag or ac, is also probably
formed agil, p. 154, which may have a kindred
meaning. I have there referred to the word as
obscure, but I am inclined to think that it comes
in here, and that it corresponds with Ang.-Sax.
egly a point, eglan, to pierce.
From the root ag or ac, as a nasalized form
comes ang or anc (Old High Germ, ango, Ang.-
Sax. 07cga, goad, prick, point), to which I put the
following. There are several other names, par-
ticularly French, which would seem to come in
* A form Ain appears to be found in names of places, as Ainsley and
Ainsworth. , ^^
212 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
here, but a comparison with the Old Frankish
names shows the original form to have been ing.
At the same time I feel by no means sure that
the root ing, except as a termination, is not often
the same as ang.
SIMPLE FORMS.
-^"s- Old Germ. Anco, Hanco, Sth cent. Eng. 1 Ang, Hang
Voini (^owditch). Mod. Germ. Anke, Hanke. French Ang^
Anguy.
compounds.
{Wine, friend) Old German Ancoin, Sth cent. — English
Ang WIN — French Angevin.
As agil from ag, so angil seems to be formed
from ang. The appellative corresponding is
Ang.-Sax. angel, a hook, but in proper names I
should rather suggest the meaning of a barbed
spear. The theory which derives the Saxons
from their seax or knife, the Lombards from their
hart or axe, and the Franks from t\\QiT franca or
javelin, derives the Angles also from their angel
or hook. In proper names then we may hesitate
whether to take the weapon, or the people's name,
or, if we accept the above theory, the one as
derived through the other. Forstemann also
proposes the Lat. angelus, as a word of Christian
introduction, with an admixture of ingil, as an
extended form of the root ing. My own impres-
sion— taking all the above groupings together,
and finding in them one common root — is in
favour of the prevailing meaning of weapon.
^ .J SIMPLE FORMS.
Hook. Old German Angilo, Engilo, Ingilo, 7th cent. English
Barb.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 213
Angel, Angley, Angelo, Engall, Ingle, Ingelow. Mod.
German Angele, Engel, Ingel. Frencli Angel, Engel,
Ingel.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Angelin, 9tli cent.— Eng. Anglin — Modern
Germ. Engelin, Englen — French Encelain.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, bright) Old Germ. Angilbert, Engilbert, 8th cent.
Eng. Engleburtt — Mod. German Englebrecht — French ?
Inghelbrecht. {Haid, " hood") Old Germ. Anglehaidis,
9th cent. — Fr. Anglade. (Hard) Old German Angilhart,
Engelhart, 8th cent. — English Engleheart — Mod. German
Engelhardt — French Axglard. {Here, warrior) Old Germ.
Angelher, Engilher, 8th cent. — Eng. Angler — Mod. Germ.
Engler — French Angelier. (Land) Old Germ. Ingaland
— Eng. England. (Man) Old Germ. Angilman, 8th cent.
— Eng. Angleman — Modern German Englemann. {Mund,
protection) Old German Angelmund, 8th cent. — French
Anglement. {Dio, servant) Old Germ. Angildeo, Engildiu,
8th cent. — Anglo-Saxon Angeltheow — English Ingledew,
{Sind, via) Old Germ. Ingilsind, 9 th cent. — Eng. Inglesent.
Another root with the probable meaning of
spear or sharp instrument is to be found in Ang.-
Saxon staca^ stake, spear — sticca, stick, spike —
stician, to pierce — Old Norse stichi, dagger, &c.
simple forms.
stack.
Old Germ. Stacco, 9th cent., Stucchus, 8th cent. Eng. ^nc^
Stack, Stag, Stick, Stock, Stuck, Stuckey. Mod. Germ. Cuspis.
Stacks, Stich, Stock, Stucke. French Stach, Stocq.
compounds.
{Here, warrior) Old German Stacher, 9th cent. — English
Staker, Sticker, Stoker, Stocker — Mod. Germ. Stecker.
(Hard) Eng. Stackard — Mod. Germ. Steckert, Stichert
Stockhardt. {Man) Eng. Stackman, Stagman, Stickman,
Stockman — Modern German Stackemann, Stegemann
Stockmann.
214 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
From staca, sticca, a sharp point, is formed,
perhaps as a diminutive, Old High German
stachilla, cuspis, Old Norse sticJcill/^ a sharp
point.
SIMPLE FORMS.
stickeL ^^S' Staggall, Steggall, Stickle, Stockill. Modern
Cuspis. Germ. Stickel, Stockel.
COMPOUNDS,
(Here, warrior) Eng. Stackler, Stickler, Stocqueler —
Mod. Germ. Stiegler.
A nasalized form of stac or stic I take to be
stang, sting (Ang.-Saxon stceng, styng, pole, or as
Forstemann suggests, spear, stingian, to pierce,
stab). None of the ancient names in Forste-
mann's hst fall in with this group.
SIMPLE FORMS.
stang. Eng. Staitk, Sting. Mod. Germ. Stang. Mod. Dan,
Sting. StANGE, StLNCK ?
Spear? COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old Norse Stangar — English Stanger,
Stinger. (Man) Eng. Stinchman.
As spade in some ancient dialects was used in
the sense of sword, so plough (Ang.-Saxon plog.
Old High Germ, ploh), had in a similar manner
the sense of spear. This obtained in Old High
German, and Stark gives that meaning to the
following three ancient names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Bloc, 11th cent. Plucca, Lib. Vit. English
Plough. Pj^^^jjj Plugg, Plough, Block, Blockey, Blogg, Bluck,
Spear ?
Blow. Mod. German Plugge, Block. French Plocque,
Plou, Bloc.
* Hence the summit called Stickle Pike in Cumberland, and the German
Stackelberg.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 215
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German riugclo, 13 th cent. French Blooaille,
Bloquel.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ, riuckone, 13th cent. Eng. Blowen. French
Ploquin, Pluquin, Plouin.
compounds.
{Helm, helmet) French Plougoulm. {Hart, warrior)
Eng. Blower — Modern German Plucker, Ploger — French
Ployer, Bloquiere. (Man) Eng. Ploughman — Modern
Germ. Blockmann. {Notf bold) Plukenet, Roll Bait. Abb. —
Eng. Plucknett.*
Tacitus tells us that the Germans were generally
armed with a short spear, adapted either for close
or distant fighting, and which was called in their
language j^^a 7}2ea. From this word, apparently
allied to the Modern German pfriem, Forstemann
derives the following ancient names, which are
mostly Frankish.
simple forms.
English Frame, Freem. French Fremy, Fremeaux, Fram.
Fromme, Forme. Spear.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Fremlin. French Fromillon.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Fermin. Fermimis, Lib. Vit. Eng. Fermin.
French Fremin, Fremineau, Fermin.
compounds.
(Bald, fortis) Old German Frambold, 8th cent. — French
Fraimbault. {Hari, warrior) Old German Frammier, 9th
cent. — French Premier, Fremery, Fermery. [Man) Old
German Framan, 9th cent. — French Fromain. (Mund,
protection) Old Germ. Framund, 8th cent. — Eng. Fromunt,
Fremont — French Fremont, Froment.
• Perhaps, as a slight corruption, Plunket.
216 THE WABRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
PHONETIC INTRUSION OP W.
{Gar, spear) Old German Framengar, 8tli cent. — English
FiRMiNGER — French Fremunger, Fremancour ?
From the Gothic and High German asf,
branch, also spear (cognate with Lat. liastaf),
Fcirstemann takes the following root.
SIMPLE FORMS.
A-st. j]jjg Aste, Este, Esty. French Este, Hesteau.
'Spear.
diminutives.
Eng. Astle, Estle — French Astel, Estelle. French
Estocq.
compounds.
(^Hari, warrior) Old German Asthar, 8th cent. — English
AsTOR, Astray — French Astier. (Ric, power) Old Germ.
Astericus, 9th cent. — Mod. Germ. Estrich — French Astruc
— Ital. AsTRico. (Ward, guardian) Old German Asduard,
9th cent. — French Estavard. (Wood) English Astwood
(like Garwood p. 204.)
Perhaps allied in its root to the last word is
Ang.-Sax. cbsc, the ash tree. The Ang.-Sax. cesc
also signified a spear, on account of spears being
made of ash-wood. For the same reason it like-
wise signified a ship or a boat. There is a third
sense derived from Northern mythology {see p.
142), which might obtain in proper names. But
on the whole I prefer to take as the general sense
that of the weapon.
simple forms.
-^sc, son of Hengist. Old Norse Askr. English Ash,
Ask, Askey. Mod. Germ. Asche, Esch.
diminutives.
Old German Askila, 4th cent. — Eng. Haskell — French
AscoLi, EsQuiLLE. Old German Ascelin, 11th cent. — Eng,
AsHUN — French Escalin.
Asc.
Spear.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 217
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Ang.-Sax. iEscbyrlit (found in ^scbyrlitaes
gcat, Cod. Dip. 1091)— Eng. Ashpaut. {Ilari, warrior) Old
Germ. Ascbari, Eskerc, 8tb cent. — Anglo-Saxon ^scbere —
English AsiiER — Modern German Asciier, Escher — French
EscARi^. (Bald, fortis) Eng. Ashbold. (Man) Old Germ.
Ascman — Aschman, Hund. Rolls — Eng. Ashman — Modern
German Eschmann — French Aeschimann. {Mar, famous)
Ang.'Sax. ^scmer — Eng. Ashmore (or local). {Ric, power)
Old Germ. Eskirich, 8th cent. — Mod. German Eschrich —
French Escayrac. ( Wid, wood) Old Germ. Asquid — Ascuit,
Domesday — Eng. Asqwith,* Ashwith, Ashwood. {Wine,
friend) Old Germ. Ascwin, 8th cent. — Ang. -Saxon ^scwine
— Eng. AsHWiN. ( Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Ascolf, 9th cent. —
Eng. AscouGH.
Another word signifying dart or spear is
Goth, uzd, Ang.-Saxon and Old Fries, ord. Old
High Germ, ort, Old Norse oddi\ to which I put
the following. Most of our forms in od seem,
however, rather to be from aud, prosperity, than
from the above Old Norse word.
simple FGRINIS.
Old Germ. Ort, 8th cent. Old Norse Oddr, Oddi. Eng.
Ord, Orth, Hord, Hort, Oddy. Mod. Germ. Ort, Orth.
French 1 Orth, Hortus ?
DliHNUTIVES.
Old Germ. Ortila, 9th cent. — Eng. Hurdle — Mod. Germ.
Ortel — Ital. Ortelli. Mod. German Oertlixg, Orteln —
French Ortolan. Eng, Ordish — French Hozdez {Gothic
form.) French Hordequin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Gar, spear) Old Germ. Ortger, 8th cent, — Eng. Orgar 1
— French Ortiguier. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Ortahar,
Ord
Dart.
Some of these names might be local.
B 2
218 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
8th cent., Hortarius* (prince of the Alamanni), 4th cent. —
Eng. HoRDER, (Liuh, love) Old Germ. Ortliub, 11th cent. —
Modern German Ortlteb — French Horteloup. {Ward
guardian) Old German Hordward, llfch cent. — English
Ordward. {Wig, wi, war) Old Germ. Ordwig, 9th cent. —
Eng. Ordway.
From the above root ord or odd seems to be
formed, by a prefix, the Anglo-Saxon hrord. Old
Norse broddr, spear, dart, Old English brode, to
prick. To this Stark places the following Old
German names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Broda, 13th cent. An g. -Sax. Brorda. Old
Brod. jSTorse Broddr. Broth, Eoll Batt. Abb. English Broad,
Brodie. French Brot, Broet, Braud, Brodu, Proteau,
Prot.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Protyn. French Brodin, Prodin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Had, war) Old German Prothadins, 7th cent. — English
Brodhead — French Prothaut. {Hart, warrior) Old Germ.
Brothar,+ Broter, Produrius, 8th cent. — Brother, King of
Denmark, Brother, Danish king of DubHn — Eng. Brother^
Protheroe — Mod. German Bruder. {Eic, power) English
Broderick.
Dart.
^' ^
■ -I
From the Ang.-Sax. pil, Old Norse pila, dart,
arrow, I take the following. And I do not feel
tiX at all sure that many other names placed else-
where to hil, pil, lenitas, placiditas, ought not to
come in here. *
* Grimm's derivation of this name {Gesch. d. Deutsch. sprach.), from Anglo-
Saxon corther, troup, company, seems by no means a satisfactory one. But we
must remember that this great scholar wrote without the full data wliich the
Altdeutsches Namenhuch now affords.
t I take it that brother, frater, intermixes in these names.
t
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS, 219
SIMPLE FORMS. ^^^^
Eng. Peel. Mod. Gei-m. Piehl, Peel. French Pielle, ^^^
Piella, Piol£
PATRONYIMICS.
Enjj. Peeling. Frencli Piolenc.
o
COMPOUNDS.
(Bon, fatal) Frencli Pelabon. (Hard) Modern German
Pielert — Frencli Pielard. {Beam, shaft, liandle) English
PiLBEAM.*
As the Ang.-Sax. dareth, dart, from the root
dar, p. 208, so may, I take it, the Old Norse
hilldr (hiledr f), dart, be formed from the root
hil or 'pil (Gr. paXXoo "?) To this we may place
the foUowmg, though bald, audax, is apt to
intermix.
SIIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Pilde. French Pilte, Pelt4 Billoteau ? ^^^
' ' Dart
COMPOUNDS.
{Harij warrior) English Billiter, Builder — French
Bellettre, Peltier, Peltzer. {Rat, counsel) Old German
Bildrad, 8th cent. — French Peltret, Pelleteret.
From the Old Sax. scapt, Anglo-Saxon scaft,
sceft, spear, shaft, arrow — literally, that which is
shaped or smoothed — we may take the following.
simple FORMS. ^, ,,
Shaft.
Eng. Shaft, Shafto. French Chaft, Chapt. Spear.
COMPOUNDS. Attqw.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Scaptarius, 6th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Sceafthere — Eng. Shapter — Fr. Schefter, Chefter.
(Wdld, power) Old Germ. Scaftolt — Eng. Scaffold.
From the Ang.-Sax. flan, dart, arrow — that
which is flown or flung — we may probably take
the following.
t Like the Ang.-Sax garbeam, spear handle. But probably in both cases the
•word is only used as a pleonastic form of spear or dart.
220 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
Plan. SIMPLE FOKMS.
Bart. Eng. Flane, Flawn. French Flan, Flanneau, Flohn.
■^^^°^- COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old Germ. Flanbert, Flambert, Stli cent.
— Eng. Flambard — -French Flambert. {Gar, spear) Old
Germ. Flanigar, 9 th cent. — French Flammgar.
There is a word nagal found in a few ancient
names, which I think may come in here. Forste-
mann refers to nagal, unguis, remarking at the
same time that the sense does not seem a
particularly suitable one for names. But nagal,
clavis, m the sense rather of a sharp point, spike,
spear, appears to me to be sufficiently appropriate.
Nor does it seem necessary to take it, as
suggested by Mone (Heldensage), in connection
with the mythological smith Weland.
simple forms.
Nagal ^^^ German Nagal, 9th cent. Old Norse Nagle. Eng.
Clavis. Nagle, Nail. Mod. Germ. Nagel, Nahl. Dan. Nagel.
Cuspis. French Nagel, Nei^l, N^ly.
compounds.
{Hard, durus) Old Germ. Nagalhard, 8th cent. — French
Nallard. {Bert, bright) French Nalbert. {Hari, warrior)
Eng. Naylor* — Modern German Nagler — Dan. Nagler —
French Ni^ollier.
There is a curious set of names derived from
the above word nagal, nail — to all appearance of
comparatively modern origin — and found both
in English and in German. Such is English
TuFFNELL, on which Mr. Lower remarks — " In
the 17th century this name was spelt Tufnaile,
and I am therefore rather inclined to take it
* Of course these names, with the exception perhaps of the French, migh
])e from the trade.
THE WARIIIOR AND HIS ARMS. 221
an pied de la lettre, and to consider " tough naiP
as its etymon. I believe that in this case Mr.
Lower has " hit the nail on the head." Not so,
however, in the case of Horsenail (the name,
by the way, as he tells us, of a Kentish farrier)?
which he seems to have been beguiled into think-
ing a corruption of Arsenal. I take it that this
name, corresponding with the Germ. Rosnagel,
is also nothing else than what it seems. We
have also Hartnell corresponding with a Germ-
Hartnagel, Coppernoll with a Germ. Kupfer-
NAGEL, and HooFNAiL with a Germ. Hufnagel.
And we have Isnell (iron-nail), Braznell?
Crucknell, Hocknell, Bradnell, Dartnell,
Prangnell (Germ, prangen, to glitter V) Brit-
NELL (German hreit, broad), Scarnell, Court-
NELL (Dutch, Dan. hort, short.) The Germans
have Thurnagel (door-nail), Eecknagel (rack-
nail), ScHiNNAGL (plate-nail), Blankennagel
(white-nail), Bodnagel (red-nail), Bundnagel
(round-nail), Wackernagel,'''' and several others.
This curious class of names, standing very much
by themselves, must I think have had some
peculiar origin.
From the Old High German hart a, an axe, I
take to be most probably the following. Words
also suitable are hart, beard, and Old Norse
hardi, giant. And the root hert, bright, famous,
is also liable to intermix.
* Germ. v)acker, noble, stout, brave. Pott's suggestion that wacker is an
epithet applied, not to the nail, but to a man called Nagel, hardly helps us much'
seeing the number of other similar names.
1
222 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Bardo, Barto, Pardo, Parto, 9tli cent. Eng.
Bard, h^rd^ Bardy, Bartie, Part, Pardoe. Modern German
Barde, Bart, Barth. French Bard, Barde, Bardy,
Bardeau, Barteau, Party.
diminutives.
Old German Bardilo, 9tli cent. — English Bardouleau,
Bardelle — Modern German Bardel — French Bardelle,
Bartel. French Bardillon, Pardaillon.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Bardinus, 8tli ceot. Eng. Bardin, Pardon.
Mod. Germ. Barten. Fr. Bardon, Bardonneau, Pardon.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Barding, 9th cent. Eng. Barding, Parding.
COMPOUNDS.*
(Sari, warrior) Eng. Barter, Pardar, Parter — Modern
Germ. Barther. (Man) Eng. Bartman — Modern German
Barthmann. (U^/j wolf) Old German Bartholf — English
Bardolph.
From the Ang.-Sax. becca, axe, might be the
following. But I think, now too late, that they
ought not to have been separated from the root
hig, hie, to slash, p. 177.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Beck. Old Germ. Becco, Begga, Becca, 7th cent. Eng. Beck,
^xe. Begg, Beach, Beechey, Peak, Peach, Peachey. Modern
Germ. Beckh, Peck. French Bec, Beck, Becquey, Pech.
diminutives.
Eng. Beacall, Pechell — Mod. Germ. Beckel — French
1 BecklA Eng. Beakem 1 — French Becquemie.
compounds.
(Had, war ?) Eng. Beckett, Beckett — French Bi^chade,
Becquet, Pecquet. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Beecher, Pecker
— French Becker, Pecquery. (Man) English Beckman,
Beachman — French Bechman.
* I do not include here Baktlbtt and Bartram, for I think that they are
rather from bert, famous.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 223
There is a word score, found in two or three
ancient names, which Stark refers to Old High
Germ, scoray schora, spade, shovel, supposing, as
in former cases, the meaning to be that of weapon
This word, and another, scaVy which Forstemann
assigns to Old High Germ, scara, acies, I include
together in the general sense of cutting, as shown
in Ang.-Sax. scearian, sceorian,
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Scarius, 9th cent., Scoro, Scori, 13th cent. Scar,
English Scare, Scarrow, Sheer, Sherry, Score, Shore, Tocut.
Shorey, Scurry, Shurey. Modern German Scar, Schar,
Scheer, Schurr. French Cheri ? Chereau 1 Chorey ?
diminutives.
Old Germ. Scherilo, 9th cent. — Eng. Sherrell.
compounds.
(Brand, sword) English Shierbrand — Modern German
Scheurbrakd. (Man) Old German Scureman, 14th cent.
— Eng. ScARMAN, Sharman, Sherman, Shorman — Modem
German Schiermann, Schurmann.
I am inclined to the opinion that wood in
proper names has sometimes the sense of spear, or
at least of a weapon. We find a peculiar use of
this word in Anglo-Saxon ; thus gar-ivudu is
"spear wood," a spear — hence the Old German
name Gervida, our Garwood. The same is no
doubt the sense in the Old German Asquid, our
AsQWiTH — "ash-wood" in the sense of a spear,
and probably in our Astwood, p. 216. An Old
Frankish name Bonavida, 9th cent., " fatal wood,"
is probably also a figurative expression for a
spear. So also the Gothic name Cnivida, our
224 THE WAMHOR AND HIS ARMS.
y Knyvett, is " knife-wood," a knife. It seems to
me probable that wood of itself may sometimes
have the same sort of meaning. There is an Old
German name Widolaic, our Wedlake and
Wedlock, from laca% to play. This compares
with the Anglo-Saxon cesc-plega, " ash-play," i.e.,
play of spears. A similar mode of expression is
by no means uncommon even in English. Thus,
in a sense more or less poetical, we use steel for
a sword, and gold for money. Hence also in
sacred poetry, such an expression as " fatal wood"
for the cross. And the poetical element, it must
be observed, enters largely into the composition
of ancient names.
From the Ang.-Sax. hoga. Old High German
hogo, pogo, poco, English bow, arcus, I take the
following. But there is another word from the
same general root signifymg to bend, viz., Gothic
hangs, Old High Germ, hauc, Anglo-Saxon hedg,
ring, bracelet, which I think also enters into the
composition of mens names, and which it is
extremely difficult to separate from the present
group.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Bocco, 9th cent. ? Ang.-SaxoD Boge. Old
Bog. iq^orse Bogi. Eng. Bogg, Boag, Bogie, Bohy, Bow, Beau,
Bock ^ Mod. Germ. Boge, Pogge, Bock ? French Pog4
BOCH?
diminutives.
Ang. -Saxon Bogel (found in Bogeles pearruc)* — Eng.
BoGLE, BowELL — Mod. German Poggel — French Poggiale.
* Bogel's paddock.
Bow,
Arcus
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 225
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) Eng. Bogard — Modern German Bogert —
French Bochard, Bohard, Pochard. (Man) English
BoGMAN, Bowman — Mod. Germ. Bochmann ? (J/ar, famous)
Anglo-Saxon Boomer, Bohmer {found in Bocmeres stigele,
Bohmeres* stigele) — English Pogmore, Bowmer — French
BOCHMER, BOIMER.
From the extended form found in Modern
Germ, hogen, may be the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Eng. BoGGON, BowEN. Mod. German Bohn ? French Bogen,
BOCHIN, BOIN, BoHNjg. ^°^-
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) English Poignard 1 — Modern German
BoGENHARDT — Fr. BoGNARD, PoiGNARD ? {Hari, warrior)
Eng. BoDGENER — Mod. German Bogxer — French Bognier.
A common word in ancient names was helrriy
helmet. We have very few names at present in
which it can be traced, but as it is apt to change
into hem or em, and so to mix up with other
words, it is probable that many more names may
exist in a disguised form.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Ang. -Saxon Helm {found in Helmes tre6w,f Cod. Dip. Helm.
1266.) Eng. Helm. Mod. Germ. Halm, Helm. ^^^^*-
COMPOUNDS.
{Burg, protection) Old German Helmburg, 9th cent. —
English Hemberg, Hembery, Hembrow. {Ger, spear) Old
German Helmger, 8th cent. — Eng. Almiger {or to amal^
p. U3.)
Another word signifying helmet is Ang.-Sax.
col, Old Norse kollr. This seems to have been
* Bohmer's style. These two names seem to be the same,
t Ilehu's tree.
c 2
Helmet
226 THE WAERIOR AND HIS ARMS.
common in Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse names,
but, judging by Forstemann's list, not generally
in Old German names.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
cou. Old Germ. Colo, 9th cent. Ang.-Sax. Cola, Colo, Cole.
Old Norse Kollr, Koli. Eng. Coll a, Colley, Coley, Cole.
Mod. Germ. Kohl, Koll. Dan. Kohl. French Colle,
Coli, Colleau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Colaicho, 8th cent. — Eng. Collick, College
— Mod. Germ. Kohlig. French Collichon. Old German
Cholensus, 8th cent. — Eng. Colenso, Collins.
patronymics.
Eng. Colling. Mod. Germ. Kohling. Dan. Kolling.
French Collange.
compounds.
{Bert, bright) Old German Colobert, 8th cent. — English
Colbreath, Coolbreath — Fr. Colbert. {Brand, sword)
Ang.-Sax. Colbrand — Eng. Colbran. {Biorn, bear) Old
Norse Kolbiorn — Eng. Colburn. (Hard) Eng. Collard —
Modern German Kohlhardt — French Collard. {Had,
warrior) Eng. Collier, Collar — Modern German Koller —
Dan. Koller — French Collier, Collery, Coli^re. (Man)
Old Germ. Coloman, Colman, 9th cent. — Colman, Bishop of
Lindisfarne, a.d. 6G3 — Eng. Colman, Coleman — Modern
Germ. Kohlmann — French Collman. {Mar, famous) Ang.-
Saxon Colomor {found in Colomores* sic. Cod. Dip. 509) —
Encf. Collamore, Colmer — Mod. Germ. Kollmeyer.
I
phonetic intrusion of n, m.
{Bert, bright) French Colombert. (Hard) French
Colin ard. ||
*' Until something better shall be found,"
Forstemann places the following to Old High
Germ. h4ha, Ang.-Sax. Mfe, Mod. Germ, hauhe,
* "Colomore'.ssyke." Syke, a word still used in the North of England,
signifies a runner sometimes dry.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 227
cap, crest, or, most probably, helmet. As I
cannot say that I am able to suggest anything
better, I continue them under the same head.
The root of the Saxon names Offa or Uffa may
be, however, liable to intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Hubo, Huba, Hufo, 8th cent. Hobbesune, Hub.
Domesday. Eng. Hube, Hoby, Hoop, Hope, Hoof. Mod. Helmet.
German Haube, Hupe. French Hoube, Houppe, Huppe,
Choupe.
diminutiyes.
English Hubback, Chubback — Mod. German Hobbeke,
HoPKE — French Hubac. English Hopkin — Mod. German
HoPKEN. Eng. Hubble — French Hubel. Eng. Hoblin —
French Hublin, Houplon, Chobillon. Dutch Hobbema.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) English Hubbard — French Hubard, Chopard.
(Man) Eng. Hobman, Hopman, Hoofman — Mod. German
Hoppmann, Hoffmann ? w^s v.
There is a name Copestake or Capstick,
which in the previous edition I completely
mistook. It is evidently the German kopfstilcJc,
head-piece.
From the Ang.-Sax. scyld, Old High German
scilt, Old Norse shiold, EngUsh shield, there are
not many names, though as noted p. 148, it was
anciently a name of honour.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Scyld, ancestor of Woden (Anglo-Saxon Gen.) Scyld scutum.
(found in Scyldes treow, Cod. Dip. 436.^ Skiold, mythical
king of Denmark. English Shield, Skelt. Mod. German
ScHiLDT.* French? Schilte.
* Hence Rothschild, " red shield," adopted, as it is said, by the founder
of the family from the sign of his place of business, and certainly not an improve-
ment upon his original name of Anshelm, " divine helmet."
228 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Sax. Sciltung, 9th cent. Eng. Skelding, Scolding,
Skoulding.
A more common word in men's names is rand,
rim, in the sense, according to Forstemann, of
shield, and to which, as a High German form, I
put rans.
-Raod. SIMPLE FORMS.
Shield. Old Germ. Rando, Rente, 4th cent. Eng. Rand, Rance,
Rondeau, Round 1 Mod. German Rand. French Rond,
"RoNDY, Rondeau, Ronce, Ronze.
diminutives.
English Randle, Rendel, Rentle, Rundle ? — French
Rondelle. English Rantem, Ransom.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hariy warrior) Old German Ranthar, 8th cent., Ranzer,
10th cent. — Eng. Render, Renter — Mod. German Ranter,
Renter — French Randier, Ronzier, Ronceray. (ifar,
famous) Eng. Rentmore, Wrentmore. (Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Randuin, 8th cent. — French Randouin. ( Ulf, wolf)
Old Germ. Randulf, 8th cent. — English Randolph — Modern
German Randolff.
An allied form of rand is Old High German
ramft, Mod. Germ, ranft, which seems to occur in
a few names.
Eamft. simple FORMS.
Shield. Old Germ. Rampo, 9th cent. Mod. Germ. Rampf.
diminutive.
English Rampling.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Eng. Rafter, Raftery. Fr. Raftier.
A third root signifying shield is Ang.-Sax. hordy
Old High Germ, hort, which, though Forstemann
only has it as a termination (as in Heribord,
Hiltiport, &c.), evidently occurs in the following.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 229
SIMPLE FORMS. ^^^.^^
English Board, Port. French Borde, Borda, Port, siueici
Porta.
compounds.
(Hari, warrior) Eng. Boarder, Border — Fr. Bordier,
Border Y. (Man) English Boardman, Portman — French ?
BoRDMANN. (Wine, friend) Eng. Boardwine, Portwine —
French Portevin. fvs^c^'W^
A fourth word signifying shield — but of
which I find no trace in ancient names — may be
Ang.-Sax. disc. Old High Germ. tisc. This had
the meaning of dish, plate, flat surface, but I
think that like rand and hord, the most probable
meaning in men's names is that of shield.
simple forms.
Disk.
English Dix 1* Dixie ? Mod. German Disch. French shield.
BlESCHjt TiSCL
COIklPOUNDS.
(Rari, warrior) Eng. Disher — Mod. German Tischer —
French Discry, Tixier. (Man) English Dishman — Modem
German Dixmann.
From the Ang.-Sax. hring, hrinc, Eng. ring,
in the sense of ring-armour, coat of mail, Forste-
mann derives a word ring in ancient names. And
from the Old High Germ, ringan, luctari, rang,
battle, Ang.-Sax. rinc, combatant, he also derives
a form rang, rank, renk. But as the separation,
in the ancient names even, is doubtful, and in the
modern impracticable, I take them together —
the sense being in either case a warhke one.
* In Ang. -Saxon sc and x frequently interchange. Thus Bosworth gives the
plural of disc as discos and dlxas.
+ Or, as seems to be the case in another name, Dietsch, this may only be a
corruption of Deutsch.
230 THE WARRIOIl AND HIS ARMS.
■ Ring. SIMPLE FORMS.
Mail. Old Germ. Rincho, Renco, 9th cent. Eng. Ring, Rink.
Mod, Germ. Ranke, Ringe, Rinck.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Ringilo — English Wrinkle — Mod. German
RiNGEL — French Ringel.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) Old German Renchard, 6th cent. — Modern
German Ringert — French Ringard, Rangheard. (Hari,
warrior) Old German Rincar, Ranchar, 9th cent. — English
Ringer, Rancour — Mod. Germ. Ringer, Rencker — French
RiNGiER. fWald, power) Old Germ. Ringolt — Ang. -Saxon
Hringwold (found in Hringwoldes heorh, Cod. Dip. 1117.^
— Eng. Ringgold — Mod. Germ. Ringwald.
The root sar, ser, for which Forstemann pro-
poses Old High German saro, Ang.-Saxon searo,
armour, enters into a great number of names.
Sar, Ser.
Armour.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Saro, Sario, Sarra, 8th cent. English Sare,
Sarah, Sear. Mod. German Sahr, Sehr, Serre. French
Sarre, Sar, Sarra, Sari, Serre, Serra, Sere, Sery, Serieu
sorr^, sorieu.
diminutives.
Old German Serila, Serlo, 6th cent. — ^Old Norse Sbrli,
Solli— Eng. Sarel, Serrell, Serle, Sorlie, Solly — French
Serail, Sorel.
compounds.
(Bot, envoy) Old Germ. Sarabot, 9th cent. — Eng. Serbutt
— French Sorbet. {Hard) French Serard. {Here, warrior)
French Serrier. (Ger, spear) French Sarger. (Gaud,
Goth) Old German Saregaud, 8th cent. — English Sargood.
(Man) Old Germ. Saraman, 8 th cent. — Eng. Sermon — Mod.
German Saarmann — French Saramon, Ceri^monie ? {Rat,
counsel) Old German Sarrad, Sarrat, 9th cent. — English
Sarratt — French Sarette. {Wald, power) Old German
Serald, 9th cent. — French Sarrault. (Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Saroin, 8th cent. — French Sarrion, Seroin.
i
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 231
From the above root sar, a.ccorcUng to
Diefenbach, is formed Old Norse serhr, Ang.-Sax.
syrice, syrce, shirt, North. Eng. sarh. To this
may be put the following names, the meaning of
course being taken to be that of a shirt of mail.
SIIVrPLE FORMS.
Old German Saraclio, lOth cent. Sere, Lih Vit. — Eng. gerk.
Sarch, Search, Shark, Sharkey, Shirk, Shirkey. shirt of mail.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Sarcliilo, 1 0th cent. Eng. Sharkley.
One of the most common of all roots in Teutonic
names is Goth, hain, Ang.-Saxon /i67v, Old Norse
her, army. Grimm suggests that the original
meaning may rather have been soldier, which
would consist better with the use of the word as
a post-fix. Other roots which may intermix are
ara, eagle, and Ang.-Sax. heor. Old Norse hior
sword, both found in ancient names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Herio, 8tli cent. Enojlish Harre, Hare,
Har Her
Harry, Harrow, Charie, Cherry. Mod. German Hehr, Army.
Herr, Heer. French Haro, Harry, Herr, Hj^reau,
Herry, Herou, Charey, Chario, Charue.
diminutives.
Old German Haric, Herico, 8th cent. — Eng. Harridoe
Herridge, Herrick — Modern German Haricke, Harke —
French Herichj^. Old Germ. Heril, Herilo, Herili — En^-.
Harral, Harle, Harley, Harlow, Hearl, Hearly — Mod.
German Herel, Herl, Herrle, Harle — French Harel,
Hariel, Harlay, Harl^, Herel. Old German Herelin,
11th cent. — Eng. Harlixg— Mod. Germ. Harlin — French
Herlan. Eng. Harris, Harries, Herries — Fr. Heriez,
Herrisse,
232 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
PATRONYMICS.
01(1 Germ. Herinc, 9th cent. Eng. Hearing, Herring.
Modern German Harring, Herring, Heering. French
Harang, Herincq, Hering.
compounds.
(And, life, spirit) Old Germ. Heriand, 9th cent. — French
Harand. (Bat, pat, path, war) Old German Heripato, 9th
cent. — English Herepath, Herbet — French Herbette.
(Bald, bold) Old German Haribald, Herbald, 8th cent. —
French Herbault. (Ber, bear) English Harbar, Harber,
Harbour — Mod. Germ. Herber — French Herber. (Bert,
bright) Old German Hariberaht, Frankish king, 6 th cent. —
Aripert, Lombard king, 7th cent., Heribert, Herbert — Eng.
Harbert, Herbert — Mod. Germ. Harprecht, Herbert —
French Herbert. (Bord, shield) Old Germ. Heribord, 11th
cent. — Eng. Harboard, Harbord. (Bod, envoy) Old Germ.
Herbod, 8th cent. — English Harbud — Modern German
Herbothe — French Herbut. (Ger, spear) Old German
Hariger, Hariker, Harker, Chargar, 7th cent. — English
Harker, Charker — Mod. Germ. Herger. (Gaud, Goth)
Old German Haregaud,* 6th cent. — Eng. Hargood. (Gisil,
gil, hostage) Old German Oharegisil, 6th cent. — English
Hargill. (Hard) Old Germ. Hariard, Herard, 7th cent.
Fr. HERARD. (Here, warrior) Old Germ. Harier, 9th cent. —
French Charier. (Laith, terrible) Arlot, Lib. Vit. — Eng.
Harlot 1 — Fr. Harlet ? (Land) Old Germ. Hariland, 8th
cent. — Eng. Harland. (Man) Old Ger. Hariman, Harman,
Herman, 7th cent. — English Harryman, Harman, Hermon,
Chapman — Modern German Harmann, Hermann — French
Herman, Hermain. (Mand, gaudium) Old German
Herimand, Herimant, 10th cent. — Fr. Harmand, Harmant,
Hermand. (Mar. famous) Old German Herimer, Harmar,
6th cent. — English Harmer — French Harmier, Hermier.
(Mot, courage) Old Germ. Harimot, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ.
* Perhaps also, with a phonetic n, the Old German Heringaud, English
Heringaud. But Forstemann takes it to be rather the same as Aringaud [artn,
eagle. )
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 233
Herrmutii — French Hkrmet, Charmotte. (Mund, pro-
tection) Old Germ. Herimund, Cbarimund, 5tli cent. — Eng.
Harmond — French Charmond, Charmont. (Nand, daring)
Old German Herinand, 10th cent. — Spanish Hernandez •^^ayi^
{Sand, envoy) Old German Hersand^ 11th cent. — English ^y%J*^i ^
Hersant — French Hersent. (Wald, power) Old German ,^^ iiMj\yr%M..»^
Carlo valda,* prince of the Batavi, 1st cent., Heroald, Hariold,
8th cent. — Old Norse Haraldr — Eng. Harold — Mod. Germ.
Herold — French Herold, Heroult. (Ward, guardian)
Old Germ. Hariward, Her ward, Heroard, 8th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Hereward — Old Norse Harvardr — English Harward,
Harvard — Mod. German Harward — French Herouard.
(Vid, wood) Old German Ervid, 7th cent. — Eng. Harwood.
(Wig, wi, war) Old German Heriwig, Hairiveo, 7th cent.
— Eng. Harvey — Mod. German Herwig — French Hervy
Hervieu, Charvey, CharaVay. (Wine, friend) Old Germ.
Harwin, Charivin, Charoin, 8th cent. — Eng. Harwin —
French Herouin, Charvin, Charoin. (To this Old Germ.
Erwin, Ervin — Eng. Irwin, Irvin ?)
The above word, liari, warrior, was one of the
most common post-fixes in Old German names.
It appears variously as har, hari, her, heri, and
forms many of our endings in er and ery, and of
the French in ier. In certain cases, however, the
ending er appears to be phonetic, as noticed at
p. 29.
From the Ang.-Sax. fana. Old High German
fano. Mod. German f aline, Old French ya??o?z, an
ensign, of which, however, there is but a slight
trace in ancient names, I take the following.
Another word fagin, fain, joyful, is apt to
intermix.
* A&cat of had, p. 167, so car is the oldest form of har.
D 2
234 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Fan. Eng, Fann, Fanny, Fenn. Mod. Germ. Fahne. French
Ensign, -p^^^^ j^^^^
DIMINUTIVES.
English Fennell — French Fenaille. English Fanline,
Fenlon — French Fenelon.
phonetic ending=old FUT^iacB. fanon ?
Eng. Fannon. French Fannon.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Eng. Fanner, Fenner — Modern German
Pfanner — French Fanniere (or same as Old High German
fanner, standard-bearer.)
From the Anglo-Saxon cumbor, standard or
standard ©nsign, appoars to be the name Cumbra, of an
Ang.-Sax. chief, a.d. 756 (Rog. Wend.) Also of
a Cumbro in the Traditiones Corhejenses. And
hence may be our Cumber and Cumper. The
names Cumberbeach, Cumberbatch, Cumber-
patch, all no doubt variations of the same word,
may possibly contain the Ang.-Sax. hedg, English
badge.
Banner Banner, though it might be, as at p. 175, a
vexiuum. compouud of ban, might also be from banner, an
ensign. There was a noble family of Banners in
Denmark, whose founder, according to Saxo, was
a Dane named Tymmo, who assumed the name
of Banner for some exploit, probably capturing a
standard, at a battle between Canute and
Edmund of England.
From the Lombard bandu, ensign, standard, as
the most appropriate derivative from bindan, to
bind, Forstemann derives the root band, bend.
But the Ang.-Saxon bcend, bend, crown, chaplet.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 235
from hendany to bend, appears to me to be a word
that might at any rate intermix. In addition to
the above, Fcirstemann also suggests the Old Sax.
hant, pagus, and its High German form panz. I
am also inclined to include in the group the
forms bond, bund, for, though the derivation
from the Ang.-Sax. bonda, buiida, husbandman,
seems at first sight the most natural, it does not
appear to receive much sanction from the ancient
names. Nevertheless, it is very probable that
there may be some intermixture of roots. In the
comparative table of patronymic forms appended
to " Words and Places," Mr. Taylor finds Bond-
ings in Bondmgham (Somers), and in Bontigny
(Lorraine). I also add Bansings as found in
Bensington (Oxf.), anciently Banesinghas.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Bando, Bant, Pando, Penta, Ponto, Panzo?
Benzo, Penzo, 6 th cent. Ang.-Sax. Pen da, king of Mercia. Band.
Benza, Pinda, Lib. Vit. Eng. Band, Bendy, Bent, Bond, VexiUum.
BuNDY, Pond, Bance, Bence, Bonsey, Bcnse. Mod. Germ.
Banse, Panse, Bente, Bense, Bund, Bunte. French
Bend A, Bind a, Bance, Bence, Benz, Bondy, Bondeau,
Bont4 Bonz^, Pantou, Panthou, Pond, Pont, Ponti,
PONTEAU, PONTHIEU, PaNSU, PeXS^ PiNSEAU, PoNCEAU.
DliONUTIVES.
Eng. Bantock, Bundock — Modern German Bandke,
Pantke — French Pantiche. Ang.-Sax. Buntel (found in
Bunteles pyt^ Cod. Dip. 11 02 J — Eng. Bexdle, Bendelow,
Bentall, Bundle, Bonsall, Pendall, Pentelow — Mod. Ger.
Bandel, Bendell, Bexzel — Fr. Pantel, Bunzel, Poncel.
Old German Benzlin, 10th cent.- — Benzelinns, Domesday. —
g Eng. Pantlin — French Bancelin.
236 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Banton, Benton, Binden, Benson,* Bunten,
Panton, Pentin, Penson, Ponson. Mod. German Bunsen.
Prench Pansin, Pinson, Pinsonneau, Ponson.
patronymics.
Eng. Banting, Bending, Bentinck, Bunting, Panting.
Mod. Gerna. Bentingck, Bunting.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) Old German Pantard, 9tli cent. — English
PiNDARD — Frencli Bansard, Pensard, Pinsard, Ponsard.
(Hari, warrior) Ang.-Sax. Pender (found in Penderes clif,
Cod, Dip. 1266^ — Eng. Bander, Bender, Binder, Bonter,
Bonser, Bunter, Panter, Pantry, Panther, Pender,
Pinder, Ponder, Punter — Mod. Germ. Bender, Binder —
French Bender, Binder, Pontier, Ponsery. {Rat, counsel)
Old Germ. Bandrad, Pantarat, 6 th cent. — Eng. Banderet,
Bentwright, Pendered. {Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Pandulf,
prince of Capua, 11th cent. — Ital. Pandolfio.
Then there are some names of a different class
derived from weapons, such as Shakespere,
Shakeshaft, Drawsword, &c., which are of
less, though still of considerable antiquity, and
which do not enter into the Teutonic name-
system ; on these it is not necessary for me to
dwell further, as all that can be said upon them
is to be found in the last work of Mr. Lower.
We now come to another class of names of
warlike origin — those derived from words signify-
ing courage and valour. One of the most common
roots is the Old High Germ, mdt, muat, Old Sax.
muod, Ang.-Saxon mod, Modern German muth,
courage. Along with this I follow Forstemann
* Benson, Bunsen, &c., might be patronymics. But I am more inclined
to take the form as Bens-on, Buns-en.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 237
in classing moz, muoz, though Weinhold (Deutsche
Frauen) refers it to Old High German muoza,
moss.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Mot, Moata, Muato, Moda, Moza, Muozo, 6th
cent. Ang.-Sax. Moda [found in Modingaham, " the home ■^Q^
of the sons of Moda," now Mottingham).* Mote, Hund, Mode.
Rolls. Eng. MoTT, Mottow, Mote, Moat, Mouat, Moth courage.
Mouth, Mode, Mood, Moody, Mose, Mosey, Moss, Mouse,
Muzzy. Mod. German Mode, Muth, Moth, Mutz, Muss.
French Motte, Mott^, Moteau, Moitie, Mothu, Moutie,
Mossy, Mousse, Moussy, Moussu, Mussey.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Motilo, Mutila, Muezill, 7 th cent. — English
Mouttell, Mutlow, Motley, Model, Muddle, Mousell,
MussELL — Mod. Germ. Model, Mudel, Mutzell — French
Motelle, Mutel, Moussel. Old Germ. Mudilane, Motilane,
8th cent. — Eng. Mudlix, Moslin — Mod. Germ. Muslein —
French Modelonde ? Eng. Muddock, Musick — Modern
Germ. Mushacke — French MousAC.
COMPOUNDS.
( Bert, famous) Old German Mutbraht, 9th cent. — Eng.
MusPRATT. {Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Moathart, 9th cent.
— Eng. MussARD — Mod. Germ. Mozart, Mushard — French
MoTARD, Moutard, Mouzard, Musard. {Hari, warrior)
Old German Muatheri, Motar,+ Modar, 8th cent. — English
MouTRiE, Moder, Mutter, Moser, Mouser — Mod. Germ.
Moder. Mutter — Fr. Moutry, Moitry, Moutier, Moitier.
(Helm) Old German Moathelm, 9th cent. — Eng. Mootham ]
{Man) Eng. Muddiman, Mobsman. {Ram, ran, raven) Old
Ger. Moderannus, 8th cent. — Eng. Mottram — Fr. Motheron,
MoussERON. {Red, counsel) English Moderate. {RiCy
dominion) Old German Modericha,;}: 11th cent. — English
MuDRiDGE — Mod. Germ. Muthreich.
* Mr. Taylor finds the same name in Mutigny in France.
t It is very probable that mother, mater, intermixes.
t Hence perhaps the town of Motrico in Spain.
238 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Moatin, Muatin, 8th cent. Englisli Motion,
Mutton, Mouzon. Fr. Mouson, Mosson, Mozin, Musson.
I am rather inclined to class along with the above
a group of names ending in st — either by trans-
position for ts, tz (as for instance Must = Mutz) —
or by a simple phonetic hardening of the termina-
tion. The latter is in accordance with a common
tendency — for instance, a number of Punch is
before me in which an Irish game-keeper comforts
an unlucky sportsman with " Shure, yer honner,
you do it very nist."
SIMPLE FORMS.
Must. Eng. Moist, Must, Musty, Musto. Mod. Germ. Most-
Courage? -p^.^^^j^ MOUSTY.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. MusTiLL. Mod. Germ. Mosthal ? Fr. Mustel.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, fortis) Eng. Mustard. (Sari, warrior) English
Muster — Mod. Germ. Moster— French Moustier.* (i?ow,
raven) Eng. Mostran. (Ulf, wolf) Eng. Mustoph.
Another word signifying valour or courage is
Goth, aljan. Old High German ellan, Ang.-Sax.
ellen, cognate probably with Gael, allanta,^ fierce,
to which may be placed the following.
Allan.
EUen.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Alyan, 8th cent. English Allain, Allan,
Ellion, Ellen. Mod. German Allehn. French Allain,
Courage. ALLIEN, HeLLION.
* Pott makes the French Moiistier a contraction of Monastier, and if the
name stood by itself, that derivation might be accepted.
t Allan, as a Christian name la more probably from the Gaelic. So may
also be some of the above simple forms, c>cj, '> -*r-»v^ '/^"u
Nand.
Nan.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 239
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old German EUinbert, 9th cent. — French
Elambert. {Burg, protection) Old Germ. Ellinburga, 8tli
cent. — Modern German Ellenberg — French Halinbourg.
{Ger, spear) Old German EUanger, 11th cent. — French
Allengry. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Ellanher, 9th cent.
— Eng. Ellenor — Mod. Germ. Allner — French Allonier.
(Man) Eng. Hallingman.
A third root mth the meaning of valour or
daring is nan, nant, from the Goth, nanthian,
audere.
simple forms.
Old German Nando, Nanno, 5th cent. English Nann,
Nanny. Modern German Nanne, Nanny, Nenne. French Daring,
Nant, Nanteau, Nanta.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Nandilo, 8th cent. — Mod. German Nendel —
French Nanteuil. Old Germ. Nanzo, 8th cent. — English
Nans, Nance —Mod. Germ. Nanz — French Nancy ]*
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Nan dung, Nending, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ.
Naning — French Nenning. Eng. Nanson — Dan. Nansen.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) Old German Nanhart, 11th cent. — French
Nenard. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Nanthar, 9th cent. —
Eog. Nannery, Nexner — French Nantier.
The word nod, not, rather common in personal
names, is referred by Fiirstemann to Goth. 7iauths>
Mod. Germ, noth, English 7ieed, with a probable
admixture from Old High Germ, hnoton, quassare,
or Goth, knods, genus. But as the ending of
Ang.-Sax. names, in which it was rather common,
* May of course be from the place. Can the place be from the personal
name ? Mr. Taylor refers it, along with Nantes, to Celt, nant, a vaUey.
240 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
Bos worth derives it from Ang.- Saxon ndih, bold,
daring, nethan, audere, which is certainly a
preferable sense for names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Noth. . Old Germ. Noto, Noti, Not, Nuti, Sth cent. Eng. Nott,
Caring. NoTHEY, NoAD, NuTT.* Mod. Germ. Noth, Nutt. French
Naud, Naudeau, Naudy, Nod^ Notte.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Nothicho, 9tli cent. — Eng. Nottidge. Eng.
Noddle, Nuttall — Mod. Germ. Notel — French Nottelle.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Noding, Noting, 9th cent. English Noding,
Nutting. Mod. Germ. Nuding.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hariy warrior) Old Germ. Nothar, 10th cent. — English
Nodder, Nutter, Noser 1 Nusser ? — Mod. Germ. N otter,
NiJTZER — Fr. Naudier, Nodier, Notre, Notaire, Noziere.
{Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Nothart, 8th cent. — Eng. Nothard.
{Man) Noteman, Hund. Rolls. — Eng. Notman, Nuttman.
PHONETIC INTRUSION OP I.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Nodalhar, Sth cent. — French
NODLER.
The most common of all words with this
meaning in men^s names is the Ang.-Saxon bold,
Old High Germ, bald, audax, fortis. The form
haltz, bah, which runs through the formation, I
take to be High German. This word is apt to
mix with bal, p. 192.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Bald. Old German Bald, Baldo, Baudo, Paid, Belto, 4th cent.
Eng. Bold, Baldey, Bolt, Belt, Baud. Modern German
Balz.
Fortis.
* The Danish Knut (Canute) might intermix. The name was derived, as I
have read, from a wen upon his head, but I cannot find the authority again. The
name Knutu is still found in Denmark, and the patronymic Knudsen is very
common.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 241
Bald, Boldt, Polte. French Balde, Baldi, Baud,
Baudeau, Fold. Old German Baldzo,* Balzo, Palzo, 9th
cent. — Eng. Balls, Palsy — Mod. Germ. Baltz, Balz.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Baldick, Baltic — Mod. Germ. Boltche — French
Balzac. Old Germ. Baldechin, 9th cent. — Eng. Balchin —
French Baudichon — Ital. Baldachini. Old Ger. Baldemia,
Balsemia, Balsmus, 8th cent. — Eng. Beldam, Balsam — Mod.
Germ. Paldamus — French Balsemine (Fretich dimin. 1 )
patronymics.
Old Germ. Balding, Balding, 8th cent. Eng. Bolding,
Boulting, Paulding. Mod. Germ. Balding.
compounds.
{Hard, fortis) Old German Baldhard, 8th cent. — French
Baltard, Baltazard (=:Baltzard.) (Hari, warrior) Old
Germ. Baldher, Balther, Paldheri, Paltar, 8th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Baldhere — Eng. Boldery, Balder, Bolter, Poulter,
Powter, Powder — Mod. Germ. Baltzer — French Baltar,
Baudier, Paultre. (Had, war) Old Germ. Balthad, 8th
cent. — Eng. Baldhead ? (Earn, ran, raven) Old German
Baldram, Baldrannus, Paldhram, 8th cent. — Eng. Beltram
— Modern German Pelldram — French Baudron — Italian
Beltramo. (Mund, protection) Old Germ. Baldmunt, 8th
cent. — French Baudement. (Bat, counsel) Old German
Paldrat, 8th cent. — French Pautrat. (Rand, shield) Old
German Baldrand, 9th cent. — French Baudrand. (RiCj
dominion) Old Germ. Baldarich (Thuringian king). Baldric?
Baldrih, 6th cent. — Ang.-Saxon Baldric — Eng. Baldridge,
Baldry, Bowdry — French Baudry. (Rit, ride) Old Germ.
Baldi'it, 9th cent. — French Baudrit. ( War, defence V) Old
Germ. Baldoar, 8th cent. — Eng. Boughtwhore ?t — French
Bauduer. (Wine, friend) Old Germ, Baldwin, 8th cent. —
* It is not easy to say how these should be classed — Forstemann places them
as diminutives — i.e., Baldzo=Baldizo, as WUlizo from Willo, p. 23. I have taken
them, however, only to be High German forms
t An early freeman of Connecticut (Suffolk Surnames). He has certainly
eontrived to spell his name with the utmost amount of unpleasantness.
E 2
Trass.
Fierce.
242 THE WARRIOB AND HIS ARMS.
Ang.-Sax. Bald wine — Eng. Baldwin — Dutch Boudewyn —
French Baudouin — Ital. Baldovino. (Vid, wood) Old
German Balsoidis, 9th cent. — Eng. Boltwood. ( Ulf, wolf)
Old German Baldulf, 8th cent — Mod German Baldauf* —
French Baudeuf. ( Wig, war) Old Germ. Balduig, 7th cent.
— French Baldeveck.
PHONETIC ENDING IN W.
Old German Baldin, Paldeni, 11th cent. Eng. Bolden,
PoLDEN. Modern German Baldenius, Polten. French
Baudin, Balsan.
phonetic ending in r.
Old Germ. Baldro, 9th cent. Eng. Boldero, BouDROwt
— French Baudro.
From the Goth. thraSy fierce, swift, vehement.
Old Norse thrasa, to contend, Forstemann derives
the following ancient names. The name of the
Vandal king Thrasamnnd comes from this root
which is probably cognate with Irish treas^
combat.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Thraso, Traso, Treso, 9th cent. Eng. Trass,
Trace, Tress, Traies, Tracy, Draysey. French Trays,
Tress, Tracy, Trens, Dreyss.
compounds.
{Hardy fortis) French Trassard, Tressard. {Wald,
power) Old German Trasuuald, 7 th cent. — Modern German
Traswalt — Ital. Tresoldi.
phonetic ending in n.
Old Germ. Drasuno, 9 th cent. French Tress an. J
phonetic ending in r.
Old Germ. Trasarus, 9th cent. Eng. Traiser, Treasure,
Dresser. French Terseur 1
* Pott, taking this name au pied de la lettre, explains it as bald auf,
"early up."
t See p. 130.
t Pott's derivation of Tressan from '* tres sain" is, I think, very unhappy.
Trum.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 243
The Ang.-Sax. trumy firm, strong, courageous,
appears to be found in a few names. The
AltdeiUsches Namenhuch has only one name,
Tromolt, 8th century, corresponding with a
Trumuald in the Lib, Vit. In addition to the
Saxon Trumhere below cited, there was also a
Trumwine, bishop of Whitherne. The placing
of Turnbull here is in accordance with a sugges-
tion of Mr. Charnock in Notes and Queries.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Eng. Drum, Drummey, Trump, Trumpy. Mod, German p™^
TrAUM. strong.
COMPOUlsTDS.*
{Bald, fortis) English Trumbull, Tremble, Turnbull.
{Here, warrior) Anglo-Saxon Trumhere, bishop of Mercia —
Eng. Trumper, Drummer 1 — Mod. Germ. Trummer — French
Dromery.
From the Old High Germ. hwaSy Ang.-Saxon
hwcBs, Old Norse hvass, sharp, keen, fierce, rather
than from the verb wasjan, poUere, suggested by
Graff, I take the following, though it is likely
enough that there may be an intermixture. And
I also think that wat is in some cases from hivcety
another Ang.-Sax. form of the same word. Thus
the Old German names Kerhuuas, Gerwas,t
Kerwat {ger, spear) all seem evidently to mean
" spear-sharp." At the same time, except as a
termination, I do not find sufficient ground for
bringing it in here. As I have at p. 238 taken
* The Eng. Drummond, French Drumond, might be placed here, but I
rather prefer the suggestion of Pott, who refers them to an Old Germ. Drudmunt.
t I have, p. 204, taken the secondary sense of boldness, but in connection
with the spear the direct sense of sharpness seems on the whole the best.
244 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
must to be the same as muss, so owing to the
same cause — the unsatisfying sound of s final — I
bring in here some forms in wast and wash. We
have an instance of the latter in the name of
Washington, Ang.-Sax. Wassingatun, " the town
of the Wassings/^
SIMPLE FORMS.
Wass, Old German Oasus, Waso, 9th cent. Ang.-Sax. Wasso,
Keen. Cod. Dip. 971. Old Norse Hvassi (surname.) Eng. Wass,
Bold, ^^gjj^ Quash, "Waste. Modern German Wass. French
Vasse, Vassy.
diminutives.
Eng. Wassell, Wastell, Yassall — Modern German
Wessel — French Vassal. Old Germ. Wascelin, 11th cent.
— French Yasselin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) French Yassard, Guessard. {Hari,
warrior) Eng. Yasser, Washer — French Yasseur, Yessier.
(Man) Old Germ. Wesmannus, 11th cent. — Eng. Wasman,
Washman — Mod. Germ. Wassmann.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Huasuni, 8th cent. Eng. Wesson. French
Yasson, Quezin.
There is a root jug, which is referred by
Stark to Go\h. jukan. Old High German juhhun,
to combat, Goth, jiuka, Ang.-Sax. geoc, courage,
fierceness. The root is probably the same as the
Sansc. yug, to dart forth.
simple forms.
Old German Jugo. English Jugg, Judge, Jew, Juo.*
"^' French Jauge, Jaugey, Juge, Jue, Ju^, Jul
Combat. ' i i > i
diminutives.
Old Germ. Jngaz, Jugizus — Eng. Jukes, Juggs, Jewiss
— French Jouisse. Eng. Juggins. Eng. Jeula, Jewell —
French Jugla, Julia ? (homme de lettres.)
* A Boston surname— English ?
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 245
COMPOUNDS.
(And, prosperity) French Jougaud, Jouuaud, Jouet —
Eng, Jewett, Jowett. (Bei't, famous) French Joubert.
(Hard, fortis) French Jaugeard, Jouard. (Hari, warrior)
Eng. Jewery 1* — French Jugier, Juery. (Mar, famous)
Old German Jugumar, 9th cent. — French Joumar. ( Wcdd,
power) French Jouault.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Jewin. French Juquin, Juign^ Juin ?
From the Ang.- Saxon stare, sterc, Old High
German starh, strong, rough, fierce, are the
following.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Starco, Staracho, 8th cent. English Stark, stark.
Starkey, Stirk, Stork 1 Sturge. Modern German Stark, ^''■°^^-
^ Fierce.
Sterk. French Staar 1
COMPOUNDS.
(ffari, warrior) Old Germ. Starchar, 8th cent. — English
Starker, Stericker, Straker — Modern German Sterker —
French 1 Stricker. (Man) Old Germ. Starcman, 8th cent.
— Starcman, Hund. Rolls. — English Starkman — French
Sterckeman.
In the Ang.-Sax. and Old High German snel.
Old Norse sniallr, there mingles with the sense
of swiftness or celerity sufficient of that of bold-
ness or fierceness to bring them under this head.
simple forms. SneL
Old German Snello, Snel, 8th cent. Old Norse Sniallr. Brave.
Eng. Snell. Mod. Germ. Schnell. Active.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Snellung, 8th cent. Eng. Snellino.
COMPOUNDS.
(Gar, spear) Old German Snelger, 8th cent. English
Snelgar.
* Or local, from jeiverie, a district inhabited by Jewa (HalliwellJ.
Snar.
Fortis.
246 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
From the same root as snel comes Ang.-Sax.
snear, celer, fortis, which is found in two Old
ceier. Gcrm. names, Snaring and Snarholf. Also in a
Snearri in the Liber Vitw, and in Enghsh Snare
and Snarey.
Also I think in a warlike sense are to be
taken the names derived from the Old High
Germ., funs. Old Norse and Ang.-Sax. fus, eager,
impetuous, a word which we still retain in the
degenerate sense of fuss. In ancient names we
find it more frequently as a termination, as in
Hadufuns {had, war), Valafons {val, slaughter),
Bonofusus {bon, slaughter), &c.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Funs. Old Germ. Eonsa, Funso, Fussio, 6th cent. Eng. Faunce,
Fus Euss, FussEY, Foss ?* FossEY 1 French Fousse, Fusy,
'"^^"'^"^^•FoissY, Fosse? Fossy?
diminutives.
Fussel, Bund. Rolls. — Eng. Fussell — French Fusil —
Ital. FusELi. English Fossick — French FoisSAC — Span. 1
Fonseca.
compounds.
{Hard, fortis) Eng. Fuszard — Fr. Foussard, Fossard.
(Hari, warrior) French Foussier, Fusier, Fossier, Foncier ?
It seems to me rather probable that the
following contain an allied form to the above.
Graff, 3.733, has some trace of a root fiz, in the
sense of movement.
simple FORMS.
i^- Old German Fizo, 9th cent. English Fize, Fiz, Fees.
Impetuous? -p^g^^j^ FiZEAU, FeSSY.
* Besides the local word, the Low Genu, foss, fox, might come in.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 247
DIMINUTIVES.
Eug. Feasal — French Fizel. English Physick. Old
Germ. Fizilin, 9th cent. — Eng. Fishline 1
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, fortis) Eng. Fizard — French Fissart, Fessard.
There are two unexplained words, Jlsc and
fuse, occurring in Old Germ, names, which I think
may be formed out of the preceding — the Swed.
Jiaska, Old Eng. ^5^, to bustle about, showing the
related Teutonic words, and the Welsh ffysg,
impetuous, which I take to be also cognate,
preserving most closely the sense. The form j^5c
is only found in one Old Germ, name Fisculf ; the
form fuse in the following. From the frequent
interchange of se and a?, it is probable that fix
( = fisc), d^ndi fox (=foseJ, may in some cases
come in here.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Fuscias (a Vandal), 6th cent., Fusco, Fusca
(Franks), 9th cent. Eng. Fux ? Fox ? Foskey, Fisk, Fish, ^'''''•
Fix. Mod. Germ. Fisch, Fix. French Fusch, Fix, Fisq,
FlESCHI.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Fusculo, 8th cent. — Eng. Foxell ? — Modem
Germ. Fuchsel ? — Ital. Foscolo.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Foxen, Fisken, Fixson. French Fixon.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Fuscari, 8th cent. — English
FoxERY — French Fixary — Ital. Foscari. {Hard, fortis)
Mod. Germ. Fischart. {Hild, war) Old German Fuscildis,
8th cent.— ItaL Fuscaldo.* {Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Fiscolf,
8th cent. — Mod. Germ. Fischhof ?
* Corresponds more nearly with wald, power, though hild and wald are
liable to intermix. The name Fuscildis is Prankish.
248 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
From the Aiig.-Sax. cdf, c6f, strenuous, seem
to be the following. There are but slight traces
of this root in Old Germ, names, but it frequently
occurs among the Anglo-Saxons. There was a
converted heathen priest named Coifi, who on the
reception of Christianity by the people of North-
umbria, undertook the demolition of the ancient
shrines. It has been asserted that this is not a
Saxon but a Cymric name, and that it denotes
in Welsh a druid ; but Mr. Kemble has shown
good reasons for believing that it is from the
Ang.-Sax. c6f, active, strenuous. It also appears
in the form cuf, as in the names Blethcuf and
Wincuf, Cod. Dip. 981. The Old High German
hop. Mod. Germ, hopf, head, perhaps in the sense
of helmet, is a root liable to intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Cuppa, a Frank, 6th cent., Coppo, 9th cent.
strenuous. Ang.-Sax. Coifi. Eng. Coffey, Covey, Copp, Cob,* Cuff,
CuFFEY, Cubby. Modern German Kaup, Kopp, Kubbe.
French Coffy, Copeau, Cufay.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ Cuffola, 8th cent. — English Cuffley, Cubley,
Copley, Covell — Mod. German Coppel — French Coville,
CoPEL. Cofsi, Copsi, Domesday — Eng. Copsey — Modern
German Kopisch — French Coppez. English Cubbidge,
CoppocK. Eng. CoPELiN, Cufflin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Ha/rd) English Covert, Coppard — French Coffard,
Coiffard, Caffort. {Et, p. 189, note) Eng. Cubitt, Cupit.
(Man) Old Germ. Coufman,t 9th cent. — English Coffman,
COPEMAN, CUFMAN.
* Job Cob, one of the quaintest of names.
t "One of the very few ancient names," Forstemann remarks, "that is
derived from a trading origin." I take it, however, to be by no means certain that
it is so.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 249
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Coffin, Coppin, Coveny. French Coffin,
COFFINEAU.
From the Old Norse fJca, North. Eng. feeh,
Eng. fidget, are probably the following, but the
sense I take to be rather that of warlike ardour
and impatience.
simple forms. Fick.
Old German Ficcho, 9th cent. Figge, Urn]). Edw. Srd. impetuous.
Eng. FiGG, FiDGE. Modern German Fiege, Fick. French
FiGEAU.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. FiCKLIN, FiCKLING.
COMPOUNDS.
[Hari, warrior) Eng. Ficker — French Figuier, Ficher.
From the Goth, driusan, Ang.-Sax. dreosan,
cadere, mere, we may get also a sense of
impetuosity suitable for the purpose.
siiveple forms.
Old German Dranso, Drooz, Di*usa, Truozi, 6th cent, ^™c®-
Eng. Druce, Truce, Trowse, Truss. French Trousseau, ™^^ ^
Tross, Droz.
diminutives.
Eng. Trussell. French Trousel.
phonetic ending.
Old German Drusun, Trusun, 11th cent. Fr. Trusson.
The Ang.-Sax. tJirist, bold, daring, appears to
be found in Thristlingaden, "the valley of the Tj^g^^
Thristlings," Cod. Dip. 570. And to this, rather ^oid.
than to Fr. triste, sad, I put Eng. Trist, Trister,
perhaps Tristram {ram, raven) though a Celtic
origin may be upheld. ^^*
History of Christian Names, 2.145
F 2
250 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
The word hard (Goth, hardus. Old High
Germ, hart, Anglo-Saxon heard), so common,
particularly as an ending, in men s names, may
be taken to comprise some sense both oi fortis
and durus, and to betoken endurance, vigour, and
courage. The older derivation of Bernard, &c.,
from ard, art, kind, sort, nature, is certainly
erroneous, but it is very possible that there may
be an intermixture of hard or ard, not in the
sense of fortis or durus, but as an ending like
that in coward, drunkard, and many other words
both in the Teutonic and Romanic languages, as
noticed by Grimm (Deutsch. Gramm,, 2.339.^
SIMPLE FORMS.
TT J TT . Old Germ. Hardo, Herti, 9 th cent. Eng. Hard, Hardy,
Hard, Hart, ' ' o j »
Strong, Herd, Hart, Heart, Hartie, Hearty, Chard, Chart.
Hardy. Modern German Hardt, Hartz, Herde, Herth. French
Hardi, Hardy, Hart, Artus.
diminutives.
English Hartell — Modern German Haertel — French
Hardel4 Arteil.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Harding, Arding. Eng. Harding, Arding,
Harting. Mod. Germ. Harting, Hartung.*
compounds.
(Gar, spear) Old German Hartker, 8th cent. — English
Hardacre. (Hard, reduplication) Old German Hartai*t,
10th cent. — French Hartard. (Helm) Old Germ. Arthelm,
9th cent. — Eng. Hardham. (Hari, warrior) Old German
Artheri, Hardier, Charterius, 6th cent. — English Harder,
Hardyear, Harter, Arter, Charter — Modern German
Harder, Horder — Fr. Hardier, Ardier, Artur, Chartier.
* The Eng. name Ha.rtstonge may not improbably arise out of a nu3Con<
ception of Hartung.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 251
{Land) Old German Artalaud, 8tli cent. — Eng. Hartland.
(Man) Old German Hartman, Hertman, 8tli cent. — English
Hardman, Herdman — Mod. Germ. Hartmann, Erdmann —
French Hartmann. {Mund, protection) Old Germ. Harto-
mund, 3rd cent. — Eng. Hardiment. {Nagal, nail) Old
Germ. Hartnagal, 9th cent. — Eng. Hartnall — Mod. Germ.
HiiRTNAGEL. {Xid, strife) Old Germ. Hartnid, Hart nit, 9 th
cent. — Eng. Hartnett. {Rat, counsel) Old Germ. Hartrat,
6th cent. — English Hartwright — Mod. German Hartrot.
{Rice, powerful) Old Germ. Harderich, Hertrih, 5th cent. —
Eng. Hartridge, Hartry — Modern Gernlan Hertrich —
French? Herterich. {Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Hardulf, 8th
cent. — Eng. Hardoff. {Wold, power) Old German Artald,
9th cent. — Mod. Germ. Artelt — French Artault. {Wig,
wic, war) Old Germ. Hardwic, Hartuih, 8th cent. — English
Hardwick, Hardwidge, Hardaway — Modern German
Hardweck. {Wine, friend) Old Germ. Hardwin, Hardoin,
7th cent. — English Ardouin — French HerdeviN; Hardoin,
Hardouin, Ardouin.
phonetic ending.
Old German Hardini, Hardin, 8th cent. Eng. Harden,
Harton, Arden. Mod. Germ. Herden. French Hardon,
Charton.
From the Old High Germ, fasti, Ang.-Saxon
fcest, firm, unyielding, I take the following, which
I think may come in here.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Fasta. Feste, Hund. Rolls. English Fast, Fast.
Feast, Fist. Mod. Germ. Fest. French Fastou, Feste, Firm.
Festu.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Fastun, 8th cent. Eng. Fastin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Burg, protection) Old German Fastbui-g, 8th cent. —
French ? Fisteberg. {Ha/ri, warrior) Old German Fastheri,
252 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
9th cent. — Eng. Faster, Fester, Feaster, Fister — Modem
German Faster — French Fastier, Fastr^ Fester. {JJlfy
wolf) Old German. Fastulf, 8th cent. — Eng. Fastaff.
From the Ang.-Sax. slide, stiih, firm, steadfast
— the latter also having the meaning of severus,
asper, we may take the following. I also include
the form stad, which Forstemann refers to stadt,
town, but which — referring to Old Norse staddr,
constitutus, stedia, firmare — I take to be only one
of the forms of this root.
simple forms.
stid. Eng. Stitt, Stith, Stead, Steady, Steed, State, Stand,
stad. Stent. Mod. Germ. Stade.
Firm.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Stiding, Stinding, 9th cent. Eng. Standing.
Mod. Germ. Steding.
compounds.
(Man) English Stedman, Steedman — Modern German
Stedmann. {Ulf, wolf) Old German Stadolf, 8th cent. —
Stithuulf, Lib Vit. — Eng. Stidolph.
Probably in something of a warlike sense is
to be taken the following group, the root of
which seems to be the Sanscrit hmc, vociferari,
whence a number of words of similar meaning in
the Aryan languages. Then in the Old Norse
hroki, pride, insolence, lirohr, vir fortis et grandis,
also insolens, the sense seems to approach to that
of defiance, which is suitable for proper names.
simple FORMS.
Old German Rocco, Ruccho, Roho, Roo, Crucus, Crocus
Itock Xiuclc
stridere (^^^S ^^ ^^^ Alamanni, 4th cent.) English Rock, Rockey,
RoAKE, Roach, Ruck, Rugg, Rook, Rue, Crock. Modem
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 253
German Rocke, Ritcke, Raucii, Rogge, Ruhe. French
RocQUE, Roche, Rogue, Rog4 Rogeau, Croco, Cruq,
Croue.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Rocula, 7th cent. — French Roucolle. Old
Germ. Roccolenus, 6th cent. — French Rocquelin, Roguelin.
Eng. RocHEZ — French Rogez, Roques.
compounds.
(Bert, famous) Old German Rocbert, 8th cent. — French
RoQUEBERT. (Ut, p. 189, note) English Roget, Rockett,
Crockett — French Roget, Roquette, Crochet. (Hard
fortis) Old German Ruchart, Hrohhart, 9th cent. — Modern
German Ruckert — French Rochard, Rohard, Crochard.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Roacheri, Ruachari, 9th cent. —
Eng. RoKER, RooKER, RucKER, Croker, Crocker — Modem
German Rucker — French Raucour, Rocher, Rouher.
(Man) English Rugman. ( Ulf, wolf) Old German Rocculf,
Roholf, Roolf, 8th cent. — Old Norse Hrolfr — Eng. Rolfe —
Mod. Germ. Rohloff. (Wald, power) Old Germ. Rochold,
Rouhold, 8th cent. — French Rocault, Rocauld, Rohault.
(Ward, guardian) French Croquart.
In a similar sense I take the root imm, which
Forstemann considers obscure, and which Abel
takes to be a contraction of irmin. The root
meaning seems to be noise, as in Old Norse ymia,
stridere. Hence Old Norse ymr, clash of arms,
and yma, battle. The name of the giant Ymir in
Northern mythology is from this root — the sense
being primarily that of loud voice, which suggests
that of huge stature.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Immo, Ymmo, Emmo, 7th cent. Old Norse
Ymi. Eng. Yem 1 Modern German Imm, Ihm. French stridere
Eme, Emy.
254 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Ymizo, 11th cent. — English Eames, Hymes,
Emms — Modern German Imse — French Imbs. Old German
Imico, 8th cent. — Eng. Image — Mod. Germ. Immich.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old German Imbert, 7th cent. — English
Imbeet — French Imbert. {Bald, fortis) French Imbault.
{Hard^ fortis) Old Germ. Emehard, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ.
Emmert — French Imard. {Har% warrior) Old German
Emaher, Emheri, 10th cent. — Eng. Ember, Emery — French
Imer, Emmery. {Ric, dominion) Old German Emrich, 8th
cent. — Eng. Emerick — Modern German Emerich — French
Emeric, Emericque.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Imino, 8th cent. Anglo-Saxon Immine.
Eng. Emeny. French Emmon.
Probably in something of a warlike sense
are to be taken the following, which seem to
be from Old High Germ. Htan, Ang.-Sax. ridan^
English ride.
simple FORMS.
jjj^g Eng. Ride, Ridey, "Writt, Write. Mod. Germ. Ritt.
Equitare. French Rideau, Ridde, Riette.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. RiDDELL — Modern German Riedl — French Ridel,
RiEDLE. Old Germ. Ridelenus, 8th cent. — Eng. Ridlon —
French Riedling. Eng. Riddick.
patronymic.
Eng. Riding, Ridding.
compounds.
{Ger, spear) Old German Rideger, 10th cent. — English
RiDGER. (Hard) English Ridhard. {Aud, prosperity)
French Ritaud, Redaut — Eng. Rideout, Redout. {Har%
warrior) Eng. Rider, Writer, Wrighter — Mod. German
RiTTER, RiDDER — French Ridiere.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 255
From the Goth, neiths, Ang.-Sax. niiJi, malice,
hatred, strife, Forstemann derives the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Nid, Nitho, Nitto, Nizo, 8tli cent. English ^^.^j^
Knitt, Neate, Need, Niess, Nice 1 Mod. German Nied, strife.
NiETE, Nitze, Nizze. French Nizey.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bald, fortis) Old German Nithbald, 9 th cent. — Modern
German Nippolt — French Nibault. (Bert, famous) Old
Germ. Nidperht, 8th cent. — French Nibart. (Bod, envoy)
Old Germ. Nidaboto, 9th cent. — Eng. Nibbett, Nisbet ? —
Mod. Germ. Niepoth — French Nebout. (Goz, Goth) Old
Germ. Nidgoz, 9th cent. — Eng. Negus.* (Hard, fortis) Old
German Nidhard, Nihard, 9th cent. — Modern German
NlEDHARDT, NiTZERT — French NiZARD, NiSARD, NiARD.
(Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Nither, 8th cent. — Mod. German
Nieder — French Nij^DRfe, Netter. (Had, war) Old Germ.
Nidhad, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Nithhad — French Nitot.
The following group, which are rather apt to
mix with the preceding, I connect with a word
nadal, very common in Frankish names, and
which Weinhold refers to Old High German
nadala, acus, in a supposed poetical allusion to
the snake. This, however, I think very far-
fetched, and simply class the word along with
others of the same sort already introduced in
this chapter. The root is nad, which, as Mr.
Wedgwood has shown, has the sense of piercing,
and from which are formed needle (Old High
Germ, nadala, Ang.-Sax. nedl) — nettle t (Ang.-
Sax. netl. Mod. Germ, nessel) — and as he thinks,
* Hence the name of the beverage, from its inventor, one Colonel Negus.
t The Lat. urtica may be from a root of similar meaning— cnf. ord, ort, p. 217.
Acus.
t
256 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
the Ang.-Saxon nceddre, Eng. adder. I include
the form nestle on the principle referred to p. 238
— the Norwegian iiaestle, nettle, is a case in
point. And for an example of the converse we
have Eng. nest, Lat. nidus, Welsh nyth.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Nadai. Qid Germ. Nadal, Nadala, 8fch cent. English Nad all,
Needle, Nettle, Nestle. Modern German Nadell, Neidl,
Nessel. French Nidelay, Nizolle, Nestlie.
diminutives.
Old German Nadalina, Natalinus, 8th cent. — English
Nestling — Modern German Nadelin, Niedling — French
Nestlen.
compounds.
i "^ {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Natlahar, 8th cent. — English
Needler, Nalder* — Modern German Nadler, Nessler —
French Nesseler. {Rat, counsel) Old Germ. Nadalrad, 8th
cent. — Eng. Naldrett — Mod. Germ. Nesselrath ?
Another name which I take also to be from
a weapon is Sneezy. This, along with an Old
German Snizolf (ulf, wolf) may be referred to
'^^^'^ Ang.-Sax. snce^, spear.
n And there are a few names overlooked in
£ their proper place in this chapter, which may be
^ ^ referred to Old High Germ, fehd. Mod. German
^ f elide, Ang.-SsiK. fcegth, faeth, Eng. feud.
V simple forms
Faid. Old Germ. Feito, 9th cent. Eng. Faed, Faith, Faithy.
French Feydeau, Feytou.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Fedane, 7th cect. Eng. Feddon.
I take the above to be from the same root as
the Germ.. fechte7i, Ang.SsiX. feohtan, Eng. fight.
* Either by transposition for Nadler, or perhaps containing the Dutch form
tiaald, needle,
•^
•K-i
Feud.
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 257
The name Fechter seems to be of German
origin, but Ficatier in the directory of Paris
looks like the same name in a more thoroughly
French guise. Or we might connect it with
Germ. Jichte, the pine-tree, whence Pott derives
the German name Fichte.
From the Old Sax. werod, Ang.-Sax. weorod,
host, army, we may take the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Werot, 9 th cent. Verritus, Fiisian prince werod.
in Tacitus, 1st cent. — here 1 English Werrett, Verity 1 Armj.
Virtue 1 French Virot, YtRiTi^, Vertu 1
From the Goth, slahan, slohun, Anglo-Saxon
slagan, slean, Eng. slay, Old English sle, slow,
occidere, rather than from the Old High German
slou. Mod. Germ, schlau, Eng. sly, as proposed by
Forstemann, I take the following. The name
Slybody, found in Sussex in the 17th century,
might have been included here, but as the name
Slytbody is found in the same county at an
earlier date (Pat. Brit.), we may rather refer it,
along with our name Slight, to Anglo-Saxon
slitta, contention, and explain Slytbody as a
messenger of strife, or perhaps rather in the
higher sense as a herald of war.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Slaugo, Slougo, Sliu,* 8th cent. English
Slagg, Slegg, Slack, Slay, Slewey, Slow, Slowey, Slee,
Sly. Mod. Germ. Schlauch, Schlech. slaughter.
Slag.
• Grimm fFrauennamen aus blumenj, derives this (female' name from Old
Norse sly, conferva palustris— a very doubtful derivation, as it seems to me.
G 2
258 THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS.
COMPOUNDS.
(Man) English Slewman, Slowman, Slyman, Sleeman.
(Ulf, wolf) Old German Slougolf, Sliholf, Sth cent.— English
Slyofp.
There is a word of yet more hateful sound
which appears to come before us in men's names?
viz., the Old High Germ, mort, Ang.-Sax. mord
morth, Old Scotch morili, murth, Eng. murder.
Old Eng. mort, Lat. morSy death. The meaning
is probably nothing more than that of slayer, so
common in the names of this chapter. There are
but few names in the Altdeutsches Namenhuch,
and Forstemann does not give an opinion upon
them. Pott suggests the above meaning in the
case of the Germ, names Mordt and Mordtmann,
but the German Martyrt and the French
Mortemart he explains, unsatisfactorily, as I
think, as mors martyrum.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Mort. Old German Morto. English Mort, Morde, Morday*
Mors. Mordue, Murt, Murta, Murtha, Morse. Mod. German
MoRDT, Mortz. Fr. Mort, Mortieu, Morda, Mourceau,
DIMINUTIVES.
Murdoc, Domesday — Eng. Murdock — Modem German
Mortzschke — French Mordaque. Eng. Mortal, Myrtle,
Morsel, Mursel — French Mourzelas 1 Fr. Morsaline.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) Eng. Murtard — Mod. Germ. Martyrt ?
— French Mordret (for Mordert ?) {Ram, raven) Old
Germ. Mordramnus,* Maurdrannns (Abbot of Corvey), Sth
cent. — Eng. Mortram. {Hari, warrior) English MoRTARt —
French Mortier, Morziere. {Mard, fame) French Morte-
* Wrongly placed by Forstemann.
t Or the extended form, as found in Eng. murder.
A\
THE WARRIOR AND HIS ARMS. 259
MARD, MORTEMART.* (Man) MoRTIMAIN, Roll Batt. Abb. —
Eng. MoRSMAN — Mod. Germ. Mordtmann.
In concluding this chapter we may remark
how the one thought of war seems to have been
at the bottom of the hearts of our forefathers.
We have seen how everything long a ad straight
seems to have been, par excellence, a spear —
everything broad and flat, j^^a?' excellence, a
shield. And so, in proper names, a song may
have been the song of victory — an ornament may
have been the reward of valour. Thus there
may be in reality a number of other names at the
bottom of which is a war sense, but in which the
expression is not sufficiently prominent to warrant
their introduction here.
* Might be local — there being two places so called in France. At the same
time I believe, as elsewhere stated, that many names of places in France are simply
names of men.
CHAPTEE XIV.
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
It is a long list of fierce and cruel names that
we have just been considering. These — with
scarcely an exception — must have been given in
the cradle — it was a war baptism, so to speak.
The innocent babe on his mothers breast was
called by a warlike name, in the hope that his
sword would one day make other babes orphans,
and other women childless. Even the gentler
sex had the same ungentle names, for war was
the religion of the day.
It is a pleasant change then to turn to names
which speak of peace and good-will, of love,
friendship, and affection — even though in some
cases we may have to put a certain Hmitation
upon the sense. We can scarcely suppose, for
instance, that frid or frith, peace, so common in
ancient names, was used in that sense of peace on
earth and good- will towards men, which had no
place in the fierce religion of our forefathers.
The idea, if applied to their own tribe, might be
rather that of protection or security — if applied
to their enemies, that of conquest or subjugation.
This root was widely spread over all the German
tribes, but it is by no means so common in French
and English names as might be expected. In
many cases, both as a prefix and as a termination,
it changes inio frey or free.
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 261
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Friddo, Fritto, 9th cent. Eng. Frid, Fred, rrfd, Frith.
Fread, Frith, Freeth, Frethy. Modern German Fried, ^®*^®-
Frede. French Fri^e, Fr^eau, Fret4 Freteau.
diminutives.
Old German Fritila, Fridila, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Fridla
— Mod. Germ. Friedel — French Fredoille, Fritel. Old
German Fridulin, 9th cent. — English Freeling? — French
Frelon ?
compounds.
(Bad, war) Old German Fridibad, Suabian Prince, 5th
cent. — Eng. Freebout — French Frepat. (Bald, bold) Old
German Frithubald, 6th cent. — French Frebault. (Bern,
bear) Old German Fridubem, 9th cent. — Fiiebernus ]
Domesday — Eng. Freeborn ? (Birg, protection) Old Germ.
Fridubirg, 8th cent. — Eng. Freeborough ? Freebridge 1
(Bod, envoy) Old German Frithubodo, 9th cent. — English
Freebody. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Fridehere, 9th cent.
— Mod. German Fretter — French Frediere. (Dag, day)
Old Germ. Frittag, 9th cent. — Eng. Friday — Mod. German
Freitag. (Lind, gentle) Old German Fridulind, 9th cent.
Frelond, Hund. Rolls, — Eng. Freeland ? (Liuh, love) Old
German Fridiliuba — Eng. Freelove ? (Rice, powerful) Old
Germ. Frithuric, 6 th cent. — Old Norse Fridrekr (Icelandic
bishop) — Eng. Frederick — Mod. Germ. Friderich — French
Frederick. (Stan, stone) Ang.-Saxon Frithestan — English
Freestone 1
Another word with the meaning of peace — but
into which there enters more of the sense of
friendship and relationship — is Anglo-Saxon sib.
Hence the name, according to Grimm, of the
goddess Sif, wife of Thor in Northern mythology.
simple forms.
Old German Sibja, 6th cent., Siffo, Sivo. Anglo-Saxon g.. g.
Sibba, bishop of Elmham. Eng. Sipp, Seavt. Mod. Germ. Friendship.
Siebe, Seppe. French Sive.
262 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Sibico, 8th cent. — Eng. Sibbick — Mod. Germ.
SiEBECKE. Old German Sevila ? 7tli cent. — English Sibel,
Sibley — Mod. German Sybel — French Sevilla ? Sybille ?
Eng. SiFFKEN — Mod. German Sieveking. English Sipling.
French Sebillon, De Sevelinges.*
PATEONYMTCS,
Eng. SiBSON. Eng. Seppings.
COMPOUNDS.
(Harif warrior) Eng. Sibery, Sievier — French Sipiere,
Silver. (Lets, learned) Eng. Sipless 1 (RiCy power) Old
Germ. Sivracus, 8th cent — Eng. Sivrac, Shiverick — French
Sevry 1 (Rat, counsel) Eng. Sievewright ?
LOCAL name.
(Thorp, village) Eng. Sibthorp, Sipthorp.
Another root of similar meaning may be sem,
sim (Anglo-Saxon seman, to mediate, appease ;
sema, syma, a peace-maker.) There is only one
Old Germ, name from this root, which Forstemann
does not class. The word sam, p. 75, is apt to
intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Sem Sim ^^^ Germ. Simo, Syme, 9th cent. English Syme, Simm.
Mediation. French Semey, Sem4 Sem, Simus.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. SiMCO. English Simmill — French Semel, Semele,
SiMiL. Eng. Simkin — French Semichon.
compounds.
(Gis, his, hostage) Eng. Simkiss. (Hari, warrior) French
SiMiER. (Hard) French Simard, Simart.
Friend. There are a number of words of which the
Amicus, meaning is friendship and affection. Friend itself
* This looks as if it were formed on the same principle as the Italian names
referred to by Salverte, originating in the family feuda of the middle ages. "A
man did not call himself Tibaldo Capuletti, or Salvino Armati, but Tibaldo cU
CapvJUiti, Salvino degV Armati— ouq of the Capuletti, one of the Armati."
U
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 263
is an ancient name, though not common. We
find an Old Germ. Friunt, 8th cent., Eng. Friend^
Modern German Freund, French Friand and
Friant. Then we have Friendship, correspond-
ing with an Old Germ. Friuntskap, 9th cent., of
which Forstemann observes that it is ** a name
standing altogether by itself." But we seem to
have one or two similar names, as probably
WiNSHiP, from winey friend.
The last word wine, is the most common of
all words with this meaning, occurring most
frequently as a termination. It frequently,
and especially in French, takes the prefixes g and
q, as noticed at p. 47. It is probable that Ang.-
Sax. win, strife, war, intermixes.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Wino, Win, Wina, Wini, Winni, 8tli cent.,
Guuine, 8th cent., Quino, llth cent. Ang.-Sax. Wine, Srd Wine,
bishop of London. Eng. Winn, Winney, Wine, Wheen, ^"®°<^-
Whenn, Vine, Viney, Quin, Quiney, Queen, GwynnI
Mod. Germ. Wein, Winne, Quin. French Yin ay, Guen^,
Gueneau, Guenu, Quenay, Queneau, Quin, Quineau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Yinnilo, 9 th cent. — English Winlo, Yinall,
QuENNELL — French Quenelle. Eng. Quinlin. Old Germ.
Winicho, Winika — English Winch — Mod. Germ. Winecke,
WiNKE — French Yincke, Yinche. Old German Winizo,
Winzo,* 8th cent. — Ang.-Saxon Wynsy, bishop of Lichfield
— Eng. Quince, Quincey — French Yincey, Quincey.
patronymics.
Eng. WiNSON — French Yinson, Quenessen. Old Germ
Wininc, 8th cent. — Eng. Winning — Mod. Germ. Winning.
* Forstemann— less reasonably, as it appears to me — places these two names
to the root winid, loend (Vandal. )
264 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bald, bold) Old German Winibald, 8tli cent. — English
"WiXBOLT, Wimble — French Guimbal. {Burg, protection)
Old Germ. Wineburg, 8th cent. — Eng. Wixbridge ? — Mod.
German Weinberg — French Yinboukg. {Cof, strenuous)
Ang.-Sax. Wincuf, Cod. Dip. 981 — Eng. Wincup — Modem
Germ. Weinkopf. {Brud, dear) Old Germ. Winidrud, 8th
cent. — Eng. Windred. {Gaud, Goth) Old Germ. Winegaud,
8th cent. — Eng. Wingood, Wingate. {Gar, spear) Old Ger.
Winiger, Yinegar, 7 th cent. — Eng. Winegar, Yinegar —
Mod. Germ. Weinger. (Hard) Old Germ. Winihart, 8th
cent. — Mod. Germ. Weinhardt — Fr. Quenard, Quinard.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Winiheri, Winier, 8th cent. — Eng.
Winer, Quiner — Mod. Germ. Winheer — French Guinier,
GuiNERY, Quinier. {Laic, play) Old Germ. Winleich, 8th
cent. — Uinilac, Lib. Vit. — English Winlock. (Man) Old
Germ. Winiman, 7th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Winemen — English
WiNEMAN, WiNMEN, Whenman — Mod. German Weinmann.
{Mar, famous) Old German Winimar, 8th cent. — French
QuENEMER. {Rat, counsel) Old Germ. Winirat, 8th cent. —
French Guenerat. {Stan, stone) Anglo-Saxon Wynstan —
Eng. Winston. {Wald, power) Old German Wine void,
Guinald, 8th cent. — Modern German Weinhold — French
GUENAULT, QUENAULT, QuiNAULT.
phonetic ENDING.
Old Germ. Yinin, 8th cent. Eng. Yinen. Mod. Germ.
Weinen. French Winnen, Guenin.
The Old High Germ. Huh, Ang.-Saxon leof,
dear, is also very common in proper names.
There are, however, other roots very liable to
intermix, as Goth, laifs, superstes, and Old High
Germ, /dp, praise, both found in ancient names.
simple forms.
Lib, Lif. Old Germ. Liuba, Liuf, Leupo, Liebus, 6th cent. Ang.-
^Dear°^ Sax. Leof. Old Norse Liufa. English Lief, Life, Loup,
f
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 2()5
Lirp, TiKAP, Lunv, Love, ISIod. (icnn. Lier, Lippe, Libbe.
Ercmh Livio, hi:i'Pi:, I^iEPPE, LovY, Loup, LouvA, Louveau,
Ll'PPK.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Gorman Liuvicho, Libicho, 8tli cent. — Old Danish
Livick — Eug. Livick, Lovick, Lubbock — INIodern German
LiKHU'ir, LiEBiG, Lei'poc, Lubbecke — French Libec, Luba(^,
Lkppu'H, Levi\>1'k ? Levick. Old German Lieuikin, lOth
cent. — Eng. Lovekin — Fr. Liefquin. Old Germ. Liubilo,
8th cent. —Eng. Lovell, Levell — Modern German Liebel,
LipPEL — French Louvel. Old German Liebizo, Luviz,
Liubisi (genit) — Ang.-Saxon Leofsy, bishop of Worcester —
Eng. LiBBis, LovEYS, LivESEY', LovESEV — Modom German
Lepsius — French Liboz, Lips.
PATPvONYMICS.
Old German Liubing, 8th cent. Anglo-Saxon Living,
Archbishop of Canterbury. Lutincus, Domesday. English
Living, Loving, Levinge.
compounds.
{Dag, day) Old German Liopdag, 10th cent. — Luiedai,
Domesday — English Loveday. (Frid, peace) Old German
Liupfrit — Eng. Lefroy 1 {Hard) Old German Liubhart,
Leopard, 7th cent. — Eng. Leopard, Liberty ? — Mod. Germ.
LiPiiARD, LipPEKT, LiEBERT — French Libert, Lippert.
{Ilari, warrior) Old German Liublieri, Libher, Lipher, 8th
cent. — Eng. Lepper, Lover, Lever — Mod. Germ. Lieber —
French Liebherre, Levier, Louvier. {Lind, gentle) Old
German Liublind, 8th cent. — English Loveland ? {Man)
Old German Liubman, 8th cent — Eng. Loveman — IModern
Germ. Lu:b.mann. {Mar^ famous) Old German Leobmar,
10th cent. — English Livemore. {Jitc, power) Old German
Liubrich, 7th cent. — Ang.-Saxon Lcofric — Eng. Loveridge.
{Trut, dear) Old Germ. Lipdrud, 8th cent. — Eng. Liptrot
]\Iod. Germ. Liebetuut. ( Wald, power) Old Germ. Lupoald
7th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Leofweald — French Libault.
H 2
266 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
Another word of similar meaning is probably
minn, from Old High German minna, Ang.-Sax.
myn, love, affection.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Minn. Old German Minna, 9th cent. English Minn, Mynn,
Love. Minney, Minnow. French Minne, Mine.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Minigo, 9th cent. — Eng. Minoch, Minke —
French Minich. Old German Miniul, 11th cent. — French
MiNEL. Eng. MiNCHiN — French Minachon. Eng. Minns,
Mince.
compounds.
{Halt, hood) Eng. Minnett — French Minnette. {Hard)
Old German Minard, 11th cent. — English Minard — French
MiNARD, MiNART. {Hari, warrior) English Miner — French
MiNiER, MiNEUR % {Rat^ counsel) French Mineret.
The word sweet, dulcis, in the various forms
of Old High German suaz. Mod. Germ, siiss. Old
Sax. s6t, Anglo-Saxon swet, swSs, appears to be
found in some ancient and modern names. The
few Old Germ, names which I have ventured to
put here are not explained by Forstemann, and
the existence of the word is more clearly shown
by the names found in our own early records.
The Ang.-Sax. smith, vehement, may be liable to
intermix, as well as a word swed found in some
names, and referred by Forstemann to Old Bigh
German sivedan, cremare.
simple forms.
Old German Suoto, ISoto, Suto, Suzo, Swiza, 9th cent.
Sweet, guet, an under-Unant before Domesday. English Sweet,
^ ^T' Sweat, Suit, Suett, Suse, Sauce. Modern German Sause,
Dulcis. ) J J ? J
SiJss. French Suasso, Soussi, Susse, Soto, Suet.
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 267
PATRONYMICS.
Sueting, Domesday. Eiig. Sweeting.
COMPOUNDS.
(Man) Ang.-Sax. Swetman, name of the minter on on£ of
the coins found at Alfriston, Suffolk — English Sweetman —
ModerD German Susmann — French 1 Zoutman. (Leof dear)
English Sweetlove, Sutliff 1 Sutcliff 1
The root of sweet is su, the primitive meaning
of which seems to be liquescere, and whence also
the words suck, sugar, &c. The particle su or
sug is foiuid in several Old Celtic names, as
Sucarius, Sucaria {Grut, 742.3), which Gluck —
taking the Old Celt, sucar as the equivalent of
the Welsh liygar — explains as amabilis. The
same word comes before us in some Old German
names ; I take it to be from Old High German
sugan, Ang.-Sax. sucan, Eng. such, and suppose
the meaning to be the same as that of the above
word sweet.
simple forms.
Old German Zucho. ADglo-Saxon Sucga, Succa,ybwwc?
apparently in Sucgangrdf Succanscylf Cod. Dip. 441, 1232.
Souch, Roll Batt. Abb. English Sugg, Suck, Suckey, Such, sug.
Sew, Sewey. Mod. Germ. Zuck. French Souchay, Sue.* Sweet.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Zuchilo, Lombard king, 6th cent. — English
SucKLEY — French Suchel. Suckling, Domesday — English
Suckling.
compounds.
(And, prosperity) French SuccAUD, Suquet, Sougit —
Eng. Suggett. (Hard) Mod. Germ. Zuckert, Suckard —
French Souchard. (Man) Eng. Suckman. (Eat, counsel)
French Soucherad, Soucheret.
* Pott's suggestion of sang-sue, leech, hardly needs to be considered.
Su.
Dear.
Cams.
268 THE PROTECTOB AND THE FRIEND.
EXTENDED FOEM=ENG. SUgar, GERM. ZUCkeT t
Old Germ. Suger.* English Sugar, Sucker. Modem
Germ. Zucker. French Sougere, Soucherre.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Soucherard. (i/ar, famous) English
SucKERMORE. {Man) Eng. Sugarman {Sviff. Suim.)
Between deaVy cams, and deer, the animal, it
is impossible to distinguish even in ancient names.
The former is the preferable sense, though it is
probable that there may be an admixture of the
two. The larger proportion of the ancient names
are those of women.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Dioro, Diura, Teor, 8th cent. Anglo-Saxon
Diora. Old Norse Diri. English Dear, Dearey, Tear,
Tearey. Mod. German Diehr, Thier, Theuer. French
Thiry, Thierry, Thierrj^, Tireau.
/ V /' ■ -■ -.
' compounds.
{Leofy dear) Ang.-Sax. Deorlaf, bishop of the Magassetas
— Eng. Dearlove. {Bert, famous) Eng. Dearbird. (Man)
Dereman, Domesday — Eng. Dearman. ( Wald, power) Old
Germ. Deorovald, Deorold, 7th cent. — Mod. Germ. Dorwald
— French Thirault. {Wine, friend) Ang.-Sax. Deorwyn
{Mss. Cott.) — Eng. Derwin — French Thirouin.
There is a word hily common in ancient and
modern names, and which Grimm (Deutsche
Myth.) explains to mean "lenitas, placiditas.^t
Bil was the name of one of the minor goddesses
in Northern mythology.
* Forstemann makes this a corruption of Swithger. There seems, however,
auflacient ground for taking it as it is. Compare the Celtic name Sucarius.
t This root may, however, sometimes intermix with another hal, hale, as
•nggested at p. 191.
THE PKOTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 269
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Bilo, Billa, 9th cent. English Bill, Billy,
Billow, Pill, Pillky, Pillow. Mod. Germ. Bille, Bila. Gentleness
Dan. BiLLK French Bille, Billey, Pille, Pilley.
DISUNUTIVES.
Old German Bilicha, Pilicho, 9th cent. — Eng. Bilke —
Mod. Germ. Bilke, Belke, Pielke — French Bilco, Belac,
Belloc. Old Germ. Biliza, Piliza, Peliza, 11th cent. — Eng.
BiLLis, Belliss, Belsey — French Billez, Belaize, Belz,
Pelez, Pillas. French Bilken, Billequin.
PATKONYMICS.
Old Germ. Billung, Billing, Pillunc, 8th cent. English
Billing, Billingay. Modern German Billing. French
Billing.
compounds.
{Bold) French Bilbault. {Frid, peace) Old German
Bilfrid, Pillfrid, 8th cent. — Eng. Belfry, Pilford. {Gat^
union ?) Old German Piligat, 9 th cent. — French Pellagot,
Pellecat, Pelcot. {Gard, protection) Old Germ. Beligarda,
9th cent. — Mod. German Pelegaard — French Belligard,
Belicard. {Ger, spear) Modern German Bilger — French
Peligri. {Grim, fierce) Old German Biligrim, Pilgrim,
Pilegrin — English Pilgrim — French Pellegrin. {Heit,
state, hood) Old Germ. Biliheid, 8th cent. — English Billet,
Bellett, Pellett, Pilot — French Bilhet, Billet, Belet,
PiLETTE, Pilot, Pilate. (Hard) Eng. Billiard, Bellord
— Modern German Bilhardt — French Billard, Billiard,
Bellart, Pellard, Pillard. {Hari, warrior) Eng. Beller
— Mod. Germ. Biller — French Billi^re, Bellier, Pellier.
(Rdm) Old German Bilihelm, 9th cent. — Eng. Billham,
Pelham — French Belhomme. (Man) English Billman,
Bellman, Bellmain, Pillman — French Bellemain, Pelman.
{Mm\ famous) Old German Belimar, 8th cent. — Eno-lish
BiLLAMORE, Bellmore — Modem German Bilmer — French
Bellemare. {Mund, protection) Old Germ. Pilimunt, 8th
cent. — English Bellment — French Belment. {Noty bold)
Fr. Bellenot, Belnot. {Sind, via) Old Germ. Belissendis,
Smelt.
270 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
11 til cent. — French Belissent. (Wald, power) English
BiLLYEALD — French Billault. {Ward, guardian) English
Belwaed. (Wine, friend) French Bellavoine. (Wig, wi,
war) French Pelvey.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Pillin. Eng. Billin, Pilon. Mod. German
Bellin. French Belin, Billion, Pillien, Pellin.
The Ang.-Sax. smelt, mild, gentle, is found as
Gentle, the name of a priest. Cod, Dip. 822, and we have
an Eng. Smelt. I find no other trace of it as an
ancient name, and it is possible that the one in
question may have been conferred on account of
character, superseding his ordinary name.
Another word of similar meaning may be
found in Old High German trut, Modern German
travi, Low German dvud, dear, beloved. But
the name Thrudr, of one of the Yalkyrjur, is
supposed by Weinhold ( Deutschen Frauen)^ to
come in, which is probable, more particularly
when the word is used as a termination, in which
case it is found only in the names of women.*
And perhaps for this reason, though it was very
common in Frankish names, we find at present
only scanty traces of it in French. Another root
liable to intermix is Gothic drauht. Old Norse
drdtt, people.
simple forms.
^ , ^ , Old Germ. Drudo, Trudo, Truto, Truut, Trut, 8th cent.
Drud, Tnit. ' ' ' ' '
Dear. Eng. DROUGHT, Drowdy, Trood, Trout, Trott. Modem
Germ. Drude, Drute. French Drude, Troude, Trutey,
Trote, Trott]^.
* It ia still retained in some christian names of women, as Gertrude and
Mildred.
THE PROTECTOR AND TUE FRIEND. 271
COMPOUNDS.
(Ilari, warrior) Old Germ. Trudbar, 8tli cent. — English
Trotter 1 — Modern German Troder — French Trottier ?
(Man) Old German Trutman, 8th cent. — Troteman, Ilund,
Rolls — Eug. Trottmax — Modern Germ. Trautman. {Rat^
counsel) French Trotrot ?
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old German Trutin, 9th cent. English Troughton,
Trodden. French Trudon, Trutin.
Another word of similar meaning is tate (Old
Norse teitr. Old High Germ zeiz), which denotes,
according to Mr. Kemble, " gentleness, kindness,
and tenderness of disposition." Perhaps some-
thing of cheerfulness may enter into the sense,
the Old Norse teitr being expressed by " hilaris/'
It was not unfrequent in Anglo-Saxon times, but
seems to have been more especially common
among the Northmen. There are rather an
unusual number of churchmen with this name ;
thus, out of eleven Northmen called Teitr in the
Annales Islandiae, there are five, viz., one bishop,
one prior, one deacon, and two priests. We
might almost be disposed to thmk that it was
sometimes a name of endearment bestowed upon
a beloved pastor, to the superseding perhaps of
his ordinary name.
simple forms.
Ang.-Sax. Tata, Minister — Tata, Presbyter — Ethelberga, Tate.
"otherwise called Tate," daughter of Ethelbert, king of Amiable.
Kent — Tate Hatte, Mss. Cott. Old Norse Teitr. English
Tait, Tate, Tato, Teat, Tite. French Tete, Tat^.
Upon the whole then it will be seen that
Tait is a very good name for a bishop. And
there is a very good bishop for the name.
272 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
The following names may perhaps be referred
to the Old High Germ, form zeiz, corresponding
with Old Norse teitr.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Zeiz. Qj^ German Zeizo, 8tli cent — Eng. Size. Mod. German
""* ^' Zeiz. French Siess, Ciza.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Zeizilo, 8tli cent. — English Sisley? — French
Seyssel, Cj^zille. French Sisco, Cesac.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard J French Cj^zard. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ,
Zeizheri, 9th cent. — English Sizer — Modern German Zaiser
— French Ciceri 1 (Lind, gentle) Old Germ. Zeizlind, 9th
cent. — English Sizeland.
phonetic ending.
Old German Ceizan, 9th cent. English Sizen. French
Ceysson.
Another root having the meaning of affection
or fondness may be dod, tod, tot. In the former
edition I referred to the Friesic dod, a blockhead,
and to the two Old English words doddypate
and dodipol, of the same meaning, quoted by
Halliwell. Also to the name of the curious and
extinct bird the dodo, which I suppose to have
been so named by the Dutch from its well-
known stupidity. But there is another sense, no
doubt allied, and perhaps from the same root,
which I think more suitable for proper names —
that of fondness. We see the connection in our
own word " dote" — to be foolish and to be fond.
Forstemann speaks of the root as obscure, and
refers to Old High German toto, patrmus, tota,
admater, which may perhaps however only be
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 273
derived senses— tlie root lyin£^ deeper. Another
root very apt to intermix is deot, people.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Dodo, Doddo, Doda (wife of the Frankish jj^^ ^qj
king Tlicodebert), Todo, Totta, Tozo, Tozi, Gtli cent. Ang.- Dear.
Sax. Dodda, Dudda, (bishoj) of Winchester), Totta,* (bishop
of Leicester). English Dodd, Todd, Toddy, Tottey, Dutt,
DuDDY, Dozy. Modern German Dode, Tode, Tott, Todt.
French Dodo, Dod^ Dothee, Toty.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Totilas, Goth, king, 7th cent. — Eng. Tottell,
Dozell, Duddle. Eng. Dotchin.
COMPOUNDS t
(Hard) French Dodard. [Hari, warrior) Old German
Dothari, 9th cent. — Eng. Tozier — Fr. Doziere. (Man)
Old German Totman, 9 th cent. — English Dodman, Todman,
ToTMAN — Modern German Todtmann — French Dodeman.
{Ric, power) Old Germ. Dotrih, 9th cent. — English Dotry,
Doddridge, Dottridge.
phonetic ending.
Old German Dodlin, Todin, 8th cent. English Totten.
French Dodin, Dotin, Dozon.
Along with the above, and in accordance with
the classification of Forstemann, I brinpf in a
group containing a dipthong as below.
SIMPLE forms.
Old German Duodo, Tuoto, Touto, Tooza, 8th cent. J)o^K^
Eng. DowD, Dowdy, Doody^, Doubt, Doubty, Toot, Dowse. Dear.
Fr. DouDEAU, DouTEY^ Tout, Toutay, Dousse, Touzeau,
TOUZE.
* This bishop was also called Torthelm, and Mr. Kemble considers Totta
nothing more than an abbreviation, which may be the case.
t The German name Todleben seems to be formed upon an Old German
Totleib. I have taken this, p. 11, to be from Ueb, dear ; however, the form is
rather that of laib, superstes.
1 2
274 THE PROTECTOR AND THE miEND.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Toutilo — Eng. Dowdle, Toodle, Tootall —
French Doudelle, Touzel. Old German Duodelin, llth
cent. — French Doussoulin, Touzelin. Old Germ. Tuoticha
— Eng. Toothaker 1 — French Tousac. Eng. Dowdiken.
PATRONYMICS.
Eng. DowpiNG, Dowsing.
PHONETIC ending.
English DowDEN, Doudney, Dowson. French Boudan?
DOUSSAN, TOUTAN, TOUZIN.
From the Old Norse linr. Old High German
leni, mild, we may perhaps take the following.
The Old N orse Uniii, snake, may, however, put in
a claim.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Lino, 9th cent. Eng. Linn, Linney, Line,
Linn, Line.
Mild. Liney, Lean. Mod. German Linn, Leine. French Len4
Linnee.
diminutives.
French Lenique. Eng. Linnell.
PATRONYMICS.
Eng. Leaning, Lining.
COMPOUNDS
(Heit, "hood") Old Germ. Linheit — Ang.-Sax. Liniet,
Mss. Cott. — Eng. Linnet— Fr. Linotte. (Hard) French
LiNARD. {GeVj spear) Eng. Linnegar — French Lenegre.
From the Goth, ansts, Old High Germ, anst,
gratia, Forstemann derives some ancient names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Anst. Old Germ. Ansteus ?* Eng. Anstey. m
Gratia. "i
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Old German Anster, 9th cent. — English
Anster.
Forstemann derives this name from ans, semi-dcus, and thius, servant.
I
THE rROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 275
Another root of similar meaning may be nad,
nat, which Furstemann refers to Old Norse ndth,
gratia, Old High German gandda. However it
seems to me very doubtful whether it is not a
simpler form of nadcd, acus, p. 256.
SIMPLE FORMS. ^^ ^ ,^^
Nad, Nat.
Old Germ. Natto, Nado, 8th cent. Eng. Natt. Mod. Gratia.
Germ. Nath. French Natte.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. NTatkixs. French Natiez.
COMPOUNDS.
{Aud, prosperity) French Nadaud. {Hari, warrior)
French Natier, Natter. ( Wcdd, power) Eng. Nadauld —
French Nadault.
Then theie are several words with the mean-
ing of help or protection. Help itself was by no
means uncommon in ancient names, though it
will be seen that we have a very scanty list at
present.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Helpo, leader of the Saxons, 10th cent. Eng. ^ .^,
Helps. Mod. Germ. Helf.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Eng. Helper. {Ric, power) Hilpericus,
Burgundian king, 5th cent., Frankish king, 6th cent.,
Helfrich, 8th cent. — English Helfrich — Modern German
Helfrich.
A very common word, particularly as a
termination, is Old High Germ, munt, Ang.-Sax.
mund, protection. The earlier German writers
— as English writers still do sometimes at present
— translated mund by mouth — thus Rosamund,
" rosy mouth."
276
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Mund,Mxint. 01(1 German Mundo, Munt, 6th cent. — English Mundy,
Protection. MuNDAY, MouND, MouNT — Modern German Munb, Mundt,
MuNTZ — French Monde, Mondo, Montj^e — Span. Montes.
DIMINUTIVES.
'; Old German MovvSiXas, P7'ocopius, 6th cent. English
V- Mundell — French Mundel, Montel.
PATEONYMICS.
Old Germ. Muntinc. Eng. Munting. Modern German
Munding.
compounds.
[Hard) French Mondehard, {Hari, warrior) French
MoNDiERE, Montier. {Wold, power) Old Germ. Mundoald
— French Montault.
PHONETIC ending.
Eng. MuNDEN, Mountain. French Mondin, Montagne,
Montagny.
<ii
•nA-
-t
As a termination, mund in English becomes
frequently ment, as in Williment, Element,
Garment, Hardiment, Argument, which are
probably from the Old Germ, names Willimund,
Elemund, Garimund, Hartomund, Argemund.
Another similar name may be Monument, from
an Old German Munemimd.
Another word having the meaning of pro-
tection is gardy gart, with its High Germ, forms
card, cart.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Ang.-Sax. Carda (found in Cardan'^ hlcew, Cardan
Protection. stigeU, Cod. Dip. 427,570.^ English Gard, Gardie, Card,
Cart, Carty. French Gard, Gardey, Gerdy, Cart,
Carteau.
diminutives.
Old German Gardilo, 8th cent. — Eng. Cartell — French
Gerdolle. English Gerduck.
Gard, Card.
Carda's lotvc or mound (probably a grave-mound), and Carda's style.
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 2/7
COMPOUNDS.
(Ilari, warrior) Old German Cartheri, Karthar, Gardar,
8tli cent. — En<3dish Garter (IGtli cent.), Carder, Carter —
French Gardkre, Cartier, Carthery. (Rat, counsel) Old
German Gardrad, lltli cent. — Eng. Cartwrigiit ? — French
Carteret. (Jiic, power) Ang.-Sax. Gyrdhricg (found in
Gyrdhricges ford, Cod. Dip. 3G9.^ Engli&h Cartridge.
{Dio, thew, servant) Old Germ. Cartdiuha, 8th cent. — Eng.
Carthew. {Wald, power) French Cartault. (Wealh,
stranger) Eng. Card well ?
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Gardin, 11th cent. Eng. Garden, Garden,
Carton. Mod. Germ. Karthin. French Gardin, Cardon,
Carton.
Another word of similar meaning is ward,
vjart, (Ang.-Sax. weard. Old High German wart,
guardian.)
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. AYarto, Wardo, Ward, 6th cent. Ang.-Sax ^'"^''^*'*-
„ Guardian.
Wearda (found m Weardan^ hyl, Cod. Dip. 1101^, Weard,
(found in Weardesheorh, now Warhorough, Oxf, Cod. Dip.
343. J Eng. Ward, Vardy. Mod. Germ. Wart, Warth.
French Yart, Yerdij^.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Wardell. French Yerdel.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Eng. Warder, Warter — Fr. Yerdier,
Yerdery. (Man) Old German Wartman, 9th cent. — Eno-.
Wardman — Mod. Germ. Wartman.
For the word war, Forstemann proposes no
fewer than five different derivations, viz., ivari,
defence, war, true, tvdron, servare, war, domi-
cilium, and wer, man. To these I add Anglo-
* Wearda's hill and Weard's barrow— Weardan and Weardes, as the respective
genitives of Wearda and Weard, following the rules of Anglo-Saxon declension.
Ware.
278 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
Saxon ivcer, bellum, as a root liable at any rate
to intermix, though I am inclined to take as the
general meaning the first of those proposed by
Forstemann.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Wero, 8th cent. English Ware^ Warre,
Defence. Warry, Weir, Wearey, Quarry. Mod. German Wehr.
French Vare, Yaray, Vero, Yerry, Waro, Warre,
War^e, Querrey.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Yaracco, 8tli cent. — Eng. Yarick — Modern
German Quaritch — French Yarache. English Warrell,
Yarrell, Quarrell — French Yarrall. Old German
Waralenus, 8th cent. — English Yerling — Modern German
Wehrlen — French Yerillon. French Yarichon.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Warinc, Waringa, 8th cent. Eng. Waring,
Warring. French Yarengue, Yiareingue, Warengue.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bald, fortis) Old Germ. Warbald, Warbalt, 8th cent. —
Eng. Warbolt. {Burg^ protection) Old German Warburg,
8th cent. — Eng. Warbrick — Mod. Germ. Warburg — Fren.
Yerbrugge. (6rer, spear) Old German Warger, 8th cent. —
Eng. Warraker, Warwicker — French Waroquier. {GoZy
Goth) Old German Werigoz, 9th cent. — Eng. Yergoose.*
(Hari, warrior) Old German Weriheri, Warher, 8th cent.
English Warrier, Quarrier — French Yeriere. (Laic,
play) Old Germ. Warlaicus, 8th cent. — Warloc [Hund. Rolls)
Eng. Warlock — Mod. German Warlich. (Man) Old
German Waraman, Warman, 8th cent. — English Warman,
Quarman — Modern German Wehrmann — French Yermon.
(Mar, famous) Old German Wcrimer, 8th cent. — English
Warmer. {Lind, gentle) Old German Waralind, 7th cent.
Enc. Warland. (^Nand, daring) Old German Werinant,
8th cent. — French Yarinont.
* Suffolk Surnames.
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 279
rnONETIC ENDING.
Eng. Wauren. French Varaine.
Another word of similar import in names
may be hiirg, to which Fcirstemann gives the
meaning of condere, servare. In female names,
in which, as a termination, it was most frequent,
the meaning may perhaps be rather that of
chastity or maidenhood. It was most common
in Frankish, and is still in French names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Burgio, 9tli cent., Piirgo, Burco, 5th cent. Burg, Burk.
Eng. BuRGE, Burke. Mod. Germ. Burke. French Berge, Protection.
Bergeau, Bourg, Burg, Burq, Perjeaux ?
diminutives.
Old Germ. Burgizo, 10th cent. — Eng. Burgess — French
Bourges. Eng. Burchell — French Burgal, Burckel.
COMPOUNDS
(Hard) Old German Burghard, 8th cent. — Burchard,
Domesday — Eng. Burchard — Mod. Germ. Burckhardt —
French Burgard, Bourquard, Burchard. {Hari, warrior)
Old Germ. Burghar. 8th cent. — Eng. Burger — Mod. Germ.
Burger, Burger — French Berger, Berquier, Bourgery.
{Rat, counsel) Old German Burgarad, 8th cent. — French
Bergerat. {Rand, shield) French Berguerand. ( Wald,
power) Old Germ. Burgoald, 7th cent. — English Purgold —
Mod. Germ. Burghold — French Berjeault. {Wine, friend)
Eng. BuRGWiN — French Burvevin.
The w^ord hud, hut Forstemann refers to the
Old High German hutta, hut, or to hilt, hide.
Perhaps, however, we might rather take the sense
which is at the root of both of the above, that of
covering, hiding, or protecting, as in Old High
German huotan. Mod. Germ, hilten, Eng. hide.
280 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
SIMPLE FORMS.
„ . XX X Old Germ. Hudo, Hutto, Sth cent. Ens. Hudd, Huddt,
Hud, Hut. ' ' & ' »
Protection. HuTT, HuTTY. Modern German Hutte. French Hude,
HOUDE, HUTTEAU.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Huodilo — English Huddle — Modern German
HiJTHEL — French Uudelo, Houdaille. Eng. Hudkin.
PATEONYMIC.
English Hutting.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old German Hudipert, 7th cent. — French
HuDiBERT, Haudibert. {Burq, protection) French Haude-
BOURG. {Hard, fortis) Eng. Huddert — French Houdart.
{Man) Old German Hutuman, 9th cent. — Eng. Huttman —
Modern German Hudemann. {Mai', famous) Old German
Hudamar — French Houdemare. {Win% friend) Old Germ.
Huuduin, 8th cent. — French Houdouin. {Wald, power)
French Hudault.
A somewhat doubtful word is bol, hul, which
Ettmiiller places to Ang.-Sax. hdl, dormitorium,
but for which Forstemann proposes Mid. High
German huole, brother, fricDd, consort. This
word, which is evidently allied to the Old Eng.
bully, comrade, seems to me to be upon the whole
the best, but there are other derivations which
might be proposed. First, hull, taurus, as a
symbol of strength. Secondly, the root of Eng.
hully, which is, first loud noise, then bluster,
intimidation, similar root-meanings being found
at pages 252-3. Thirdly, the sense of bigness,
as found in boll, bulk, and other words derived
from the sense of swelling.
^°\ ^^^ simple FORMS.
Fnend. ^, Buolo, Bollo, Boli, Puolo, Pollo, Poulo,
8th cent. Eng. Bool, Bowl, Boully, Bull, Bulley, Poole,
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 281
PooLEY, Pole, Pollo, Polley, Pull, Pulley. Mod. Germ.
BoHL, Boll, Buol, Buhl, Bull. Norw. Bull. Fr. Bola,
BoLLfe, Boll, Bolley, Bouilli^, Bouilly, Boulay, Boulo,
BouLu, BuLLE, Bulla, Bully, Bulleau, Poulle, Pol,
Poly, Polleau, Pulle.
diminutives.
Eng. Bullock, Bulck, Pollock — Mod. Germ. Bolicke,
Bolke — French Bollack, Bouillac, Boulloche, Polac.
Eng. BuLLiss — French Boulas, Buloz, Pollisse.
patronymics.
Eng. BoLiNG, Bulling, Pulling. Mod. Germ. Bohung.
compounds.
{Gar, spear) Old Germ. Pulcari, Pulgar, 9th cent. — Eng.
Bulger, Bullaker — Mod. Germ. Polgar. {Gaud, Goth)
French Bouligaud. {Hard) PoUardus, Domesday — English
BuLLARD, Pollard — Modern German Bollert, Pohlert —
French Bouillard, Boullard, Bulard, Poullard, Polart.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Bolheri — Eng. Buller, Bowler,
PuLLAR — Mod. Germ. Buhler, Pohler — French Bouillier
Bouillerie, Boulier, Boullery, Boler, Bullier. {Man)
Eng. BoLLMAN, BuLMAN, PuLMAN, PoLEMAN — Mod. German
Bollmaxn, Buhlmann, Pohlmaxn. {JIar, famous) Anglo-
Sax. Bulemsere (found in BulemcBres thorn, Cod. Dip. 533.^
English Bullmore, Bulmer — French Boulmier. {Wine,
friend) English PoLWiN. {War, defence) English Bulwee
— French Polffer 1
phonetic ending.
English BoLLiN, Bullen. Bullion, Pullan. French
Boulan, Bouillien, Poulin, Poulatn, Pulin.
From the Goth, liulths, Old High Germ, holt,
Ang.-Sax. hold, Old Norse hollr, faithful, friendly,
Forstemann derives the word huld, hold, hul, hoi
found in Old German names. To this I put the
following, though there may be an admixture of
Ang.-Sax. holt. Old High Germ, holz, wood, in the
sense of spear or shield.
J 2
282 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEN0,
SIMPLE FORMS.
Hold. Old German Holda, 9 th cent. (Old Norse Hollti, more
Faithful, probably in the other sense.) Holle, Hund, Rolls. English
Friendly.
Holt, Holl, Hole, Hoole, Hullah. Mod. Germ. Hulbe,
Hold, Holt, Holle. French Hault, Hole.
PATilONYMICS.
Old Germ. Hulling. Eng. Holding.*
COMPOUNDS.
{Ger, spear) Eng. Holker— French Holacher. (Ilari,
warrior) Old Germ. Huldear, lltli cent. — English Holder,
Hoi^ter, Holler — Mod. Germ. Holder, Holler — French
Hollier. (Lind, gentle) Old Germ. Holdelinda, 10th cent.
— Eng. Holland ? — French Hollande 1 (Man) Old Ger.
Holzman "? 9th cent. — Eng. Holtman, Holeman — Modem
German Hollmann. {Rad, counsel) Old Germ. Holdrada,
10th cent. — Eng? Holderried (Suff. Sum.)
From the Gothic auths, Ang.-Sax. eaiJi, mild,
gentle, Forstemann derives the stem euih, with
which, however, aud, ead, prosperity, is very apt
to intermix.
simple FORMS.
Euth. Old German Eudo, duke of Aquitania, 8th cent., Heudo,
Mild, lith cent. Eng. Udy, Yewd, Youd. French Eude, Ude,
^^^''^- Heudi^,
diminutives.
Old Germ. Eudila, 6th cent. — Fr. Heudel. Old German
Eutilina, 8th cent. — French Eudeline.
phonetic ending.
Old German Eodin, 7th cent. — Eng. Yowden — French
. Heudin.
compounds.
(Bert, famous) Old German Eutberta, 8th cent. — French
Heudebert. (Ilari, warrior) Old Germ. Euthar, 8th cent.
Eng. Ether 1 — Fr. Heudier, (Ric, dominion) Eutharicus,
a Goth, son-in-law to Theodorich the great, 5th cent. — Eng.
Etheridge 1
And HoLLiNO, as found in HoLiiiNaawonxH, *' HoUings farm or estate."
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 283
The Ang.-Sax. mild, gentle, is found in three
female names, Mildtlirith, Mildburh, and Mildgith
in the genealogy of the kings of Mercia. And in
two names, Milta and Miltunc, the former of
which is also that of a woman, in the Altdeutsches
Namenhuch.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Milta. Mod. Germ. Milde. French Mild^
DIMINUTIVES.
Mildme, 12tli cent. Eng. Mildmay.*
COMPOUNDS.
{Thrith, woman) Ang.-Sax. Mildthrith — Eng. Mildred,
MiLDERT {the former also a Christian name.)
I am rather inclined to think that arm,
arinin, p. 146, may also have the meanmg of
mild or gentle. The German arvi, so far back
as we can trace it, seems to have had, as at
present, the meaning of poor. But the Celtic
araf, which I take to be from the same root, has
the meaning of gentle, and in river names I have
elsewhere taken arm to be its equivalent. At
the same time, the root-meaning of arm, poor,
may be found in Sansc. arv, to desolate, and thus
Arminius may signify vastator.
From the Anglo-Saxon cemeta, emeta, quies,
Forstemann derives the following ancient names.
The Old English amese, to calm, quoted by
* I before took this name to be from Ang.-Sax. mceg, Old Eng. mey, maiden.
Such a name would be in accordance with ancient practice, and it would be the
equivalent of the Ang.-Sax. Mildthrith. But I have found no trace whatever of
the word in ancient use as an ending. I have suggested, p. 25, comparing it with
the Friesic Mellema, that the d may be intrusive. However, of course the converse
would equally apply. Pott, as usual, taking it au pied de la lettre, makes it " mild
May," i.e., bom at that season.
Mild.
Mitis.
284 THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
Halliwell, indicates that that form must also
have prevailed in Anglo-Saxon, and points to the
sense in proper names as probably that of peace-
maker. The emmet (contracted ant), German
ameise, is probably hence derived, in reference to
its supposed rest during the wmter.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Emet. Qi(j German Ammatas, Emita, Amizo, Emez,* 5th cent.
T^' Eng. Amett, Emmett, Amiss, Emus. Mod. German Ameis.
French Amette, Amade, Amed^e? Amis.
COMPOUND. •
(Ulf, wolf) French Amadeuf.
In the same manner the stem lol, ltd, referred
by Graff to Old Norse loUa, segnities, may rather
be taken in the sense of Eng. " lull," to calm, in
the sense probably of peace-maker.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Old Germ. LuUo, Lul, Lolla, 7th cent. Ang.-Sax. Lula
Lul. (found in Lulan treow, Cod. Dip. 18^, Lull (found in
Soothe. LyJlQsheorh, Lulleswyrth^ Cod. Dip. 37 4,7 14. J Eng. Lull,
LuLLY. Modern German Lohle. French Lully, Lolly,
Laulhe, Laull.
pateonymics.
Ang.-Sax. Lulling (found in Lvllinges treow, Cod. Dip,
227. J French Lullng.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, fort is) Eng. Lollaed 1 (Man) Eng. Lulman.
Perhaps on the whole most appropriately in
this chapter will be introduced the names having
the meaning of liberality or munificence. Though
it may be uncertain in some cases whether the
* Hence Basingstoke, in Anglo-Saxon Embasinga stoc, the place of the
Emba.singfl, properly Emasings.
THE PROTECTOR AND THE FRIEND. 285
idea is not rather that of the prince than of the
friend. " Bracelet-giver," in the sense of a
rewarder of valour, is an expression of Anglo-
Saxon poetry.
From the Old High German geberi. Modem
German gehen, dare, Forstemann derives the
following Old German names, which he observes
are found both with the root- vowel as gaby and
with the vowel-change of the present into gib.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Gabo, Gebbo, Geppo, Givo, Jebo, Kyppo,
Chippo, 8tli cent. Eng. Gabb, Gapp, Gaff, Gavey, Gibby, ^^^\ ^*p-
GiBB, GiEVE, Jebb, Jeff, Kibb, Kibbey, Kipp, Chipp.
Modern German Gabe, Gapp, Gepp, Kabe. French GabjS,
Gapy, Gaveau, Cab4 Gibou, Gif, Jaffa, Japy, Chevy 1
diminutives.
Old Germ. Gabilo, 9tli cent. — English Gable, Gavelle,
Cable, Kebel, Keppel — Mod. Germ. Gabel, Gavel, Gebel
— French Gavelle, J avel, Gebel, Cavel — Span. Gavila.
Old German Gibilin, 9th cent. — English Giblen, Kipling —
French Giblin. Old Germ. Gebizo, 11th cent. — Eng. Gibbs ?
Gipps 1 Gipsy — French Giboz, Gibus — Belg. Geefs.
phonetic ending.
Old German Gebino, Givin, 8th cent. — English Gaffin,
Gibbon, Given, Giffin, Chippen — French Gabin, Gibon.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, bright) Old German Gibert, 9th cent. — English
GippERT — French Gibert — Italian Ghiberti. (Am, em,
eagle) Eng. Giberne — French Giverne, Giverny, Gavarni.
(Hard) Old German Gebahard, Givard, Gifard, 9th cent. —
English Gerhard, Gibbard. Giffard — Modern German
Gebhardt — French Giffard, Chippard. (Hari, warrior)
Old German Gebaheri, 9th cent. — Old Norse Giafar —
Eng. Gaffer y. Chipper, Cheever — Mod. Germ. Geber,
286 THE PBOTECTOR AND THE FRIEND.
Keber, — French Gibory, Chipier. {Rat, counsel) Old
Germ. Geberat, Sth cent. — French Gabaret. {Man) Eng,
Chipman. {Wold, power) Old German Gebald, Givold, 6th
cent. — Mod. German Gabold — French Gabalda, Gavalda,
G A VAULT, Gibault. ( Wine, friend) Old Germ. Ghiboin, 7 th
cent. — French Giboin.
From the Ang.- Saxon unna, dare, may be the
following, though Forstemann takes the negative
particle un to intermix.
simple forms.
Un. Old Germ. Unno, Unni, Una (female), 9th cent. Eng.
Dare. XJnnA.
COMPOUNDS.
{Rid, strife) Old German Unnid, Sth cent. — Eng. Unit 1
{Wine, friend) Eng. Unwin.*
* "We do not find an ancient name to correspond, but there is an Old Germ.
Unwan, 9th cent., and an Ang. -Sax. Unwona (3rd bishop of Leicester) ; to which
perhaps may be put our Unwin. The meaning of wan is not very clear ;
Forstemann suggests Goth. wen$, opes, which seems to suit in this case.
CHAPTER XV.
ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN.
Of the names derived from relationship, some
have probably been surnames and nothing more.
Others, in the first instance surnames, may have
subsequently been adopted as baptismal, on the
principle to which I have already referred. In
one or two cases, as in the names signifying
father, the idea may have extended somewhat
beyond mere relationship. " My father," said his
servants to the Syrian king, " if the prophet had
bid thee do some great thing, wouldest thou not
have done it V So also in the case of names
having the meaning of ancestor there is no doubt
present something of that sense of nobility which
is always attached to ancient descent. Words
with both of the above meanings seem to run
through the range of the Teutonic name-system.
The most common word with the former meaning
is ad or at, which Forstemann and other writers
refer to Goth, atta, Old Fries, atha, etha, father.
The stem had or hath, war, p. 167, is, however,
likely to intermix, as well as in some cases
ead, prosperity.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Atto, Ati, Adi, Atha, Etti, 7th cent. Atta,
Lib. Vit. Eng. Attoe, Atty, Addy, Etty. Mod. Germ. ^ ^^'
Father.
Ade, Ette. French Adde, Ad^e, Eth^e, Etey.
288 ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Atacho, Sth cent. — Englisli Atack, AtkeY.
Eug. Adkin, Atkin. English Addis, Atts — French Atys.
Old German Attains,* (rex. Germanorum, Aurel. Vict.) 3rd
cent. — Ang. -Saxon Attila — Old Norse Atli — Eng. Attle,
Atley.
compounds.
{Gis, Ms, hostage) Old Germ. Atgis, Sth cent. — English
Atkiss. (Got, Goth) Old Germ. Adogoto, Sth cent.- — Eng.
Addicott (Hard) Old Germ. Adohard, 9th cent — French
Edard — Ital. Attardi. {tlar% warrior) Old Germ. Adohar,
Adoar, Sth cent. — English Adier — French Adour. (^<?/J
superstes) Old German Adlef, Sth cent.— French Atlofp.
(Man) Old Germ. Adiman, 9th cent. — English Admans —
French Admant. {Mar, famous) Old German Adamar, 9th
cent. — Eng. Atmore % — French Adhemar — Ital Adimari.
{Ric, power) Old German Aderich, 6th cent. — Anglo-Saxon
-^theric (found in jEtherices hlype,\ God. Dip. SI 3, and else-
where)— Eng. Attridge, Etridge. [Rid, ride) Old German
Atharid, 4th cent. — Ang. -Sax. ^thered [found in jEtheredes
haga,X God. Dip, 595, and elsewhere) — Eng. Attride. ( Wid,
wood) Old German Adhuid, Sth cent. — English Attwood 1
(Wolf) Old Germ. Athaulf, Goth. King, 5th cent.— English
Adolph § — Mod. Germ. Adolf — French Adolphe .
There is a root an, for which Forstemann
proposes Old High Germ, ano, Mod. Germ, ahne,
avus, but suggests also an intermixture of another
word ann, from Ang.-Sax. ann, favere. In the
female names the latter seems the more probable
derivation. There may also possibly be an inter-
mixture of another word, Ang.-Sax. hana, Germ
hahn, cock, which is not unsuitable for proper
names.
* The name of Attila, the renowned leader of the Huns, Grimm holds to be
German and not Hunnish.
t Jitheric's leap, probably in commemoration of some feat.
t .^thered's hedge.
§ This, as a surname, is, as Mr. Lower observes, of recent introduction.
I
ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN. 289
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Grerm. Anna, A nno, Euno, Hanno, Henno, 5th cent.
Ang.-Sax. Anna, king of the East Angles. English Anne, An, En.
Hann, Hanna, Hanney, Henn, Henney. Modern German ^^^
Haxne, Henne. French Anne, Ann^ Ann^e, Hanne,
Hanno, Hany, Henne, Henno, Enne.
diminutives.
Old German Annico, Ennico, 8th cent. — English Enoch,
Enock, Hankey ? — Mod. German Hannicke, Hennicke —
French Hannicque, Henique, Henoc, Enique. Old Germ.
Analo, 8th cent. — English Hannell, Hennell — French
Hennel. Old Germ. Hennikin, 11th cent. — Eng. Hankin
— Mod. Germ. Hanneken — French Hannequin, Hennequin.
Old German Ennelin, 11th cent. — Eng. Hanlon. English
Anniss, Enniss, Hennis, Hennessy — Mod. Germ. Hanisch
— French Hennecy.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Anninc, 8th cent. Eng. Anning, Henning.
Mod. Gei-m. Henning. French Hannong, Henning.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, bright) Old German Anibert, 8th cent. — French
Hannebert, Hennebert. {Fred, peace) Old Germ. Anafred,
Enfrid, 8th cent. — Eng. Henfrey — French Anfray, Exfre.
{Gard, protection) French Hennecart. {Ger, spear) Old
Germ. Anager, Eneger, 8th cent. — Eng. Hanger, Henniker
— French Anicker. {Grim, fierce) Old Germ. Anagrim, 8th
cent. — English Ancrum. {Hard) Old German Henhart
Mod. German Hennert — French Enard, Henard. {Hariy
warrior) French Hannier, Anery. (Man) Old German
Enman, 9th cent. — Eng. Hanman, Henman — Mod. Germ.
Hannemann, Hennemann. {Mar, famous) Eng. Hanmer.
{Red, counsel) Old Germ. Henred, 9th cent. — Eng. Hanrott
Enright. {Wald, power) Old German Anawalt, Ennolt
Eng. Anhault — Mod. Germ. Hanewald, Hanelt — French
Enault, Henault. {Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Anaolf, Gothic
leader, 6th cent. — Eng. Enough — French Enouf.
K 2
I
Aw, Av.
290 ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN.
There is a root aw, av, which Forstemann
thinks may be from Goth, avo, grandmother, but,
no doubt, like the Lat. avus, in the wider sense
of ancestor. Graff refers to Old High German
awa, river.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Avo, Ovo, Ouo, 8tli cent. English Ovey,
Ancestor. -Frencli Avi.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Avila, 6 th cent. — English A VILA, Avill.
Old German Avelina, 11th cent. — Eng. Aveline, Aveling,
Evelyn — French Aveline.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) Eng. Ha yard — French Avart. {Hari, warrior)
Eng. Avery, Aver, Ower — French Avare, Auer. {Land)
Old Germ. Auiland, 9th cent. — Eng. Haviland. (Man)
Old German Ouwaman, 11th cent. — Eng. Howman ? — Mod.
Germ. Avemann.
From the above stem av comes apparently an
extended form aviz, found in the folio wmg.
simple forms.
Aviz- Old Germ. Aveza, 11th cent. Eng. Avis, Aviz. French
Ancestor? ^^^gg^,^ AviSSEAU, AviZEAU.
COMPOUNDS
{Hard, fortis) Eng. Evezard. Fr. Avizard, Avizart.
A word of rather uncertain meaning in
proper names is hah, respecting which Forstemann
observes that it is " of a very ancient stamp, and
approaching, as it seems, the nature and expres-
sion of children's speech ; according to Mtiller
(M.H.D. Worterhuch), the original meaning
seems to be that of mother."
SIMPLE FORMS.
Bab, Old Germ. Babo, Bavo, Pabo, Papo, 7th cent. Anglo-
^*^* Saxon Babba (found in Babhanheorh, Cod. Dip. 623^.
Parent ?
ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN. 291
John Babi, member for Bodmin, a.d. 1302. Englisli Babb,
Babe, Baby, Baugh, Pape, Pavey. Mod. German Babe,
Pape, Pappe. French Babeau, Babe, Pape, Papau, Papy,
Pavy.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Babilo, Gth cent. — Aug.- Sax. Babel (found
in Babeles heorh, Cod. Dip. 61 8J — Eng. Babell — French
Babuleau. Old Germ. Bauika, 10th cent. — Eng. Babbage.
Old Germ. Babolenus, Papolenus, Gth cent. — Eng. Papillon
— French Baboulene, Bablix, Papillon.
PHONETIC ending.
Eng. Babin, Bavin. French Babin, Babonneau, Papin,
Pavin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hardy fortis) Fr. Bavard, Baffert, Pappert, Pavard.
(Hari, warrior) English Barer, Pavier — French Paper.
(Wald, power) Fr. Babault, Papault. (Ward, guardian)
French Babouard. ( Ulf wolf) Old Germ. Babulf, 8th cent.
— Fr. Babeuf.
Perhaps with something more of certainty
the root tat may be taken to mean " father."
Diefenbach quotes many ancient and widely
spread forms with this meaning (as English
«dad,"&c.)
simple forms.
Old German Tatto (Lombard king), Tado, Daddo, Dadi,
Datto, Deddo, Tedo, Tazo, 6th cent. Eng. Dadd, Daddy, Dad, Tad.
Bade, Date, Datt, Daze, Dazey, Tadd, Taddy, Tedd. Father?
Mod. Germ. Date, Dette, Tade. French Dado, Taze.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Tadilo, Tatila, 8th cent. Ang.-Saxon Tatel,
name of moneyer on a coin of Burgred, king of Mercia,
found at Southampton. English Tadloo, Tattle, Tetlow.
Mod. Germ. Taddel.
compounds.
{Hard, fortis) Old German Tethard, 9th cent. — French
Tetard. {Hariy warrior) Old German Tether, 8th cent. —
292 ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN.
Eng. Tedder, Teather. (Man) Eng. Dadmun, Tadman,
Tedman. {Lac, play) Eng. Tatlock. {Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Daduin, 8tli cent. — Eng. Tatuin.
It is probable that the stem ing, inc, though
its etymology is not yet explained, has the
meaning of son, offspring, and is cognate with
Eng. " young." As an ending in patronymic
forms like Dunning and Billing, this is of course
certain, but in other cases it is apt to mix with
ang, p. 212. Ingo was one of the three sons of
Mannus, the mythical founder of the German
nation, as related by Tacitus.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Ingo, Hingo, Hincho, Engo, Tth cent. Ingi,
ing, Inc. King of Norway. Incge (Beowulf) English Ing, Ingoe,
Descendant. -j-^^^^ HiNGE, HiNCH, HiNCHEY. Mod. Germ. EnGE, HiNCK.
French Ing4 Hingue, Hinque, Eng.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Ingizo, 9th cent. — Eng. Inches — French
Ingisch.
patronymic.
English Inkson.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bald, fortis) Old Germ. Ingobald, Incbald, 8th cent. —
Eng. Inchbald — Fr. Anjubault. {Bert, famous) Old Germ.
Ingobert, 7th cent. — Eng. Inchboard — French Angibert.
{Bod, envoy) Old Germ. Ingobod, 7th cent. — Fr. Angibout.
{Hard) Old German Inghard, 8th cent. — Modern German
Engert — French Enguehard. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ.
Inguheri, 7th cent. — Eng. Ingrey — Mod. German Enger —
French Inger, Ingray. {Ram, ran, raven) Old German
Ingram, Ingranna, 8th cent. — English Ingram — French
Ingrain — Ital. Inghirami. {Leof, dear) Eng. Hinchliff,
HiNCHCLiFF. {Wald, power) Old German Ingold, 7th cent.
Old Norse Ingvald — Eng. Ingold — Mod. Germ. Engwald
ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN. 2i>3
— French Ingold. (Ward, guardian) French Angouard
(Wis, sapiens) Old Germ. Inguis, 9th cent. — Eng. Anguish..
( Wolf) Old Germ. Ingulf, 8th cent. — French Ingouf.
Then there are some other words of similar
meaning which are found both in ancient and
modern names, but which do not appear, like the
foregoing, to enter into the Teutonic name-
system. Grimm observes that "in Old Saxon
records Fadar, Brothar, Modar, Suster, appear
not unfrequently as simple proper names.''
Forstemann has Fader, Fater, Sec, of the 8th
and following centuries — Mothar, Moder, &c. —
Brothar, Broter, of the same period — Suester,
Sustar of the 9 th cent. The origin of these
names is not, however, always certain — Mothar
for instance is sometimes a man's name, and other
words may intermix — see pp. 218, 237.
We have Father, Mother, Brother, Syster ;
also Fetter and Fetterman, apparently from
the Ang.-Sax. form feder. The Germans have
Vater, Vetter, Feder and Fetter ; Mudder
and Bruder, also the diminutives Yetterlein,
Mutterlein, Bruderlein. Pott has not Suestar,
though according to Outzen Soster or Suster
is a common name in Friesland. The French
have Sister, Sester, and Sestier — also Syster-
MANN, which, however, seems to be of German
origin, and which means a sister's husband.
jl We have also Brotherson and Sisterson,
meaning a nephew respectively by the side of the
brother and of the sister.
294 ANCESTOR AND KINSMAN.
I do not include the name Uncle in this
place. It seems rather to be the same as an
Unculus, 8th cent., and a Hunchil in Domesday ;
Forstemann proposes unc, snake.
I doubt also the derivation of Cousin from
consohrinus — first, because such a relationship
seems scarcely sufficient to mark a name — and
secondly, because it falls in with a group else-
where.
y
CHAPTER XVI.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
Names derived from nationality have probably
been in many cases originally surnames. A
stranger coming among men to whom his name
might have an unfamiliar sound, would be very
apt to be called instead by the name of his
nationality. And such names, once established,
might afterwards come to be used baptismally.
But it is also probable that names of this class
might be bestowed baptismally in the first
instance from a feeling of national pride ; and it
is not difficult to conceive how even in the present
day, if the choice of names were open, many a
father might delight to call his son an English-
man. Other causes have no doubt combined to
give names of this sort — causes which though in
most cases beyond our ken, are sometimes open
at least to a conjecture. Thus, whereas it might
seem strange that' the name of the Picts should
be given to Anglo-Saxons, yet when we find that
two of the men who bore it, Pehthelm and
Pehtwine, were bishops in the territory of the
Picts, it seems natural to suppose that the name
was assumed, perhaps as auspicious, on the
occasion. Once become a name, it might be
adopted by other men, as we find afterwards
Pectuald, Pectgils, &c.
296 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
In the sense of advena we may take the
following, which seem to be from the Goth, and
Old High German gast, Ang.-Sax. gcest, gest, gist,
Eng. "guest."
SIMPLE FOKMS.
Gast, Gest. Old German Gasto, Cast, 8tli cent. Old Norse Gestr.
" ^^es*- ' Eng. Gast, Guest, Gist, Keast. Mod. Germ. Gast, Kast.
Frencli Gaste, Gasty, Casty, Geste.
diminutives.
I English Castle, Cassell, Castley, Castello — Frencli
Gastal, Castel, Gestelli. English Guestling — French
Gasselin.
patronymics.
Eng. Gasting, Castang. French Castaing, Chastaing.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Gestin, Kestin, Castuna, 8th cent. English
Gastin, Gastineau, Caston, Kesten. French Gastine,
Geston, Castan.
compounds.
{Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Gastart — Ang.— Sax. Gisteard
(found in Gisteardeswyl, God. Dip. 5 95 J — French Gassart %
{Harij warrior) English Gaster, Caster — French Gastier,
GuESTiER, Castier. (Lind, gentle ?) Old Germ. Gestilind —
French Gaslonde? (Rat, counsel) Old German Gastrat,
Castrat, 8th cent. — French Casterat. {Ric, power) Old
German Castricus, 6th cent. — French Castrique. {Waldy
power) Old German Cast aid, 9 th cent. — French (or Ital. ?)
Castaldi.
From the Goth, quuma, Ang.-Saxon cumma,
advena, we find some names, which are however,
apt to mix with gum, man, p. 59.
simple forms.
Ang.-Sax. Gumma, name of a serf. Cod. Dip. 971. Eng.
Advena. CoMBE 1 French Come.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 297
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old German Coman, 8ili cent. Eng. Commin, Quomman
( Gothic form. ) French Commun, Cumon, Commeny.
PATRONYMICS.
Eng. Gumming. French Gusienge.
The above word occurs more commonly as an
ending, and in some of the names, particularly
those compounded with words of affection, we
may perhaps rather find a reference to the " little
stranger" for whom an auspicious journey throuo-h
life is invoked.
{Ead, happiness) Old German Otoquim, 9 th cent. —
Eatcume, Lih. Vit. (Old High Germ, zit, Ang. -Saxon tid, Cumma.
time — in the sense of seasonable ?) Old Germ. Zitcoma, 8th . ^*°*"
^ ' As an
cent. — Tidcume, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Titcomb. (JS^ew, novns or Ending,
juvenis) Neucum (Domesday) — Nequam (Gothic form)
English monk, 13th cent. — Eng. Newcome. {Will, in the
sense of desire or pleasure) Old Germ. Williquema, 8th cent-
— Uilcomae, Lih. Vit. — English Welcome* — Mod. German
Willcomm.
In the sense of advena we may also take
English Newman, German Niemann, French
Neyman. We find it m England in the 13th
cent., but I take it to be more ancient. But the
stem new in general is taken by Grimm and
Weinhold to have, like the Greek veo^, the mean-
ing of young, and I have introduced it elsewhere.
I From the Old High Germ, ivalah, Ang.-Sax.
I weahl, stranger, foreigner, variously with and
without the aspirated h, as wallack, ivalk, ivall,
rti we may take the following. But the Ang.-Sax.
wcel, strages, seems a very likely word to intermix.
I __
* I have put this, p. 123, but I think wrongly, to gom, man.
L 2
298 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER,
SIMPLE FORMS.
Waiah. Old Genu. Walah, Walacli, Walco, Walcli, Walo, Wal,
stranger. Qualo, 7 til cent. Ang.-Sax. Wala. Eng. Wallack, Walk,
Walko, Walkey, Wall, Wale, Waley, Quail, Qualey.
Mod. German Walke, Wallich, Wahl, Wall. French
Valci, Valie, Yallee, Oualle, Wal, Guala.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Walezo, 11 th cent. — Eng. Walliss, Wj^llace,
Walls, Yallis — French Yallez, Yalls, Walles, Walz.
Old German Yalahilo, 8th cent. — Eng. Yallely, Walkley.
Walchelin, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Walklin.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Walunc, 9th cent. English Walling.
COMPOUNDS.
(And, life, spirit) Old German Waland, Yaland, 8th
cent. — Eng. Waland, Yaliant — French Yalant. (Frid,
peace) Old Germ. Walahfrid, 8th cent. — Eng. Wallfree —
French Yalfroy. (Hard, fortis) Old German Walhart, 9th
cent. — Fr. 1 Wallart — Mod. Germ. Wahlert. (Ilariy
warrior) Old Germ. Walachar, Walchar, Walaheri, Walhar,
7th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Walchere, bishop of Lindisfarne —
Eng. Walliker, Walker, Wallower, Waller, Yaller —
Mod. Germ. Walcker, Wahler, Waller — Fr. Yallery,
Yallier, Yalhere. (Had, war ?) Old Germ. Wallod, Yalot,
7th cent. — Eng. Wallet, Quallet — Fr. Yalet. (Baven,
ram, ran, corbus) Old German Yalerauans.* (Jornandes)
Walarammus, Walerannus, 8th cent. — Walrafan, Lib. Vit. —
Eng. Wallraven (^/S'tt^: Sum.) — French Yalleran. (Man)
Old Germ. Walaman, 8th cent. — Eng. Walkman — Mod.
Germ. Wahlman. {Mar, famous) Old German Walahmar,
(king of the Ostro-Goths,) Walmar, 6th cent. — Mod. Germ.
Wahlmar — French Yalmer. (Rand, shield) Old German
Walerand — Walerandus, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Walrond — French
Yalerand, Yalerant.
* This Gothic name (=VaIeravan) must be of an older date than the 8th
cent.
«
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 299
From the Goth, alja, ahus, in the sense of
peregrinus, foreigner, Graff and Grimm derive
the following stem.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Alj, EIlo, Ella, Tth cent. Ang. -Saxon Ella. Ai, El.
Eng. Ell, Elley, Ella, Foreigner.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Alikin, Elikin, 10th cent. English Allchin,
Elkin.
compounds.
{Brand, sword) Old German Aliprand, 9th cent. — French
Albrand. (Bud, envoy) Old Germ. Ellebod, 10th cent. —
English Allbutt. {Gar, spear) Old German Elger,
5th cent. — English Elgar, Elliker. (Gaud, Goth.)
Old German Eligaud, 8th cent. — Eng. Allgood, Elgood,
Ellacott. {Hard, fortis) Old German Eleard, 10th cent.
— English Ellard — Mod. German Ellert. {Hari, warrior)
Old German Alier, Elier, 9th cent. — Eng. Ellery. {Mar, H-JiJUy^
famous) Old German Alimer, 9th cent. — Eng. Elmore —
French Elmire. (Man) Eng. Elliman. {Mund, protection)
Elmund, Domesday — Eng. Element. {Wine, friend) Old
German Eliwin, 9th cent. — Elwinus, LU>. Vit. — Eng. Elwin
— French Ellouin. ( Wis, wise) Eluis, Lib. Vit. — French
Elluis. {Wood) Elwod, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Ellwood.
From the above root al or el, is formed, in the
same meaning as I take it, the extended form alis
or elis. So from Gr. eiXoo comes eXfo-o-w, verso,
volvo, a word which may indeed have some
relationship to the one in question. The river-
names of Germany, Use, Elz, Alass, Elison (now
the Lise), may compare with the Ilissus and the
Helisson of Greece. Grimm refers this stem in
proper names to the German tribe of the Elysii
(Tac. Germ.) But the tribe may derive from a
word signifying stranger, wanderer, faintly traced
300 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
in the Old High Germ, alis, Ang.-Sax. elles, Eng.
else, aliter. The scriptural name Ehas may, as
Forstemann remarks, be liable to intermix ; in
the Liber Vitce, however, it seems invariably to
be recognized as distinct.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Eliso, Elis, 8th cent. Aluso, Elesa, genealogy
Peregrinus. of the kings of Norihumhria. Aliz, Alls, Elsi, Lib. Vit.
Eng. Allies, Alice, Ellis, Ellice, Else, Elsey — French
Allais, Ellies.
compounds.
(Gar, spear) Old German Alsker, 11th cent. — English
Alsager. (Gaud, Goth.) Eng. Elsegood.
Probably the same meaning of stranger may
be found in the following, which seem to be from
Goth, anthar, alius, but with which, in the simple
form, the scriptural Andrew is very apt to mix up.
simple forms.
Eng. Hender ? Mod. Germ. Ender ? French Andro 1
AUu3. Andry 1
compounds.
(Aud, prosperity) Old German Andriaud, 9th cent. —
Fr. Andraud. (Berg, protection) Old G^rm. Andreberga,
8th cent. — Mod. German Anderburg. (Gais, spear) Old
Germ. Andragais, 4th cent. — Fr. Antra ygues, Entragues.
Names from the points of the compass, as
North, South, East, and West, may be included
in this chapter. The ancient terminations, a, i, o,
(which it will be seen are in some cases still pre-
served), would give them the force of " one from
the north," " one from the south," &c.
simple forms.
North. ^1^ Germ. Nordo, Nordi, Nord, 9th cent. Eng. North,
Boreaiis. NoRTHEY, NoRRiE. Mod. German NoRD, North. French
Nory, Naury.
I
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 301
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Norlinc, 8th cent. English Norlan.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old Germ. Nordbert, Norbei*t, 7th cent.
— French Norbert. (Gaud, Goth.) Old Germ. Northgaud,
Norgaud, 9th cent. — Eng. Northcott ? Norgate? NorcottI
Narrowcoat 1 — French Nourigat. {Gast, guest) Old Germ.
Norigas, for Norigast, 8th cent. — Eng. Norquest. fRari,
warrior) Old German Nordheri, Nortier, 8th cent. — French
Nortier. (Man) Old Germ. Nordeman, Norman, 8th cent.
— Eng. Norman — Mod. Germ. Nordmann, Normann. (Jfar,
famous) Old Germ. Nordmar, 9th cent. — Eng. Northmore,
Norramore — Mod. Germ. Nordmeyer. English N'orfor =
north-faring 1 Eng. Northeast ? — French Norest ?
From the Old High Germ, sund, sunt, Ang.-
Sax. suth, Eng. south, we may take the following.
The Ang.-Sax. sund, sea, is a word that might
intermix.
simple FORIMS.
Old Germ. Sundo. Ang.-Sax. Sunt or Sunta (found in gund.
Suntinga gemaero, the boundary/ of the Suntings, Cod. Dip. South.
445). Ang.-Sax. Siith* (found apparently in Sitthesvnjrth,
Cod. Dip. 314). English South, Southey, Sunday. French
SOUDAY, SOUTY.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, fortis) Old German Sunthard, 8th cent. — English
Southard, t {Hari, warrior) Old German Sunthar, Sum-
thahar, 7th cent. — English Sunter, Sumpter, Suthery —
French Soudier. {Ulf wolf) Old Germ. Suntulf, 7th cent.
— French Soutif.
phonetic ending.
Suthen, Lib. Vit. English Southon, Sudden. French
SOUDEN.
* There are other traces of this word as a personal name in the Cod. Dip., —
for instance, Southling, found in Southlingleah, Cod. Dip. 382, and comparing
with a Mod. German Sundblin — Sdthberht, found in Stlthberhtingeland, Cod.
Dip. 1,032.
t May be a corruption of another name Southward. Again — Southward
may be only a mistaken attempt to rectify Southard.
302
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
EXTENDED FOEM IN ev
English Souther. French Sonder.
COMPOUND.
(^Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Sundarolf, 8th cent. Mod. Germ.
SUNDREHOFF.
Names derived from the east were most
common among the Franks, which, as Forstemann
observes, is to be accounted for by their being
the most west-lying of the German peoples, and
of course having, for the most part, come from
the east. Among the Saxons, whose course was
northward, he observes that these names were
almost entirely wanting. Nevertheless — at pre-
sent it seems to me that they are more common
in English than in French.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Ost, East. 01<i German Osta. English Ost, Hoste, Owst, Yost,
OrientaUs. East, Easty, Easto. Mod. German Ost.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Aostilo, 8th cent. — Eng. Ostell, Austell.
COMPOUNDS.
(Man) Eng. Eastman — Mod. Germ. Ostmann. {Mar
famous) English Eastmure — Dan. Ostmer. {Rad, counsel)
Old German Austrad, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ. Osterrath —
French Ostard {or to hard).
The extended form oster or easier is more
common than the simple form ost or east. It is
possible that in some cases there may be a refer-
ence to the goddess Ostara or Eastre, but I think
in general that it is only the same word as ost
or east.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Oster, Qi(j (jerm. Oster. Eng. Easter, Oyster. Mod. Germ.
OrientaUs. Oester. French Oustria.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 303
COMPOUNDS.
{Burg, protection) Old German Ostarpurc, 9 th cent. —
Eng. Easterbrook. {Dag, day) Eng. Easterday* — Mod.
Germ. Ostertag. {Gos, Goth.) Old Germ. Austrigosa, wife
of the Lombard king Wacho — French Astorgis. {Mar,
famous) Old Germ. Austrimir, 9th cent. — Eng. Ostermoor
— Mod. German Ostermeier. {Man) Old German Austre-
monius, 6th cent. — English OvsTERMANt — Mod. German
Ostermann. {Ric, rule) Old German Austoric, 10th cent. —
English Ostrich.
Names derived from the west seem to have
been the least common of all.
simple forms.
Occidentalis,
English West, Yest, Yesty. French Yisto ?
diminutives.
English Westall, Yestal.
COMPOUNDS.
{Man) English Westman". {Rat, counsel) Old German
Westrat, 9th cent. — French ? Yestraete. Eng. Westfall
— Mod. Germ. Westphal = Westphalian.
extended form.
English "Wester. French Yestier.
compounds.
{Dag, day) English Westerday, Yesterday. J {Man)
Old German Wistremand, 7 th cent. — English Westerman,
Yesterman — Mod. Germ. Westermajstn.
We now come to names derived from those
of ancient German tribes, and of the races which
bordered upon them. But here an important
question suggests itself Are the names of men
derived from those of the nation — or may not
* Might be supposed to be from the Christian festival, but it rather seems
to be the same as an Old German Ostdag. Compare also the name Westekday.
t A New York name, but perhaps only a corruption of the German
Oitermann.
t Yesterday might be a corruption either of Easterday or Westerday.
I
304 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER,
both, at least in some cases, be from the same
ancient origin ^ Thus, if Jute signifies giant —
if Friese (or Frisian) signifies comatus, curled —
if Wend signifies wanderer — may not the names
of men be carried back to the same ancient
source, and have the same meaning '? This is a
difficult question to answer, and I think that in
fact both ways do probably obtain.
From the ancient tribe of the Suevi, Suavi,
Suebi, or Suabi (whence the present Swabia),
may be the following. Zeuss refers the name to
Old High German suipan, ferri. Mod. German
schwehen. I also suggest Old Norse sveipr, a
curl or lock of hair, because the whole of the
Suevi, who comprehended several tribes, were
noted, according to Tacitus, by a peculiar way of
fastening the hair up into a knot.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Swab. ^1^ German Suabo, Suap, Suppo, 8th cent. Swseppa,
Swabian. Ang.-Sax. geneal. Eng. Swabb, Swabey, Swaap, Sweeby.
Mod. Germ. Schwabe, Schweppe, Suppe 1 French Soupe,
Soup4 Soupeau.
diminutives.
Old German Suabilo, SuapilOj 8th cent. — Eng. Supple —
Mod. German Schwable — French Souply, Supply, Sobbel.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Suabheri, 9th cent. — English
Souper — Fr. SouPiR. (Wald, power) Old Germ. Suapold,
9th cent. — French Soupault.
From the Yarini, Werini, Warni, or Werns,
whose name Zeuss derives from Old High Germ.
warjan, to defend, may be the following. Graff
places the names to the above Old German stem,
but Forstemann proposes also the people's name.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 305
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Warin, Guarin, Warno, Weruo, Wem, 7th warin,
cent. English Warren, Warne, Verney. Mod. German Warn.
Wahren, Werne. French Warin, Gui^rin, Guerne, Varin, ^®™'
Varinay, Verney, Vernay, Verneau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Wernicho — Eng. Warnock — Mod. German
Warnecke — French Varagniac. Old German Werinela,
9th cent. — Eng. Varnell — French Wernl^, Vernel. Old
German Werniza, 11th cent. — English Varnish — French
Vernaz.
compounds.
(Aud, prosperity) French Yernaud. (Burg, protection)
Old German Werinburg, 8th cent. — English Warrenbury.
(Gaud, Goth.) Old German Warengaud, 7th cent. — French
Varangot. {Hard) Old Germ. Wernhart, 8th cent. — Mod.
German Wernert — French Vernert. {Hari, warrior) Old
German Warenher, Warner, Werner, Guarner, 7th cent. —
English Warrener, Warner, Werner, Verner — ^Modern
German Warner, Werner — French Ouarnier, Warinier,
Varnier, Vernier, Guernier. (Had, war) Old German
Warnad, 8th cent. — English Warnett — French Warnet,
Vernet. {Red, counsel) Old Germ. Werinred, 9th cent. —
French Yerneret.
From the tribe of the Jutes Forstemann and
Zeuss derive the following ancient names.
simple forms.
Old German Judo, Juto, Judda, Jutta, Yuto, 8th cent, j^,, j^^
English JuDD, Jogth, Yett. Mod. German Jude, Jutte. Jute.
Dutch Jut. French Judeau, Jude, Juteau.
diminutives.
French Juttel. English Judkin. French Judlin.
patronymics.
Old German Judinga, 8th cent. — Ang.-Saxon* Ytting
(found in Yttinges hldw. Cod. Dip. 1,114:, and elsewhere. J
Eng. Jutting. Eng. Judson, Jutson.
* The Ang.-Sax. form Yta, Iota, Jute.
M 2
306 THE NATION AS THE NAME*GIVER,
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, -warrior) French Jutier. (Man) Eng. Yeatman,
{Rat J counsel) Old Germ. Jtitrad, 8th cent. — French Jotjrat,
(Wine J friend) Old Germ. Joduin, 11th cent. — Eng. Jodwin,
Jeudwine — French Jouvin.
From the name of the Franks may probably
be derived the following. Though common in its
simple form, this does not often occur in com-
pounds, which may perhaps be attributed to the
more recent origin of the name, it having been
given to a confederation of different tribes.
SIMPLE FORMS.
The Franks. Old Germ. Franco, Francio, Frenko, 5th cent. English
Frank, Franco, France % French 1 Mod. Germ. Francke,
Frank. French Franc, Franque, Franco, Franche,
Francia, France, Francey, Franz.
diminutives.
Old Gei-m. Francula, 5th cent. — English Frankel. Old
^^/6 V Germ. Francolin, 8th cent. — Eng. Franklin — Mod. Germ.
I) Franklin — French Franquelin, Francillon.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old German Franchin, 8th cent. French Franquin.
Ital. Franconi 1
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) Old Germ. Francard, 6th cent. — Eng. Francourt
— French ? Frankaert.
I find no ancient names to throw any light
upon the following group, which I think may
perhaps be derived from the tribe of the Chauci
or Cauci.* The commonness of these names in
French would be accounted for by this being one
of the tribes which formed the Francic confedera-
tion. However, I only bring forward the subject
as one for further enquiry.
* There was also another tribe called the Chaulcl.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 307
SIMPLE FORMS.
English Chalk, Chalkey, Caulk. French Chaussy, ""'^ ^^'*"ci,
Chaussee, Cauche, Cauchy, Choque. ^^ *"^
diminutivr patronymics.
Eng. Chalklen. Eng. Calking, Caulking.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Chassard, Cauchard. (Hart, warrior)
English Chalker, Chaucer — Mod. Germ, Kalker — French
Chaussier, Choqier. (Man) Eng. Kalkman.
From the Falii or Falians, (whence the name
of Westphalia,) Forstemann derives a root fal,
falohy in ancient German names.
simple forms.
Old German Falho, Fal. English Fall, Fallow, Fail, The Faiii,
Fellow ? Mod. Germ. Fahl. French Faulle, Fauleau, ^^ FaUans.
Fallou, Faille.
extended form=falian.
English Fallon. French Faulon.
From the name of the Hessians is probably
the following stem, which is, however, very difficult
to separate from another, haz, p. 169. Also from
a?i5, a5, semideus, p. 119.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Hasso, Asso, Hessi, 8th cent. English Hass, Hass, Hess.
Hesse, Hessey. Mod. Germ. Hass, Hess. French Hasse, ^®"^*°-
Hesse, Hesz.
extended F0RM=ENG. " HESSIAN."
Eng. Hassan, Hesson, Hession. French Hassan.
There is a stem, sal, set, rather common in
ancient names, for which Forstemann proposes
salOy dark, (Eng. " sallow"), sal, hall, or Goth.
sels, benignus. I think it probable, however,
that at least a portion may be placed to the name
of the Salii, a tribe of Franks (whence the Salic
law in France).
308 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Sal Sei ^^^ German Salo, Sallo, Salla, Sella, 5th cent. Salla,
Saiian. Lib. Vit. Eng. Sale, Sal a, Sell, Selley. Mod. German
Sahl, Selle, Sello. French Salle, Sall^ Sala, Sailly,
Selle.
diminutives.
Old German Salaco, 6th cent. — English Sellick — Mod.
German Selke. Old German Saliso, 9th cent. — English
Salles, Sellis — French Salesse, Celesse, Cels.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Salinga, wife of the Lombard king Wacho, 6th
cent. English Selling.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bald, bold) Old German Salabald, Otli cent. — -French
Selabelle. {Fridj peace) Old German Salafrid, 9th cent. —
French Salfray. {Fast, firm) French Saillofest ?* {Got
Goth.) Salgot (Saxo.) — French Saligot. {Hari, warrior)
Old German Salaher, 8th cent. — English Sellar, Sailor —
Fr. Sallier, Sellier, Cellier. {Hard) French Saillard,
Salard, Cellard. (Man) Old German Salaman, Saleman,
Seliman, 8th cent. — Eng. Salamon (apparently not Jewish),
Salmon, Saleman, Selman — Modern German Sallmann —
French Salmon. {Ram, ran, raven) Old German Salaram,
9th cent. — French Salleron, Sellerin, Cellerin. {Wigy
wi, war) Old German Selwich — English Sallaway, Selway.
{Dio, thiu, servant) Old German Saladio, 8th cent. — French
Salathe.
extended F0RM="SALIAN."
Ang.- Saxon Salenn. English Sellon. French Salin,
Saligny, Selin.
compound
{Fast, firm) French Saillenfest.
It is probable that there are many names from
the Goths, but the root is a very difficult one to
deal with, mixing up with good, bonus, and
perhaps with got^ deus. Goth itself (a Yorkshire
name), might be supposed to be most certainly
* We have no sure instance of this word as an ending. Compare Ariovistus,
p. 95.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 309
from the nation. Yet Forstemann refers the Old
German names Gotho and Goth, 8th cent., to the
other stem, while at the same time — not quite
consistently, as it seems to me — he derives the
Mod. Germ, names Gothe and Goethe from the
nation. I will not attempt to divide the two
stems, but I bring in here the form goz^ which
Grimm, Graff, and Forstemann concur in making
another form of gaud, Goth.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Gozo, Gauso, Gauz, Gossa, Jozo, Cozo, Cauzo,
8th cent. Goza, Lib. Vit. EngKsli Goss, Goose, Goosey, Goth.
GoozE, Cause, Causey, Cose, Cossey, Cooze. Mod. Germ.
Gause, Gose, Goss, Koss. French Gauzey, Gosse, Gousse,
JOSSE, JOSSEAU, JOSSU, JOZEAU, JOUSSE, CoSSE, COSS^ CoZE
Cozzi, Coussy, Causse.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Gozekin, 11th cent. — Eng. Joskyn — Mod,
Germ. Goseken, Goschex — French CosQUix. Old German
Gauzilin, Gozlin, Joscelin, 8th cent. — Gozelin {Domesday) —
English GosLiN, Gosling, Joslin — Mod. German Gosling —
French Gosselin, Jousselin, Josselin. Old Germ. Gaozaich,
8th cent. — Eng. Cossack — French Cauzique, Cozic.
phonetic ending.
Old German Cozzuni, 8th cent. Cosin (Hund. Rolls)-
Eng. Gaussen, Cosson, Cousin. French Gossin, Gaussen,
JozAN, CossiN, Causin, Cousin, Couzineau.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bald, bold) Old German Gauzebald, 8th cent. — English
Gosbell, Gospell. (Held, state, condition) Old German
Caosheid, 9th cent. — English Gosset ? — French Caussade,
Caussat, Gosset 1 Josset 1 (Hard) Old German Gozhart,
Gozart, Cozhart, 8th cent. — Eng. Gozzard, Cossart — French
GossARD, Gossart, Cauzard. {Hari, warrior) Old German
Gauzer, Cozhere, 8th cent. — Eng. Gozar, Cosier, Causer —
French Goussery, Jossier. {Helm) Old German Goshelm,
The
Danduti ?
310 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVEB.
Jozzelm, 8th cent. — French Gossiome, Josseaume. (Ram,
ran, raven) Old Germ. Cozram, 8th cent. — Eng. Gosheron —
French Gaussiran. (Leih, carmen) Old Germ. Gosleih, 8th
cent. — Eng. Goslee. (Lind, gentle) Old German Gauzlind,
8th cent. — English Gosland, Josland (or from land, terra).
(Man) Eng. Gooseman — Mod. German Gossman — French
CosMENE. (Mar, famous) Old Germ. Gozmar, 8th cent. —
English GosMER — Mod. Germ. Cosmar. {Niw, young) Old
German Cozniw, Cozni — French Cosne, Cosnuau. {Rat,
counsel) Old Germ. Cozzarat, 9 th cent. — French Cosseret.
{Rand, shield) French Josserand, Jousserand. {Wealh,
stranger) Old German Coswalh, 9th cent. — Eng. Goswell.
{Wald, power) Old German Gausoald, 8th cent. — English
GOSWOLD.
Zeuss refers the following stem to the name
of the Danduti, in which Graff and Forstemann
also seem to agree.
simple forms.
Old German Dando, Dendi, Tando, Tanto, 9 th cent. ;
Danzo, Tanzo. 8th cent. Ang.-Sax. Daunt (found perhaps,
in Dauntesbourn, Cod. Dip. 384). Dando, Dandi {Hund
Rolls). English Dand, Dakdo, Dandy, Dendy, Dainty,
Daunt, Tant, Tent, Tandy, Dance, Dancey, Tansey.
French Dandou, Danty, Dentu, Tandou, Danse, Tenc£
Ital. Dante ?
diminutives.
Old Germ. Tantulo, 8th cent. — Eng. Tendall, Tansell
French Danzel — Ital. Dandolo. Old German Dantlin,
Dentlin, 10th cent. — Eng. Dandelyon — French Denullein,
Tenaillon. ^ '1.^,4^ At ^U
phonetic ending. ' ^t-wvifv ^ ^
English Tanton, Danson. French Danton, Tandon,
Tanton.
compounds.
{Hard, fortis) French Dansard. {Hari, warrior) Dauntre
( = Dauntherl 1) Roll BatU Abb. — English Dancer 1 — French
Dantier. {Wine, friend) Tanduini, Lib. Vit. — Fr. Danvin
Tennevin.
I
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 311
Then there is a stem dan, which Forstemann
thinks may be, at least in part, from the name
of the Danes. It seems, probable, however, that
it is sometimes only a degenerate form of dand,
and in one or two instances I have so classed it.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Dano, Danno, Denno, Tanno, Tenno, 8tli^j^ j^^^^
cent. Dene, Lib. Vit. English Dane, Dana, Dann, Denn
Denny, Dean, Tann, Ten. Mod. German Dann, Dehn,
Tanne. French Dan, Danne, Daney, Tainne.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Tanucho, 9th cent, — Eng. Tannock — French
Denechau. Old Germ. Danila, Tenil, 7th cent. — English
Dannell, Dennell, Tennelly — French Danel, Danelle,
Tanlay.
pathonymics.
Old German Daning, Dening — Eng. Denning. Eng.
Denson,* Denison, Tennyson — French Tenneson.
phonetic ending.
English Dannan. French Danin, Denin.
COMPOUNDS.
{And, life, spirit) English Tennant — French Denant.
(Burg, protection) Old German Danaburg, 10th cent. —
French 1 Danneberg. {Frid, peace) Old German Danafrid,
8th cent. — English Danford ? {Gaud, Goth.) Old German
Danegaud, 8th cent. — Mod. German Dankegott ? — French
Den^chaud. {Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Denihart, 8th cent.
^Ang.-Sax. Dseneheard (found in Doeneheardes hegercewe,f
Cod. Dip, 272) — Eng. Denhard — French Denard, Denert,
Tenard. {Gar, spear) Old Germ. Thanger, 9th cent, — Eng.
Danger — Modern German Dannecker — French Denecher,
Dencre, Denaigre, Tangre. {Hari, warrior) Eng. Denyer,
Danner, Tanner — French Denier, Dennery, Taniere, Tan-
* I do not feel sure of these names. They might be the same as Tanton, &c.,
in the previous group. See also Benson, Bunsen, <fcc., p. 236.
t ' ' Daeneheard's hedgerow. "
312 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
NEUR. (Man) Eng. Denman, Tenneman. (Red, counsel)
Old Germ. Tennared, 6th cent. — French Tanrade, Tenret.
{Ulf,wo\i) Old German Thanolf, 10th cent. — Ang.-Saxon
Denewulf — Eng. Denolf — French Deneff, Denaiffe.
From the tribe of the Ambrones Zeuss and
Forstemann derive the word amber in proper
names — the latter also suggesting that the h may-
be only euphonic and the proper form amar, in
which case it might be an allied word to amaly
p. 143.
SIMPLE FORMS.
The Ang.-Saxon Amber (found in Amhresbyrigi now Ames-
' hury, Amhixsledh, now Ombersly.) Eng. Amber, Hamper,
Ember, Imber.* French Ampaire, Empaire, Embry.
DIMINUTIVES.
J: Old German Ambricho, Embricho, Imbrico, 5th cent. —
>;J' ^ Eng. Ambridge ?
^ . The Frisian or Friese (Ang.-Saxon Frysa,)
^ \>; appears to give the name to the following. Accord-
[^ ing to Kichthoven this people's name is allied to
So ^ French friser, Eng. frizzle, and signifies comatus,
>^ "^ curled — the wearing of the hair long or curled
being considered among the German tribes as a
badge of the freeman and the hero. According to
Zeuss it is derived from Goth, fraisan, tentare,
Ang.-Sax. frdsa, periculum, in the sense of valour
or courage. In this case, and perhaps in any
case, we may include the form fras.
simple forms.
Friese, Old Germ. Friaso, Friso, Yras, 8th cent. Eng. Freeze,
Frasi. Mod. German Friess. French Frise, Fraysse,
Frasey.
* Might be referred to the Ymbras of the Traveller's Song, whom Lappen-
berg supposes to be the Imbers of the isle of Femern. Thorpe suggests that these
Imbers might be a remnant of the Ambrones.
Frisian.
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 313
EXTENDED FORM=ENG FRISIAN*
French Frison, Fresson.
Then there are several names which may be
derived from peoples not themselves Teutonic,
yet who bordered upon, or might be partially
intermixed with, the German tribes. Thus we
find that the Anglo-Saxons had several names
compounded with Peht or Pict ;t I have sug-
gested a possible reason at p. 295 ; I do not
think, with Mr. Kemble, that an intermixture of
blood is necessarily to be assumed.
From the Boii, a Celtic tribe who gave the
name to Boioaria, now Bavaria, Forstemann
j derives the stem hoi in proper names. There
appear to be three forms — first, the simple form
I found in the name of the Boii — secondly, the
' extended form found in German Baviar — and
thirdly, the further extended form found in Eng.
Bavarian.
SIAIPLE FORMS.
Old German Boio, Beio, Peio, 7tli cent. A ng. -Saxon The Boit
Boia. Eng. Boy, Bye, Pye. Mod. Germ. Boye. French
Boy, Boy4 Boy, Poy^.
compounds.
(Hard, fortis) Eng. Byard — French Bo yard, Poyard,
I Poyart. (Man) Eng. Boyman, Pyman.
extended form=germ. baviar.
Old Germ. Baior, Peior, 9th cent. Eng. Boyer, Byer.
French Boyer, Boyreau, Poyer.
COMPOUND.
(Man) English Beyerman.
* Possibly another extended form may be found in Eng. Frasir, Frkezok
French Frasier, Frezier.
t Our name Picture (Registrar-General's return) seems rather probably to
be from this origin, representing an Ang.-Sax. Pecthere or Peh there.
N 2
314 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
EXTENDED FORM=ENa BAVARIAN.
Old Germ. Beiarin, 8tli cent. French Boikon, Botron,
From the name of the Huns Forstemann
derives the following stem, observing however
that the root un [unna, dare, or un, negative), is
very liable to intermix. It is further to be
observed that if Hun, as Grimm suggests, sig-
nifies giant, this may also be the meaning in
proper names.
SIMPLE FORMS
The Huns. ^-^^ German Huno, Huni, Hun, 8tli cent. Hun, a king
of the Hetware (Traveller s song). Honey (Hund. Rolls).
Eng. HuNN, Honey. Mod. Germ. Huhn, Hunn,
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Hunico, 10th cent. — Honoc, Lib. Vit. —
English HuNNEX — Modern German Honicke, Honke —
French Honache. Old German Hunichin, 10th cent. — -
English H UNKING — Mod. Germ. Hunecken. Old German
Hunzo, 9th cent. — Eng. Honiss, Hunns.
compounds.
(Bert, bright) Old German Hunbert, Humbert, 8th cent.
— Ang.-Sax. Hunberht, bishop of Lichfield — Mod. German
Humbert — French Humbert. (Bald, bold) Old German
Hunibald, 8th cent., Humbold, 9th cent. — Eng. Honeyball,
Hunibal — Modern German Humboldt — French Humblot.
(Frid, peace) Old German Hunfrid, Humfrid, 8th cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Hunfrith, bishop of Winchester — Eng. Humphrey
— French Honfray. (Ger, spear) Old Germ. Hunger, 8th
cent. — English Hunger — Mod. German Hunger — French
HoNGRE, HoNACKER. (Gaut, goz, Goth.) Old Germ. Hungoz,
9th cent. — Eng. Hungate. (Hard) Old Germ. Hunard, 8th
cent. — English Hunnard— Mod. Germ. Huhnert- — French
HoNNAKD. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Honlier, 8th cent.—
English Honner — Mod. German Honer. (Man) Honiman
(Hund. Rolls). — English Honeyman — Mod. Germ. Honig-
MANN, HuNNEMANN. {Rat, counsel) Old Germ. Honrad, 9th
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 315
cent. — French HoNOKAT. (Wald, power) Old Germ. Hun-
wald, Ilunoald, 8th cent. — Hunewald, Lib. Vit. — English
IIuNHOLD — Mod. Germ. Hunold — French Hunault
From the name of the Fins Forstemann
derives the following stem, found in five Old
German names, observing that as the Fins have
been neighbours of the Germans ever since the
time of Tacitus, it would be surprising if no names
had been derived from them. The same remark
applies to the Northmen, among whom the name
was more common than among the Germans.
The word however requires further investigation ;
Miss Yonge explams it as " white," and referring
to Finn as a title of Odin, thinks that it was " an
idea borrowed from the Gael by the Norsemen."
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Fina. Finn, ancestor of Woden, Ang.-Sax.
geneal. Fin, a prince of the North Frisians (Beowulf). Old
Norse Finnr, Finni. Eng. Finn, Finney.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, bright) French Finbert. {Bog, bow) Old Norse
Finbogi — Eng. Fined w. {Gar, spear) Old Norse Finngeir —
Ang.-Sax. Finger (found in Fingringalw,'^ Cod. Dip. 685) —
Eng. Finger. {Mar, famous) Eng. Finnimore ?
From the Venedi, Veneti, Winidse, or Wends
may be the following. According to Grimm
(Gesch. d. Deutsch. Spr.J this people's name, as
well as that of the Vandals, is to be referred to
Germ, wenden, Eng. wend, wander, &c.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Winid, Windo, Wenda, Wento, Wenso, 9th The Wends.
cent. Winta, son of Woden, in the genealogy of the kings
* The mound of the Fingerings, "descendents of Finger," now Fingringhoe
in Essex.
316 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
of the Lindisfari. English Wind, Window, Went, Wint,
Vent, Vint, Quint. Mod. German Wind, Wend, Went.
French Vinit, Vient, Vintz, Quint y.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Vinidin, 9th cent. Eng. Wendon, Vindin,
QuiNTiN. French Vintin, Quentin.
compounds.
{Hari, warrior) Old German Winidhari, Winidhar,
Winithar, 5th cent. — Eng. Winder, Winter,* Vinter —
Mod. Germ. Winder, Winter — French Ventre, Guindre.
(Rarriy ran, raven) Old Germ. Winidram, Winedrannus, 8th
cent. — Eng. Windram — French Vendrin.
Then there is a form ivand, which may be, at
least in some cases, the same as the preceding.
simple forms.
Wand, Old Germ. Wando, Wandi, Wanzo, 8th cent. English
Wend? Wand, Want, Vant, Vandy, Wansey, Vance. Mod.
Germ. Wande, Wandt. French Vancy.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Wendico, 9th cent. — Eng. Quantock — Mod.
Germ. Wandtke.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Wanding, 8th cent. — Eng. Wanding.
PHONETIC ending.
Old Germ. Wanzino. Eng. Wanton, Vension. French
Vanden, Quantin.
compounds.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Wanther, 8th cent. — English
Wander — French Vantier, Quantier. (Man) English
Wantman.
Then there is a third form from the same
root, which may probably be referred to the
name of the Vandals.
>•.
Might also be from another origin— see p. 141
The
Vandalsr.
THE MATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 317
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Wandilo, Wandil, Wendil, Wyndele, 6th
cent. Ang. -Saxon Windel (found in Windlesora, novo
Windsor, d:c.,). English Windle, Wintle. Modern
German Wandel, Wendel. French Vandale, Vanutelle,
quandelle.
diminutives.
Old German Wandalin (bishop of Chartres), "Wantelin,
Wendelin, 6th cent. — Modern German Wendling — French
Vanthielen. Eng. Wendelken.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) French Vantillard. (Hari, warrior)
Old Germ. Wandalarius, 6th cent., BavSaXaptos, Procopius
— Eng. Yandeleur, Windeler, Vanzller — Mod. German
Wendeler.
Though we cannot doubt that the very
common name of Scott has been in most cases
a surname derived from nation ah ty, yet we find
it also in ancient use as a single or baptismal
name. Whether in this case also it may, like
other names of the same sort, be derived from
the nation, or whether, as appears to be the case
in the name Scottsmith, we may think of Old
Norse shot, dart, spear, there are scarcely suflScient
grounds for deciding.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Scot, 9th cent. Ang. -Sax. Scott (found in scot.
Scottes healh, Cod. Dip. 1,218.) Scott, Lib. Vit.
diminutive. patronymic.
English ScoTTOCK. English Scotting.
COMPOUNDS.*
(Bald, fortis) Eng. Shotbolt ? (Land) Scotland, Zi6.
Vit — Scotland, a Norman in the Acta Sanctorui/i — English
Scotland, {Mar famous) Old Germ. Ecotmar (for Scotmar,
according to Forstemann) — Eng. Scotchmer.
* Besides the names here quoted, Scothard occurs twiee as a Frankish nam«
in th* Pol. Irm.
318 THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER.
I do not think that Spain is from the country ;
it seems rather to be the same name as Spegen
which occurs two or three times in the Liber
Yitse, and which is probably from Aug.- Saxon
spanan, allicere. So also Sweden, which com-
pares with an Old German Swedin, referred by
Fdrstemann to Old High Germ, swedan, to burn.
SwEETSUR evidently means a Sweitser or
Swiss. But I do not think that Pickard, p. 178,
means a native of Picardy. And though Jane-
way may be, as Mr. Lower suggests, from an old
word for a Genoese, yet I should rather take it
to be the same as Gannaway, from the stem
gan, elsewhere noticed. English and Inglis
may be the same as the Ang.-Saxon name Ingils
(for Ingisil). Ireland may be, like the Old
Germ, names Erland, Airland, &c., the same as
Harland, p. 232. EoMAN also may be from
Podman, as Pobert, Poger, and Poland, from
Eodbert, Podger, and Podland.
Lastly, there are one or two names which
seem to refer to a mixture of race. Such is an
Old Germ. Halbthuring, 9th cent., which seems
to mean a Thuringian on one side. Also an Old
Germ. Halbwalah, 8th cent., which may mean
half foreigner or half Welsh. So likewise the
Danish Halfdane, whence the Scottish Haldane.
But I doubt very much whether Mr. Kemble is
right in thinking that the Anglo-Saxon name
Mul signifies half-breed ; Miss Yonge at any rate
is certainly wrong in thinking that Ceadwalha,
THE NATION AS THE NAME-GIVER. 319
his brother,had a Cymbric name ; for, as elsewhere
shown, it is clearly Teutonic. At the same time
it is very probable that the similarity of the
name to the Celtic Cadwallader might be the
cause of a mutual confusion of the two names.
CHAPTER XVII.
THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE.
While the Gothic tribes were wanderers in
the great Northern Forests, they took their
names from the objects that were famiHar to
them there. The nobler of the savage brutes —
the bear, the wolf, the boar — were among the
Teuton's favourite types ; — the war-game that
he loved, and the sword that " was to him as a
daughter.''
But it was a new life when they came to the
water s edge. A new horizon opened to their
view — new visions stirred their minds — their
destiny took them by the hand — and the bold
hunter became the daring viking. Short flights
of piracy trained their wings — and the narrow
British sea was bridged ; — a thousand years to
gather head — for it was the wide Atlantic that
came next.
On all the German sea-board there were fierce
pirates and bold seamen — but the Northmen
were the fiercest and the boldest. They harried
all shores, and crossed swords with all races.
They brought back the gold of Caliphs, and the
dark-eyed daughters of Italy. They launched
forth into the frozen deep, and saw the whale at
his solemn gambols, and met the sea-bear — hoary
THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE. 321
and gnm — drifting on his solitary raft of ice, like
an ancient warrior on his way to Odin's Hall.
And — ere yet the fuUness of time was come —
they lifted up a corner of the veil, and peeped
into the grand New World.
Even in death the Viking loved to have his
grave overlooking the sea, that his spirit might
listen to its old familiar voice. Sometimes he
was even buried sitting inside his trusty ship,
with his good sword by his side. More frequently
his barrow was made in the shape of a ship
turned upside down. And sometimes — with a
feeling of poetry not always found in the pro-
ductions of Scalds — that the old sea-rover might
sleep the sounder, they made his bed of the salt
sea- weed. ^^
From the Goth, saivs. Old Sax. and Old High
Germ, seo^ Ang.-Sax. sae, Eng. "sea," Forstemann
derives the following stem, which is however
liable to intermix with sig, victory, p. 172. It
is as might be expected, a stem especially Saxon.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ber, bear) Sibar, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Seaber, Shebeare — ' Sea, Sew.
Fr. Seeber, Sebire. {Bern, bear) Old Germ. Sebern, 9th cent. ^^*"
— Old Norse Ssebiorn — Sberne, Domesday — Eng. Seaborn, xj<tfl»-^-»-u*v L»-
Seyburn, Sporne — French Sebron. {Bert, bright) Old Germ. Z^^-^uv^ ^
Sebert, 11th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Sseberht — Eng. Seabright —
Mod. German Sebert — French Sibert. (Burg, protection)
* Graves of this sort — evidently Teutonic — have been discovered in the
Crimea. See the " Antiquities of Kertch and Researches in the Cimmerian Bos-
phorus," by Dr. Duncan M'Pherson. In the course of a discussion on the subject
at a meeting of the Archaeological Institute, Mr. Kemble remarked "The layer
of sea-weed in the tomb is a remarkable fact ; a similar usage has been noticed in
interments on the shores of the Baltic, and it might have originated in some tradi-
tion of water-worship, of which traces occur in the superstitions of Scan<linavia."
o 2
322 THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE,
Old German Seburg, Seopurc, 9th cent. — Seaburch, Lih.
Vit. — English Seabury, Seabrook — Mod. Germ, Seeburg — •
French Sibourc. {Fugel, fowl) Ang.-Sax. Ssefugel— English
Sefowl. (Man) Old German Seman, 9th cent. — English
Seaman — Mod German Seemann. (Bit, ride) Old Germ.
Seuerit, 9th cent. — English Searight — French Seuriot.
(Waldf power) Old Germ. Sewald, 11th cent. — Eng. Sea-
wall, Sewell? — Mod. Germ. Seewald — French Soualle ?
(Ward, guardian) Old Germ. Seward, 6th cent. — Ang.-Sax.
Sseward — Eng. Seaward, Seward, Saward — French Suard.
Another stem of similar meaning may be und,
which Forstemann refers to Old High German
unda, fluctus, unda. Hence Old German Undo,
8th cent., and Eng. Undey, though hund, dog,
is liable to intermix.
The only ancient name from ship, navis,
seems to be a Gothic Scipuar of the 6th cent,
in Procopius, and which answers to our Skipper
and Shipman.
The Ang.-Saxon ceol, appears to be found in
the names of several Anglo-Saxons, but it is
not easy to say whether it is intended for that
word or for col, helmet, p. 226. The only name
from this source among the continental Germans
seems to be a CheHng (Goldast, rerum Alaman-
nicarum scriptores).
simple forms.
Keel. Ang.-Saxon Ceol, royal line of Wessex. English Keel,
^^'^' Keely. Mod. Germ. Kiehl. French Chely ?
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Cheling. English Keeling.
We find in Anglo-Saxon several poetical or
periphrastic expressions for a ship, some of which
seem to occur in English names. Thus we have
THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE. 323
Seamark, which appears to be from Ang.-Saxon
scemearhy a sea-horse, a ship. And the name
Seahorse itself, of EngHsh origin, occurs, as Mr.
Lower informs us, in New Brunswick. Another
Anglo-Saxon expression for a ship was scewudic,
"sea- wood," whence seems to be the name Sea.-
WOOD, found in New York.
From the Old Norse fara, Ang.-Sax. faran,
to fare, sail, travel ; Old Norse ^aW, Ang.-Saxon
fara^ voyager, we may take the following, which
are however rather apt in some cases to intermix
with fair, pulcher. A large proportion of the
ancient names are Frankish.
SIIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Fara, Faro, Pharo, 7th cent. English Fair,
Phair, Fairey, Farra, Pharaoh, Farrow, Ferry. Mod.
Germ. Fahr, Fehr. French Fare, Faey, Farau, Feray,
Ferry.
diminutives.
EngHsh Farrell, Ferrell — French Faral. Old Germ.
Farlenus, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Ferling (found in Ferling-
amere. Cod. Dip. 73) — EngHsh Fairlan, Furlong — Mod.
Germ. Fehrlen. Old German Farago, 9th cent. — English
Fargo — Modern German Ferrach. French Farachon —
English Firkin ?
patronymics.
French Farenc. English Firing ?
PHONETIC ending.
Old Germ. Parana, 8th cent. English Farren, Fearon.
French Farran, Farine, Feron.
COMPOUNDS.
(And, life, spirit) Old Germ. Ferrand, 11th cent. — Eng.
Farrand, Ferrand — French Ferrand, Ferant. {Bert^
famous) Old Germ. Farabert, 8th cent. — Eng. Fairbeard ?
(Foot, pedes) Eng. Fairfoot — Fr. Fj^rafiat. (Gaud, Goth.)
Fare.
Travel
Farn.
Travel.
324 THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE.
Old Germ. Faregaud, 8th cent. — Eng. Farragat, Forget — ■
French Faraguet, Farcot, Feragut, Forget. (Gis, hostage^
companion 1) Old Germ. Ferigis, 9th cent, — French Farcis.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Feriher, 9th cent. — Eng. Farrier,
Farrer, Ferrier — French Ferrier, Ferrer. (Lind, gentle)
Old Germ. Ferlind, 9th cent. — Eng. Forland. (Man) Old
German Faraman, 9th cent. — Fareman, Hund. Rolls — Eng.
Fairman, Ferriman — Modern German Fehrmann — French
FiRMiN? (Mund, protection) Old Germ. Faramund, Frankish
king, 5th cent. — English Farrimond, Farmont — French
Fermond, Ferment. (Ward, guardian) Old Germ. Faroard,
8th cent. — English Forward. (Weal, peregrinus) English
Farewell — French Ferouelle.
From the above stem fa7\ as an extended
form comes fmm ; the Goth, fairni, Ang.-Saxon
Jirn, old, might be suggested, but I should rather
prefer to keep to the same sense as found in the
previous group, and which is found in the Mod.
German fern.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Farnus, 7th cent. Forne, (Domesday). Eng.
Fairne, Fern, Fernie, Forney. French Fahne, Fernie,
lORNEY, FOURNY.
diminutives.
Old German Fernucus, 8th cent. — French Fernique.
French Fornachon. Eng. Farnell, Furnell, Fernilow —
French Fernil, Fournel.
patronymics.
Ang.-Saxon Fearning (found in Fearninga broc, Cod.
Dip. 450). French Ferning.
compounds.
(Hari, warrior) Eng. Feriner, Ferner — French Fernier.
( Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Farnulf, 9th cent.— Eng. Fernyough ?
( Wald, power) Eng. Fernald. (Heit, state, condition) Mod.
Germ, Faueniieit ?
Fard.
THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE. 3!f?5
As another extended form from the same
root far we may take fard, which corresponds
with Old Norse faerd. Old High German fart,
Old Sa:Xon farth, voyage, expedition.
SI.MPLK FORMS.
Old Germ. Forti. English Fardo, Fairday,* Faraday, Travel.
Ford, Fort, Forty. French Fert, Fert4 Fort, Forteau.
DIMINUTIVES.
English FARDELLt — French Fortel.
phonetic ending.
Fardan (Domesday). Eng. Farden, Fortin, Fortune 1
French Fortin, Fortune 1 Fortune ?
patronymics.
Old Germ. Ferting, 8th cent. English Farthing.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) Ang.-Sax. Forthere, bishop of Sherborne
— English FoRDER — French Fortier. (Man) Old German
Fartmann, 8th cent. — English Fort ym an — Mod. German
FoRTMANN — French Ferdman. {Nand, daring) Old Germ.
Ferdinand, king of Castile, 11th cent. — Eng. Ferdinand —
French Ferdinand — Ital. Ferdinandi — Spanish Fernando?
Fernandez. J {Red, counsel) Forthred, Lib. Vit. — English
Fordred.
From the Ang.-Sax. loorian, vagari, Forste-
mann derives the following stem.
simple forms. Wor.
Old German Woro. English Worrow, Worry, Wurr. Vagan.
French Yoiry, Vaury.
diminutives.
English Worrell, Whorlow — Mod. German Worle —
French Werle.
compounds.
(Wald, power) Old German Worald, 8th cent. — English
World.
* i.e.=Faird-ay. Otherwise Fairday, Faraday may be from the stem
far, with the suffix dag, day.
t Might be from the Old German name Farthilt {hild, war).
t The ending ez, in Spanish and Portuguese family names, is a patronymic
form, and is supposed by Schmeller (ueher die enduing ez, Spanischer and Portu-
gieiischer faniilisenamenj, to be of Gothic origin.
9
326 THE SEA AND THE SEA LIFE.
I have before observed that no animal was
held in such high reverence among the Scan-
dinavian races as the bear. And when the
Norsemen, penetrating into the depths of the icy
sea, found him there before them, in a solitude
sublimer than that of the forest— yet grimmer
and hardier than before, and a sailor too hke
themselves— all their old reverence would come
on them with increased force. Hence we find
as Scandinavian names Ssebiorn (sea-bear), and
Snsebiorn (snow-bear). The former I have already
referred to— the latter I do not find in Enghsh,
though the Germans have both Schnebern and
ScHNAUBER. But we have the name Isborn,
which, as I take it, has just the same meaning,
viz., " ice-bear,'' and which corresponds with the
names Iseburn and Isebur in the Liber Vitse.
i
I
CHAPTER XVIII.
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE.
There are several words having the meaning
of birth, race, family, &c., in which is contained
the sense of nobility. A manner of expression
precisely similar we still use when we speak of a
man of birth or a man of family.
A word of the above character is Old High
German cliunni, Ang.-Saxon cyrut, race, lineage.
Hence, in the sense of nobility, is formed Old
High German chuning, Ang.-Saxon cyning, con-
tracted cyng^ English " king." A word liable to
intermix in the following group is Old High
German cliuoni, kuoni, Ang.-Saxon cene, English
" keen," in the sense of boldness.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Chuno, Cuno, Cono, Couno, Cunni, Stli cent. ^.^ \^
Cyni, Lib. Vit. Eng. Chunn, Cunio, Coxj7e, Cone, Conny, Race.
Kenna, Kenny, Kine, Kinney, Chine. Modern German
Cuno, Kone, Kuhn. French Chon, Chonneaux, Cuny,
Coune, Conneau, Cinna.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Chunulo, 9tli cent. — Eng. Connell, Cunnell,
CuNLEY, KiNNELL, Kennell — Modern German Kohnle,
KuHNEL — French Conil, Conilleau. Old Germ. Cinelin,
11th cent. — Eng, Conlan. Old German Chunico — English
Kinkee, Kinch, Kench — Mod. Germ. Kunicke, Kuhnke,
Konicke. Old Germ. Chunzo, Cuniza, llfch cent. — Ang.-Sax.
Cynsy, Archbishop of York — Eng. Kinsey, Kinns, Kenish
— French Chonez, Conn^s. Cynicin, Lib. Vit. — English
Kinchin — French Cinquin, Conchan.
328 THE RULER AND THE PRINCE.
COMPOUNDS.
[Bald, bold) Ang.-Sax. Cynebald, royal line of Wessex —
English KiNiPPLE ? {Ber^ bear) English Conybear 1 {Bertj
bright) Old German Chunibert, 7th cent. — Anglo-Saxon
Cynebert, bishop of Winchester — Fr. Kennebert. (Burg,
protection) Old Germ. Chunibuirga, 11th cent, — Ang.-Sax.
Cyneberga, royal line of Northumbria — Eng. Kinniburgh.
Probably the same as the last is Old German Chunibruch — •
Eng. KiNNEBROOK. (Drucl, thryth, woman 1) Old German
Chunidrud. 7th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Cynethryth or Cynedryd,
wife of Offa, king of Mercia — Eng. Kindred — Fr. Coindret.
(Ger, spear) Old German Chuneger — Eng. Conger, Conker.
(Gest, hospes) Old German Cunigast, Conigastus, 6th cent. —
Eng. Conquest ? (Hard) Old German Chunihard, 8th cent.
— Anglo-Saxon Cyneheard, bishop of Winchester — English
KiNNAiRD, Kennard, Cunard — Modern German Kohnert,
Kuhnhardt, Kuhnert — French Conard, Conord, Conort.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Chunihari, 8th cent — English
Conyer, Connery, Kinnear, Kinner, Chinnery — Modern
German Koner, Kuner — French Connier. (Man) English
KiNMAN — Mod. Germ. Konemann — French 1 Kunem ann.
(Laf, superstes) Ang.-Sax. Cynlaf (found in Cynldfes stdn,
Cod. Dip. 714) — English Cunliffe. (Mund, protection) Old
Germ..Chunimund, king of the Gepidse, 6th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Cynemund, bishop of the Magessetas — Eng. Kinmonth
s^V — Modern German Kunemund. (Z«c, play) Old German
ft )V> Chunileihc, 9th cent. — Eng. Kinloch, Kinglake ? (Niwy
j4*^ ^^^ jo\m.g) Old Germ. Cunnia, 8th cent. — Eng. Cunnew. (Rad,
counsel) Old German Chunrad, Cunrad, Conrad, 8th cent.
Coenred, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Conrath — Mod. Germ. Conrad —
French Connerat, Conrad, Kunrath. (Bic, power) Ang.-
Sax. Cynric, son of Cerdic — English Kenrick — Mod. Germ.
KiNREiCH. (Wald, power) Old Germ. Kuniald, Conald, 8th
cent. — Ang.-Sax. Cynewald, bishop of Worcester — English
CuNNOLD — Modern German KiJHNHOLD — French Cunault.
(Wul/J Old Germ. Chonulf, 7th cent. — Ang. -Saxon Cyne-
wulf, king of Wessex — English Conoff, Cuniffe. (Ward,
guardian) Ang. -Saxon Cyneward, bishop of Wells — English
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 329
Kenward. (W^g, war) Keiiewi, Hund. Rolls — English
Kennaway.
From the above root cliun, ciin, con, cyn, is
formed variously the Old High German chuning,
Old Sax. cuning, Old Fries, kening, Ang.-Saxon
cyii ing, king. Whether our Cunnings, Kenning,
Chenning, and the French Coninx have this
meaning, or whether they are the simple patro-
nymic is uncertain. In the contracted form we
find an Old Germ. Kung, 9 th cent., Eng. King
and Ching, French Congs and Congy. The
commonness of the Eng. King is not accounted
for by anything we find in Old German names.
It is probable that a Celtic word may intermix,
VLz., the Irish cing, cingeadh, fortis, Gael, cingeadh,
fortitudo. Hence Old Celtic names Cingius and
Cingetius. Also the Cingetorix and Vercingetorix
" most valiant ruler" of Caesar. "^^
A similar sense of nobility to that found in
the above word signifying " race" is probably con-
tained in the olio wing, which Stark derives from
Old Norse hurdi\ Ang.-Sax. hyrde, " birth." A
word liable to intermix is hert, bright, illustrious.
I SIMPLE FORMS.
" Old Germ. Burdo. English Burd, Bird. Mod. Germ. ^"''^
_, Burde, Burth. Fr. Burde, Bourdeau, Burthe, Burthi^.
I diminutives.
I English Burdock. English Burdell — French Bourdel.
French Bourdelon.
I PHONETIC ending.
i Old German Burdin, 11th cent. Eng, Burden. French
BuRDIN, BOURDIN.
* Gluck, Die bei C. Julius Caesar vorkommenden Keltischen namen.
P 2
Birth.
330 THE RULER AND THE PRINCE.
COMPOUNDS.
(Heit, state, condition) Eng. Burdett* — French Burdet,
BouRDET. {Har% warrior) Eng. Burder — French Bourdier.
(Land) French Bourdelande.
It is rather probable that the sense of nobility
may be contained also in the words signifying
" people," such as ledd, ihedd, folc. Bosworth
renders ledd as " countryman, man, prince/^ But
in compounds the ordinary sense of " people''
may, at least in some cases, obtain. Thus, for
instance, in the compounds with mund, ward,
and gardy the idea may be that of " protector of
the people." Stil], the sense being akin to that
of sovereignty, the names would be introduced
appropriately here. The Ang.-Sax. ledd. Old
High German Hut, was a very common word in
ancient names. It is apt to mix with some
others, as laith, p. 194.
simple forms
Leod. ^^^ Germ. Liudo, Liut, Lutto, Luith, 4th cent. English
People. Leuty, Lutto, Lyde, Lyth, Leddy, Litt. Mod. German
Lude, Luth. French Liot, Luyt, Luthe, Litteau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Liudila, 8th cent. — English Liddelow. Old
Germ. Leodechin, Ludechin, 8th cent. — English Ludkin —
Mod. Germ. LDdecking.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Liiidin, Liu tin, 7 th cent. English Luden,
Luton. French Ludon, Luton.
COMPOUNDS.
(Burg, protection) Old Germ. Luitburc, 9th cent, — Eng.
LuDBROOK. {Ger, spear) Old German Liudiger, Leodegar,
Ludger, Luger, 6th cent. — Eng. Lydekker, Ledger, Lugar,
♦ The termination et may, as stated at p. 189, be variously derived, but the
above name seems to be like the Old German Adelheid, or Adelheit, English
Adelaide, "noblehood."
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 331
LucAR, Lucre — Mod. Germ. Leutiger — French? Ludger.
{Gard, protection) Old German Liudgard, Liucard — English
Ledgard — French Lucard. {Goz, Goth.) Old German
Luitgoz, Luikoz, 8th cent. — Lucas, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Lucas* —
Mod. Germ. Luttkus — French Lucas. (Hard J Old Germ.
Luidhard, Leotard, 6th cent. — Eng. Liddard — Mod. Germ.
LuTHARDT — French Liotard, Leotard, Leutert. (Hari,
warrior) Old German Liuthari, prince of the Alamanni, 6th
cent., Luilinr — English Luther — Mod. German Luther —
Flench Liottier. (Heit, state, condition) Old Germ. Liut-
heit, 8th cent. — English Lethe ad — French Liottet, Ludet.
(Hrod, glory) Old German Liutrod, 8th cent. — French
Lutteroth. (Man) Old Germ. Liudman, 8th cent. — Eng.
LuTMAN, Lyteman — Modcm German Ludtmann. {Ward,
guardian) Old Germ. Liudward, 8th cent. — Eng. Ledward.
(Wig^ wic, war) Old German Liudwig, Liutwic, 6th cent. —
Eng. LuTWiDGE, Lutwyche — Mod. Germ. Ludwig — French
LuDOVic, LuDwiGjt Louis — Ital. Luigi. {Ulf, wolf) Old
Germ. Liudulf, Litulf, 6th cent. — English Litolff — Mod.
Germ. Ludolf. (Wald, power) Old German Liutolt, 7th
cent. — Mod. Germ. Leuthold — French Lieutaut. (With,
wood) Old Germ. Leudoidis, 9th cent. — Eng. Ledwith.
As a High German form of the above, the
following may come in here.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Liuzo, Liuz, Liutzo, Liuce, Liuzi, lOth cent. J"^^
Luse, Lucy (jRoll Batt. Abb.). English Luce, Loose, Lucy.
Mod. Germ. Leuze, Lutz, Luz. French Luce, Lucy, Lussy,
Luez, Lutz.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Liuzila, 8th cent. — Eng. Loosely. French
LUSQUIN.
compounds.
[Hari, warrior) Fi-ench Luzier. {Mar, famous) English
LOOSEMORE.
* Hitherto considered to be a Greek or Latin form of Luke.
t " Ludwig dit Louis"— perhaps may be a German, from the alias.
People.
Theod,
Deot.
People.
332 THE RULER AND THE PRINCE.
A still more common word in ancient names
was Goth, thiuda, Ang.-Sax. theod, Low German
deot, people. Several names compounded with
it occur in the genealogy of the Kings of North-
umbria. Its forms are widely spread, and it is
therefore liable to intermix with some other
words, as dod, p. 273.
SIMPLE FOKMS.
Old Germ. Theudes, king of the West Goths, 6th cent.,
Teuto, Tutto, Thiedo, Tito, Tydi, Diedo, Dido, Dudo, Deot.
Ang.-Sax. Dudda, Tudda. Tydi, Lib. Vit. English Tuita,
TUTT, TUTTY, TiTE, TiDD, TiDY, ThODY, ThEED, DuDDY,
DuTT, DuTHiE, Deed, Deedy, Dyte, Dyett. Mod. German
Thiedt, Tiede, Tiedt, Diede, Ditt. French Theot, Thiedy,
Tudey, Dute, Duthy, Diette, Ditte, Dida.
diminutives.
Old German Theudila, Tutilo, Dudel, 6th cent. — English
Tuttle, Duddle — Modern German Tutel, Titel — French
DuTiL, Tittel, Didelle. Old Germ. Dudecho, 8th cent. —
Modern German Duttke — French Dutacq. Old German
Dudechin, 11th cent. — Eng. Tutching, Titchen — Modern
Germ. Didtchen — French Thi^con. Old Germ. Teodisma,
8th cent, — Fries. Diudesma — French Doussarry.
PHONETIC ENDINCr.
Old Germ. Theodan, Thiotuni, Dudan, Tutan, 7th cent.
Eng. Thoden, DuDiN, Teuten. French Thiodon, Tutuny.
TATRONYMICS.
Old German Tending, Dioting, 8th cent. Eng. Tuting.
French Detuncg, Detang.
compounds.
{Bald, bold) Old German Theudobald, Frankish king, 6th
cent., Theobald, Dietbold, Dibald — Ang.-Sax. Theodbald —
Tidbald, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Theobald, Tidball — Mod. Germ.
Theobald, Diebold — Fr. Thibault, Thibaut, Thi^blot
DiEBOLT. {Bert, bright) Old Germ. Theudobert, Frankish
king, 6th cent., Theobert — French Thibert. {Berg, pro-
tection) Old Germ. Theutberg, Teuberga, 8th cent. — French
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 3.S.'3
Thiberoe. (Gard, protection) Old German Teutgardis, 8th
cent. — French Dieutegakd. (Gaud, Cotli) Old German
Teodgot, 8th cent. — French Tytgat, Diegot. (Hard) Old
Germ. Theodhard, Diethart, Dithard, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ.
DiETERT — French Didard, Dutard, Titard. {Ilari, warrior)
Old German Theodahar, Tudhari, 5th cent. — Ang.-Saxon
Theodhere — Eng. Theodore, Tudor — Mod. Germ. Dieter —
French Theodor, Tudor, Didier — Ital. Teodori. (Ram,
ran, raven) Old Germ. Dietrammns, Teutrannus, 7th cent. —
Eng. Teuthorn — French Didron, Dedron. (Man) Old
German Tiddman, Dietman, 8th cent. — English Tiddeman,
Tidmajn, Dietman, Dettman, Dedmak — Modern German
Tiedemann, Detmann. (Mar, famous) Old Germ. Thiudemer,
king of the East Goths, 5th cent., king of the Suevi in Spain,
6th cent., Dietmar, Ditmar, 8th cent. — English Dettmer,
Tidemore — Modern German Dettjier, Dittmer — French 1
Dittmer, (Ric, power) Old Germ. Theodoricus, a Sigamber,
1st cent., king of the East Goths, 5th cent., Deoderich,
Diderich, Dietrich — Ang.-Saxon Theodric — English Todrig,
Doddridge, Dottridge, Dederick, Dedridge — Mod. Germ.
Dederich, Dettrich — French Dietrich, Di^ricks ? ( Wulf)
Old Germ. Theudulf, Diudolf, 7th cent. — French Dedouve?
A third word having the meaning of " people"
is folk or fulk, in which may be contained the
same sense as in the preceding.
simple forms.
Old German Folco, Fulco, Yolko, 9th cent. Fulco, ^^^^' ^''"'•
' ' ' People.
Domesday. English Folk, Fulke, Fouke, Yoak. Mod.
Germ. Folke, Yolk. French Fouque, Fouche, Fouche,
FoucHY, Fauque, Fauche.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Folchili, 9th cent. — Mod. German Folkel —
French Fauchille, Faucille. French Faucillon. English
Fowkes — French Fouchez.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, famous) Folcberaht, 8th cent. — Eng. Fallbright —
French Faubert. (Haid, state, condition) Old German
334 THE RULER AND THE PRINCE.
Folchaid, 8th cent. — English Folkitt — French Fouquet,
FoucHET. {Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Folchard, 8th cent. —
Fulcardus, Domesday — English Folkard — Modern German
"VoLKHARDT — French Foucart. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ.
Fulchar, Folcheri, 6 th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Folchere — English
FoLKER, FuLCHER — Mod. Germ. Volker — French Fouquier,
FouQUER^ Foucher. (Man) Old German Folkman, 8th
cent. — Eng. Volckman* — Mod. Germ. Yolkmann— French
Falcimaigne. {Ram, ran, raven) Old German Fulcranus,
7th cent. — French 1 ulcran, Fulchiron, Foucron. {Rod,
counsel) Old German Folcrat, 8th cent. — French Faucrot.
{Wald, power) Old German Fulcuald, 7th cent. — French
FOUCAULT.
Perhaps a similar sense may be found in the
word odal, udal, which Forstemann refers to Old
High German uodal, patria. It was a very
common word in ancient names, but I can only
trace very few at present.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Odai. Old German Odilo, duke in Bavaria, 8th cent., Odilo,
surnamed the Holy, Abbot of Clugny, 10th cent., Odal,
Udal, (fee. English Odell, Udall. Mod. Germ. Oettel.
French Odoul.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ, Odelina, Odeling, 9th cent. Odelin, Lib. Vit,
Otelinus, Domesday. English Odlin, Odling. French
Odelin, Houdelin, Odilon (Barrot).
compounds.
(^arc?, fortis) Odalhard, 7 th cent. — French Odillard.
{Helm, helmet) Old Germ. Odilelm, 8th cent. — Eng. Odlam ?
Upon the whole I think that the words sig-
nifying " land," " country," will also be introduced
most appropriately here. The idea seems to be
something akin to sovereignty. The most common
* Perhaps of German extraction
Patria.
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 335
word with this meaning is Ang.-Sax. land. Old
High German lant, terra ; which is found as
early as the 5th cent., and seems to have been
especially common in the 7th. Most of the forms
in Ian, and some of those in lam probably belong
to this stem.
SIMPLE FORMS. - ,
Land.
Old German Lando, Lauda, Lanto, Lant, Lanno, Lanzo, Terra.
Lenzi, 8tli cent. Eng. Land, Landy, Lant, Lance, Lancey.
Mod. Germ. Land, Landt, Lanz. French Landa, Lante,
Lanty, Lanne, Lanneau, Lance, Lanzl
diminutives.
Fng. Landell — French Landelle, Lancel. Old Germ.
Lancelin, 11th cent. — French Lancelin. French Lantiez,
Laniesse. Old Germ. Lanzico, 10th cent. — French Lanzac.
Old Germ. Landechina, 11th cent. — Eng. Lankin.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Landina, 8th cent. Eng. Landen, Landon.
French Landon, Lantin.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Landing, 8th cent. English Lanning.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, bright) Old German Landbert, Lambert, 7th cent.
-Ang.-Sax. Lambert, Archbishop of Canterbury, a.d. 764 —
Eng. Lambert — Mod. Germ. Lambert — French Lambert,
Lambret. {Burg, protection) Old German Landburg, 8th
cent. — English Lambrook — Mod. Germ. Lamberg — French
Lanzberg. (Frid, peace) Old Germ. Landfrid, Lanfrid, 8th
[cent. — Lanfrei, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Landfear, Lanfear — Mod.
Germ. Lanfried — French Lanfray. (Hard) Old German
Landohard 8th cent, — French Laxdard, Lansard. (Hari,
warrior) Old German Lanthar, Landar, 6th cent. — English
Lander, Lender — Mod. Germ. Landherr — French Landier,
Lantier, Lanier. (Helm) Old Germ. Lanthelm, 9th cent. —
French Lantheaume. (Had, war) Old Germ. Lanthad, 9th
cent. — French Lantat. (i?am, ran, raven) Old German
Lantrannus, 9 th cent. — Frenck Landron. (Mar, famous)
336 THE KULER AMD THE PRINCE.
Old Germ, Landamar, 8th cent. — French Landemar. {Rig,
power) Old Germ. Landerich, Lantrih, 7th cent. — Landric,
Domesday Yorks — English Landridge — French Landry,
Lanzarick. {Wine, friend) Old German Lantwin, 7th
cent. — French Lanvin. {Wig, wi, war) Old Germ. Lantwih,
9th cent. — Eng. Lanaway — Mod. Germ Landwig. {War,
defence) Old Germ. Landoar, 8th cent. — English Lanwer —
Mod. German Landwehr. {Ward, guardian) Old German
Landward, 8th cent. — English Landlord ?
Another stem of similar meaning is gow (Old
High German gawi. Mod. German gau, country,
district).
simple forms.
^^'.^7" Old Germ. Gawo, Cawo, 8th cent. Caua, Lih. Vit Eng.
JL)istnct.
Gow, GowA, Cow, Cowie, Goe, Coe. Mod. German Gau.
French Gouay, Goue, Gouy, Cou^. To this stem Forste-
mann also places the Old German names Geio, Keio, Keyo,
8th cent., and hence might come in English Gye, Guy, Goy,
Kay, Key — Mod. Germ. Geu, Gey — French Guy, Goy.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Cauwila, 9th cent. — Eng. Cowell — French
GouEL, Gouilly, French Gouellain, Gouillon. Old Germ.
Gawiso, 8th cent.— Eng. CoisiL
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Gawin, 8th cent. English Gowan, Cowan —
French Gouin, Goyon, Guyon, Couenne.
PATRONYMIC.
English GowiNG, Going, Cowing.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bald, fortis) Old German Gawipald, 8th cent. — French
GoiBAULT. {Bert, bright) Old Germ. Gawibert, Gaipert, 8th
cent. — Mod. Germ. Kaupert — French Guybert, Coubart.
{Hard) Eng. Goward, Coward — French Guyard, Goyard,
CouARD, CouARDEAU. {M, p. 189) Eng. GuYATT — French
Gouet, Goyet. {Hari, warrior) English Gower, Guyer —
French Gouhier, Gouerre, Goyer. (Land) Eng. Gowland,
CowLAND. (Man) Old Germ. Gawiman, 8th cent. — Eng.
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 337
Cowman — Modern German Goemann, Kaumann — French
GouMAiN, CouMox. (lUc, power) Old German Gawirich,
Goerich, 7tli cent. — Eng. Courridge, Courage.
One of the most widely-spread stems in ancient
names was athel, add, etliel, cdel, noble. It is
singular that though it was common both among
the Franks and the Anglo-Saxons, it is uncommon
at present both in French and English. Forste-
mann and other German writers suppose a
frequent contraction in Modern German names
of adal into at — thus Albert for Adalbert, Allard
for Adelhard, Allmer for Adalmer, &c. But this
seems too uncertain a rule to follow, otherwise
many names might be added to the Hst.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Atliala, Athal, Adilo, Ethil, Edilo, 5tli cent.
English Edell, Edlow, Ethel. Mod. Germ. Adal, Edel. Noble,
French Adoul, Edel, Hadol.
diminutives.
Old German Adilin, Edelen, 7th cent. English Adlan.
French Adelon, Adeline, Edelin.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Adalung, Ediling, 8th cent. Mod. German
Adelung, Ediling. French Ettlixg.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ger, spear) Old Germ. Adalger, 8th cent. — Ital. Ali-
GHiERi.* {Hard) Old German Adalhard, 8th cent. — Aug.-
Saxon Ethelhard, king of Wessex — Adelardus, Domesday —
Eng. Adlard — Mod. Germ. Adelhaet. {Helm) Old Germ.
Adalhalm, 8th cent. — A.ng.-Sax. Ethelhelm — Eng. Adlam,
Headlam ? {Haidj state, condition) Old German Adalhaid,
9th cent. — English Addlehead (and the Christian name
Adelaide). {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Adalhar, 8th cent.
* The name of the poet is so derived by Diez ; there were, however, also
Old German names Alager and Aliger. His other name Dante is a contraction of
Durante, p. 197, which I ought to have remembered at p. 310.
Q 2
Athel,
EtheL
338 THE RULER AND THE MINCE,
— Ethilheri, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Edlery — Mod. Germ. Abler,
Edeler. (Funs, fiis, eager) Old Germ. Adalfuns, Adalfus,
8th cent. — Eng. Adolphus'^ — French Alphonse — Spanish
Alphonso. (Stan, stone) Old Germ. Adelstein, 9th cent. —
Ang.-Sax. Athelstan — English Edelsten, Edlesten.
From the above word etkel, signifying noble,
was derived the title of Etheling, given in Anglo-
Saxon times to the son of the king. Next to him
in ra.nk was the Ealdorman, who had the highest
title that could be given to a subject. And our
name Alderman, found in Domesday as Aldre-
man, may not improbably be referable to this
more ancient and higher sense.
A rank of nobility below the Ealdormen were
the Thanes, who were divided into two classes,
simple Thanes and King's Thanes — a main quali-
fication being the possession of land. This word
is found in many ancient names, but as the
Ang.-Sax. thegen is contracted into thane, so the
Old High German form degan being contracted
into dane, is apt to mix with another stem, p. 311.
simple forms.
Thegan, Qld German Thegan, Thahan, Tegeno, Degan, 8th cent.
English Teggin, Thain, Thane, Deighen, Degan, Dane.
Mod. Germ. Degen, Dein, Tegen, Thein. French Dagin,
Dagneau, Teigne, Teigny, Tainne.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Theginzo, 10th cent.- — Eng. Danes — French
Tains. English Dagnall.
COMPOUNDS.
{Dio, servant) French Thenadey. {Ger, spear) Old Germ.
Theganger, 9th cent. — English Danger — French Denaigre,
Dencre. (Hard) Old Germ. Theganhard, 8th cent. — Mod.
* Or, as generally sujiposed, the Latin form of Adolph.
Thane.
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 339
Germ. Theinert — French Tiii^nard. (Ilari, warrior) Old
Germ. Thegauher, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ. Theiner — French
Thenier,
The Anglo-Saxon heretog or heretoch was the Heretog,
leader of an army, and the word corresponds with Gen^to^
the High Germ, herzog. I find Hertocks as an
EngHsh name of the l7th cent. ; the Germans
have Herzog ; and Herczegy, apparently French,
occurs in the directory of Paris.
A word of similar meaning is Old High Germ.
heroti, Old Norse lierradr, leader, general, which
is found in some ancient names, though another
word harud, referred by Zeuss to the tribe of the
Harudes, is difficult to separate.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Herot.
Old German Harud, Herido, 8th cent., Charietto ? 4th General,
cent., Cariatto ? a Frank, 6th cent. Eng. Harrod, Herod,
Harritt, Charrott, Charity ? Garrett. French Herod y,
Herot, Charot, Carrette,
phonetic ending
Old Germ. Aniduni, 9th cent, (with variations). Eng,
Haradon, Harridan.
There is a stem erZ, found in many ancient
names, wliich is referred by Grimm, Graff, and
Forstemann to Old Norse jarl, Ang.-Sax. eorl^
Ang.-Sax. erZ, English earl. I may also mention,
however, the Old Norse e7^la, assidue laborare,
whence Haldorsen derives the Scandinavian name
Erlingr.
SIMPLE forms.
Old Germ. Erie, 9th cent. English Earl, Early, Arle. comes.
Mod. Germ. Erle, Herl. French Irle.
340 THE RULER AND THE PRINCE.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Eiiicho, 8tli cent. — English Hurlock — Mod.
Germ. Erlecke — French Horliac. Ensjlish Arliss — Mod.
Germ. Harless — French Harlez.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Erlunc, 8th cent. Old Norse Erlingi-. Eng.
Urling. Mod. Germ. Orling.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bad, war) Old German Erlebad, 9th cent. — English
Hurlbat. [Bert, famous) Old Germ. Erlebert, 8th cent. —
Eoglish HuRLBURT. (Hari, warrior) Old German Erleher,
Herler, 8th cent. — English Hurler — Mod. Germ. Erler —
French Hourlier. {Wine, friend) Old German Erliwin,
bishop of Constance, 8th cent. — English Urlwin — French
Arlouin.
From the Old High Germ, hoh, Mod. Germ.
hoch, high, in the sense of " exalted,'^ Forstemann
derives a stem Jioh, hoc, in proper names. To
this I place the following, including one or two
names in which the Ang.-Sax. form Jiih, English
"hip'h," seems to be found. The Old Frankish
ch for h occurs in some of the French names. A
word very hable to intermix is hig, hog, Anglo-
Saxon hyge, hog, prudent, thoughtful.
simple forms.
Hoch. Q^^ Germ. Hocca, 9th cent. Hoce {Beovmlf). English
Hockey, Hoey, Hoe, High. Mod. German Hock, Hoch.
French HocQ, Hoche, Choque.
diminutives.
Old German Hohilo, Hoilo, 8th cent. English Hoyle.
Mod. Germ. Hockel.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Hocken. French Hocquigny, Chochon.
patronymic.
English Hocking.
High.
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 341
COMPOUNDS.
(Berty bright) Old Germ. Hoclibei-t, Hobert, 8th cent. —
English HoBART — Mod. Germ. Hobreciit. (J^ag, day) Old
Germ. Hodag, 9tli cent. — Eng. Hockaday — French Hocede,
HocDJi. (Hard) French Hocart, Hochard, Hochart,
Chocart. (Hari, warrior) Mod. German Hocker — French
Hocher, Choquier. (Ileid, state, condition) Eng. Hockett,
High ATT — French Hocquet, Hocheid, Chocquet. (Man J
Old German Homan, 9th cent. — English Hockman, Homan,
Oman — Mod. German Hohmann, Homann. (i/a?-, famous)
Old Germ. Hiemar 1 — English Highmore. (Bic. power) Old .^^
German Hohrich, Horich, 11th cent. — English Horrocks,
Orrock, Orridge. ( Ward, guardian) Old Germ. Hohowart,
8th cent. — Old Norse Havardr — EngKsh Howard — French
Hocquart, Houard, Choquart.
From the Ang.-Saxon math, honor, reverence,
Forstemann derives a stem raad, mat, math, which
also appears in an Old Frankish form as med.
In the names of women the sense might be that
of the Anglo-Saxon mcBth, a maiden, mcethie,
modest. A word very liable to intermix is Old
High German maht, might. Also in some of the
simple forms the scriptural name Matthew is
difficult to separate.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Matto, Mato, Math, 8th cent. Eng. Maddy, ^**''' ^'^•
' ' ' & J Honour,
Matthie, Medd, Mead, Mettee. Mod. German Mette, Reverence.
Metto. French Matte, Maty, Mady, Math4 Mathi^
Mathey, Metay.
diminutives.
Old German Madacho, 9th cent. — English Maddock,
Mattock — Modern German Madicke, Matticke, Metre —
French Metge. Old Germ. Matuas, 8th cent. — Eng. Matts.
Metz — French Mathis, Matisse, Mats. English Matkin,
Matchin — Mod. Germ. Madchen. Old German Matheliu,
11th cent. — French Mathlin, Mattel ain.
342 THE RULER AND THE PRINCE.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Medana, 9th cent. Eng. Madden, Medden,
Maiden, Meaden. Fr. Madin, Maton, Mathan, Metton.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) Old Germ. Medard, 6 th cent. — French M^dard.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Mather, 9th cent. — English
Mather, Mader, Meader, Medary — Mod. Germ. Mader>
Mather, Meeder — French Matre, Mattar, Meder. {Grim,
fierce) Old Germ. Mathgrim, 9th cent. — French Matagrin.
{Helm) Old German Madelm, 8th cent. — English M add am,
Mathams, Mattam, Mettam. {Lac, play) Old German
Mathlec, 9th cent. — Eng. Medlock. {Land) Old German
Madoland, 7th cent. — Eng. Matland, Medland. (Man)
Old Germ. Medeman, 9th cent. — Eng. Maidman, Meddiman,
Metman, Meatman, Matthewman ? — Swiss Mattmann —
French Madamon, Metman. {Rie, power) Old German
Madericus, Matrih, 4th cent. — French Matry, Methorie.
{Rat^ counsel) French Mattrat. {Rid, ride) Old German
Medarid, 6th cent. — French Matheret. {Hrod, glory)
French Matrod, Matraud. {Ron, raven) French Madron,
Matheron, Maturin. {Wald, power) Old Germ. Meduald,
Madolt, 7th cent. — English Methold. {Wine, friend)
English Medwin, Methuin. {Wig, wi, war) Old German
Medoveus, 6 th cent. — Eng. Mead way — Mod. Dan. Mad via.
uncertain names.
English Maddern. French Materne.
The names Matarn and Materni (both of course masculine)
appear in the book of the brotherhood of St. Peter at Salz-
burg in the 8th cent. Forstemann seems to doubt whether
they are German : they might, however, be from am, eagle,
found as a termination in some other names.
In this chapter will be introduced most appro-
priately the words having the meaning of power,
rule, and authority. The most common word
with this meaning is rick, rich, ridge, Ang.-Sax.
rice, power, rule, dominion, or the adjective rice^
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 343
Old High Germ, riclii, rihiy powerful. This is a
very ancient word in proper names, being found
in the 1st cent, in the names of Cruptorix, a
Frisian in Tacitus ; Baitorix, a Sigamber in
Strabo ; and Theudoricus, also a Sigamber. The
ending rix, in many Old Celtic names, contains a
corresponding and equivalent word.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Rico, Ricco, Richo, Riho, 8tli cent. English i^^ck. Rich.
Rich, Ridge, Riekie, Ritchie, Rye. Mod. Germ. Reich,
Rick, Rieck. French Ricque, Riche, Richy, Riche, Ricci.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Ricilas, prince of the Suevi, 5th cent., Ricilla,
Richilo — Eng. Richley, Riggall — Mod. German Riegel —
French Rigal. Old German Richizo, Rikizo, 10th cent. —
English Riches, Ridges, Ricks — French Richez, Riquiez.
Old Germ. Richinzo — English Ritchings.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Richini, Richin, 8th cent. English RiCHAN.
Mod. Germ. Reichen. French Richin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bald, bold) Old German Richbold, Rihbold, 8th cent. —
Eng. RiCHBELL, Rybauld. {Bert, bright) Old Germ. Rich-
bert, Rigobert, Rihbert, Rihbret, 7th cent. — Eng. Ribread,
17 th cent. — French Rigaubert. {Berg, protection) Old
Germ. Rigal^erga, Richbirg, 8tli cent. — French Richebourg.
{Gard, protection) Old Germ. Richgarda, 8th cent. — Eng.
Ridgyard. {Held, state, condition) Old Germ. Richeit, 8th
cent. — Eng. Rickett — French Riquet. {Hard) Old Germ.
Ricohard, Frankish prince, 6th cent., Riccard, Richard —
Eng. Richard, Rickard, Record — Mod. Germ. Reichardt,
Richard, Rickert — French Richard, Ricard. {Hari,
warrior) Old Germ. Richari, prince of the Suevi, 5th cent.,
Richer, Riker — Richer us, Domesday — Eng. Richer — Mod.
German Rickher — French Richer, Richier, Ricquier.
{Helm) Old Germ. Richelm, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ. Reich-
HELM — French Richeme, Richomme ? {LeoZj people V) Old
344 THE KULER AND THE PRINCE.
German Richloz, 10th ceut. — English Reckless — French
Reclus. (Man) Old German Ricman, Richman, Rihman,
9th cent. — Eng. Rickman, Richman, Ryman — Mod. Germ.
Reichmann, Rickman, Riemann. (Mar, famous) Old Germ.
Ricmar, Recomir, Rihmar, 4th cent. — Eng. Rymer — Mod.
German Riemar — French Recamier. (Mund, protection)
Old Germ. Rihrnund, Richmund, 7th cent. — English Rich-
mond— French Richemont. (Rat, counsel) Old German
Reccared, West Gothic king, 6th cent. — French Recurat.
(Wald, power) Old German Ricoald, Richold, Rigald, 7th
cent. — English Richold — Mod. German Riekelt — French
RiCHAULT, RiGAULT. (Wealh, stranger) Old Germ. Ricwal,
9th cent. — English Ridgwell. (Wig, wi, war) Old German
Rihwih, Ricwi, 9tli cent. — English Ridgeway.
Another very common word with this meaning
is wald ; Goth, ivaldaii, Ang.-Saxon wealdan, to
rule, govern, command, Ang.-Sax. weald, power,
wealda, a ruler. This is also a very ancient
stem, being found in the 1st cent, in the names of
Cariovalda, a prince of the Batavi, and Catualda,
a prince of the Catti. It is very liable, par-
ticularly as a prefix, to mix with the stem wal,
p. 298.
Wald Walt. " SIMPLE FORMS.
Power ^^^ German Waldo, Waldi, Welto, Guelto, 6th cent.
Ang.-Saxon Wald (found in Waldes weg, Cod. Dip. 1,077 J.
Old Norse Yaldi. Eng. Waldo, Waldie, Waud, Weld,
GwiLT 1 Mod. German Wald, Welde, Welte. French
Vald, Vaude, Vaute, Weld.
diminutives.
Old German Waldiko, 8th cent. — Eng. Walduck. Old
Germ. Waldila, Weltila, 8th cent. — French Weldell. Old
German Waldelin, 7th cent. — Eng. Vaudelin.
phonetic ending.
Old German Waldin, 8th cent. Anglo-Saxon Wealden
(found in Wealdenes weg. Cod. Dip. 1,117). Waldinus,
THE RULER AND THE PRINCE. 345
Domesday. English Walden, Weldon, "Welton — Modern
Germ. Welden, VVeltex — Fr. Valdin, Valton, Vaudin,
"Weldon.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Waldiug, Welting, 8th cent. Eng. Welding.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Waldhar, Lombard king 6th
cent., Walter, Gualter, Qualter — A ng. -Saxon Wealdhere —
Old Norse Yalthar — English Walter, Welder, Yalder
GwALTER, QuiLTER ? — Modem German Walther — French
Walder, Walter, Wauthier, Vauthier, Vaultier, Vel-
TER. (Had, war) Old German Walthad, 8th cent. — French
Valtat. (Man) Old Germ. Waldman, 8th cent. — English
Waldman — Mod. German Waldmann — French Veltman.
(Ram, ran, raven) Old German Walderannus, 7th cent. —
Walteranus, Domesday — Eng. Waldron — Fr. Valdeiron,
"Vaudron (or from an Old Germ. Waldrun, 11th cent., run,
companion). (Rat, counsel) Old Germ. Waltrat, 7th cent. —
French Yautrot. (Ric, power) Old German Waldirih, 7th
cent. — French Yaudry. (Rand, shield) French Yaudrand.
(Schalk, servant) French Yaudescal. (Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Walduin, 8th cent. — Eng. Waldwin (christian name).
A third word of similar meaning is stoVy stur^
Ang.-Sax. and Old Norse stor, Old High Germ.
stiuri, great.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Stur, 9th cent. Old Norse Stori (surname).
Stori, Domesday Yorks. English Storr, Store, Story, .7' " '
Storah, Storrow.
dimtnutives.
Old Germ. Sturilio, 7 th cent. — French Storelll (Old
Norse Sturla, Eng. Sturla, Haldorsen derives from sturla,
angere, in the sense of terrens). English Sturrock. English
Storrs — French Storez, Stourza.
compounds.
(Bald, bold) French Sturbaut. (Hari, warrior) En^.
Storer — French Stohrer.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Storron.
R 2
346 THE RULER AND THE PRIKCIl
Some other names having the meaning of
great, as Grose, Mic~kle, &c., must be understood
rather in the sense of large stature.
There is a word scdv, found in some ancient
names, for which Forstemann proposes Old High
Germ, salo, dark, or the Latin salvus. And there
is another word selh, self, for which he proposes
Old High Germ, selho, self, ipse. I am inclined
to refer both these words, and with more certainty
the former, to Old High Germ, salba, Ang.-Sax.
salfy sielf, salve, Ang.-Saxon sealvian, to anoint.
The sense mio^ht be either that of healingf, or it
might be that of conferring regal dignity, of
which anointing has been from the most ancient
times the symbol. In the latter sense I include
them in this chapter.
SniPLE FORMS.
Salve, Selve,
SiLVE.
Old Germ. Selbo, Selpo, 8th cent. Enoflish Salve, Self,
To anoint? ^ r j o } f
Selves, Selvey, Silve, Silva. French Salvy, Silvy, Silva,
PATEO>'yMIC.
French Salvadtg.
COMPOU>T)S.
(Hard J Old Germ. Salvard, Selphard, 9th cent. — French
Salverte, Sylvert.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Salvan, 9th cent. English Salvin. French
Salvan.
CHAPTER XIX.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
Names derived from wisdom or learning in
the abstract we might fairly presume not to be
of the highest antiquity. And there is to a
certain extent an evidence in the names them-
selves that they are not. The oldest sense in
which any word of this class was used was pro-
bably that of counsel in war. And yet even this
carries us forward to a time when contact with
powerful neighbours had taught the rude German
tribes that something more than brute force and
a headlong rush were necessary to contend against
disciplined troops.
The most common stem with this meaning is
rady rat, red. Old High German rat, Ang.-Saxon
red. Mod. Germ, rath, counsel, which occurs, as
a prefix and termination, since the 5 th cent. A
word which might intermix is rad, rceth, swift,
eager — also Ang.-Sax. read, red.
SIMPLE FOKMS.
Old Germ. Rado, Radi, Rada, Rato, 6tli cent. EugHsh Kad, Rat,
Rat, Ratty, Reed, Reidy, Ready. Mod. German Rade, ^ * ,
' ^ ' ' ' CounseL
Rath, Ratti, Redde, Reede. French Rad^, Radi, Ratte,
Rat, Rateau, Ratheau, Ratie, Read, Rety.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Radacho, Rathago, 9th cent. — Eng. Raddick
— Mod. German Radicke — French Radigue. Old German
Ratilo, Radila, 8th cent. — English Rattle, Raddall, Red-
348 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
DALL — Mod. Germ. Kadel, Radel — Frencli Radel, Ratel.
Eng. Reddish, Radish — French Radez, Ratisseau. Eng.
Reddelein, Redline.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Raduni, Ratin, Redun, 8tli cent. English
Radden, Ratton, Redden. Mod. Germ. Rathen, Reden.
Frencli Radanne, Raton, Redon.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Rading, Reding, 8th cent. — Eng. Redding,
Reading — Mod. Germ. Ratting.
compounds.
{Bald, bold) Old German Ratbold, 8th cent. — French
Rataboul. (Brand, sword) Old German Radbrand, 8th
cent. — EDg Redband ? (Geil, elatus) Old Germ. Ratgeil,
8th cent. — English Redgell, Rattical. {Gaud, Goth) Old
Germ. Ratgaud, 8th cent. — Eng. Retgate 1 {Hari, warrior)
Old Germ. Rathere, Rateri, Rater, Rethere, 6th cent. — Eng.
Ratter, Rather, Rattray, Reader, Red year — Modern
Germ. Rader, Ratter, Reder — French Rather y, Rathier,
Rattier, Ratter, Redier, Reder. (Held, state condition)
Old Germ. Radheit, Ratheid, 8th cent. — Eng. Redhead —
French Radet, Ratott, Redet. (Helm) Old Germ. Rat-
helm, 8th cent.— Eng. Rattham. (Leib, leif, superstes) Old
Germ. Ratleib, 8th cent. — English Ratliffe, Radcliffe ? —
Modern German Radleff. (Man) Old German Radman,
Redman, 9th cent. — Eng. Redman, Redmayne, Readman —
Mod. German Rademann, Redmann. {Mar, famous) Old
German Radmar, Redmer, 8th cent. — English Radmore,
Redmore — Mod. Germ. Redmer — French Redmer. {Mund,
protection) Old German Radmund, Redemund, 7th cent. —
Eng. Radmond, Redmond. {Ram, ran, raven) Old German
Ratramnus, 8th cent. — English Ratheram. {Wald, power)
Old Germ. Radoald, 8th cent. — French Radoult. (War,
defence) Old German Ratwar, 8th cent. — English Red war.
( Wig, wi, war) Old German Ratwig, Ratwih, Redwi, 9th
cent. — English Radway, Reddaway. {Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Radowin, Redoin, Retwin, 8th cent. — Eng. Readwin
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 349
— French Ratouin, Radouax. (Wis, wise) Old German
Ratwis, Radius, Sth cent. — French Ratouis. (C7/* wolf)
Old German Radulf, Thuringian duke, 7th cent. — French
Radulphe. ( Wid, wood) Old Germ. Radoidis, 9th cent. —
English Redwood.
Another common stem with this meaninor is
ragin (Goth, ragin, counsel), which, in accordance
with the principle referred to, p. 48, frequently
becomes rain. A word which miofht intermix
with the latter form is Old Norse hreinn, rein
deer, whence, according to Haldorsen, the Scan-
dinavian name Hreinn.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Ragan, Ragno, Resjin, Raino, Sth cent. Eagin,
Eng. Ragls-, Ragon, Regan, Rain, Rein, Rainey. Mod.K«8^°^f^*i^
(rerm. Rein, Reyne. French Ragan, Ragon, Ragonneau, ^-^^'^^^^
Ragneau, Regnie, Raine, Reine, Rayna.
diminutives.
Old Gemu Reinco, 11th cent. — Mod. G^rm. Reincke —
French Raingo. Old German Reginzo, Reinzo, 9th cent. —
Eng. Regans, Rains — Mod. Germ. Renz. Eng. Recknell,
Reynal — French Rainal.
compounds.
{Bert, bright) Old Germ. Raganbert, Reinbert, 7th cent. —
Eng. Rainbird. {Bidd, fortis) Old G^rm. Raganbold, Rain-
bald, 8th cent. — English Rainbold — French Raymbault.
(Frid, frith, peace) Old German Raganfrid, Rainfiid, 7th
cent. — English Rainford, Rainforth — French Rainfray.
{Ger, spear) Old German Ragingar, Raingar, Reginker, 8th
cent. — English Ranger, Ranaker* — Mod. Germ. Reiniger.
{Hard) Old German Raginhart, Regnard, Raynhard, Sth
cent. — English Regx.art, Renard, Reynard — Mod. German
Reinhard, Reinhart — French Regnard, Regnart, Ray-
NARD, Renard, Reinert. {££ari, warrior) Old German
Raganhar, Frankish king, 6th cent., Rainher, Riiiner — Old
* Or to ran, npiii«, p 180.
350 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
Noi"se Kagnar — English Rayner — Mod. German Begneb,
Reiner — Fr. Regnter, Regner, Rayner, Reynier. {Hadf
-war) Old German Reginhad, Rainhad, 8tli cent. — English
Renaud — French Rainaud, Rainot. {Helm) Old German
Raganhelm, Rainelm, 8th cent. — Eng. Raynham — French
Reneaume, Renom. (Man) Old Germ. Raynman, 9th cent.
— Eng. Reinman — Mod. Germ. Reinmann. ( IFea7iZ,stranger)
Old Germ. Rainuwalo — Eng. Rein well — French Reyneval.
( Wald. power) Old Ger. Raginald, Reginold, Rainold, Renald,
6th cent. — Eng. Rignault, Reynolds (and the christian name
Reginald) — Modern German Reinhold, Reynold — French
Regnauld, Regnault, Renauld, Renault — Ital. Renaldi.
{Ward, guardian) Old German Raginward, Rainoard, 8th
cent. — French Renouard. ( Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Raginolf ,
Rainulf, 8th cent. — French Renouf.
In an age when experience was the only
teacher, the man who Hved the longest might
generally be presumed to know the most. And
thus we find that the Aag.-Saxon frod signified
both "advanced in years/' and also " wise, pru-
dent." This was a common word in ancient
names, but is rather scarce at present.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Frodo, Frnda, Fruoto, 8th cent. Ang.-Sax.
Wise. Froda. Old Norse Frodi. Frodo, Domesday. Eng. Frood,
Froude, Frowd, Frudd. French Frioud, Froid, Frot,
Fruit.
diminutive.
Old German Frutilo, 8th cent. — English (or Germ, ?)
Freutel.
PHONETIC ending.
Old Germ. Frodin, Fruatin, 8th cent. — French Frottin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Gar, spear) Old German Frodger, Froger, 8th cent. —
Eng. Froger — French Froger. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ,
Frothar, Frotar, Fruther, 8th cent.— Fr. Frotter, Fruitier,
Froidure. ( Wealh, stranger) Old German Fruduwalh, 9th
cent. — French Froideval.
Fr6d
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 351
From the Aug.- Saxon wiSy wise, wtsa, a wise
man, leader, ivisiariy to instruct, lead, govern, are
probably the following.
The Old High Germ, wiz. Mod. Germ, weiss,
white, might intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Wiso, Wis, Wizo, Vizo, 7th cent. English ^^®'
Sapiens
Wise, Wiss, Vize, Vyse, Vice. Modern German Weise.
French Weisse, Yisse.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Wisili, AVisla, 8th cent— Eng. Whistle?—
Mod. Germ. Wiesel. Old Germ. Wiziko, 10th cent. — Eng.
YisiCK — French WissocQ, VissAC. Old German Wizikin,
10th cent. — English Whiskin.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Wisun, 9 th cent. French Visonneau.
COMPOUNDS.
{Gard, protection) Old German Wisigard, wife of the
Fi'ankish king Theodebert, 6th cent., Wisucai-t — English
ViscoRD, Whiskered 1 (Man) Old German Wisman, 8th
cent. — English Wiseman — Mod. Germ. Wissman — French 1
Wizemann. (Hard) Eng. Vizard. {Hari, warrior) Eng.
VizER — French Visser, Visier, Vissier. (Wold, power)
English Wise WOULD — Mod. German Weiswald. Here also
Eng. Wisdom, a name of an uncommon class, like Friend-
ship, p. 263.
Another word of the same meaning may be
disy tisy for which Forstemann proposes Goth.
deiSy wise. It is not, certain, however, that the
Old Norse disy Ang.-Sax. ideSy woman, goddess,
may not come in for part.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Diso, Disso, Disa, Tiso, Tisi, 8th cent. Eng. _^ '
Dyce, Dicey, Diss, Dias, Tyas, Tisoe. Modern German
Thies. French Diz^ DizT, This, Thisse.
352 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
DIMINUTIVES.
English Tysack. French Tisselin.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Dyson, Tyson. French Dizain, Tison.
COMPOUNDS.
(And, life, spirit) French Disand, Disant. (Hard)
English Tizard — French Dissard. (Hari, wariior) English
Tyser — French Tissier, Tissaire. {Mar, famous) English
DiSMORE. {Rand, shield) French Tisserand.
Another word with the meaning of wisdom
or prudence is Old High Germ, glau, cIom, Ang.-
Saxon gledw, which takes the guttural in the
Gothic glaggvus, Old Norse hlokr, Danish and
Swedish klog. Mod. German Tdug, Dutch kloek,
¥orstemann has only three ancient names, which
are all in the Old High German form glaUy and
none of which correspond with the following.
simple forms.
Glow, Clow. Q-ieii^ Domesday Line. English Gloag, Glock, Gleio,
Glew, Clogg, Cloak, Clow, Clack, Clegg 1 Clay 1 Mod.
German Kluge, Kluck, Klocke. French Gluck, Gloux,
Clech % Claye %
compounds.
{Heit, state, condition) English Claggett, Cleggett,
Clewett — French Glochet, Cloquet, Clouet, Clayette.
(ffari, warrior) English Gluer, Cluer. {Man) Mod. Germ.
Klockmann — French Cloquemin.
From the Old High Germ, lezan. Mod. Germ.
lesen, to read, Gothic leisan, Old Norse lesa, to
study, Old Norse Ices, lesinn, learned, I derive a
stem las, les, Us, in proper names. The above is,
however, only a derived or secondary meaning,
the original sense being that of pursuing or col-
lecting, which may be in part that which is found
in the following names.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 353
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Lezzio, 8th cent. Lacy, Roll Batt. Abb. ^*'' ^*''
Lessi, Domesday Line. English Lacy, Lessy, Lys. Mod.
German Lesse. French Leys, Lez4 Laze, Lassay, Las,
Lisse, Liza, Liz^.
diminutives.
French Lesacq, Lesaec, Laseque. English Layzell,
Lassel — French Lassalle, Loysel.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ, Lisinia, 9th cent. — Eng. Leason, Lisney —
French Lassenay, Lasne, Lesexne, Lesne, Lizon.
patronymics.
Leising, Lib. Vit. Modern German Lessing. French
Lassaigne.
compounds.
(Hard) Old German Lisiard, 11th cent. — Eng. Lezard,
Lazard — Fr. Lezard, Lazard, Leysard. (Hari, warrior)
Lessere, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Leyser, Lesser, Leasure — French
Lassier, Lasseray, Lezer, Lizeray. (Man) French Lassi-
monne. (Mar, famous) English Lissimore. (jRat, counsel)
French Lassarat, Lezeret. ( Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Lisolf —
Eng. Le Souef — French Lassel ve. (War, defence) English
Lessware — French Lassuere.
As a termination lets occurs in five German
names of the 8th cent., and Forstemann proposes,
though doubtingly, the above derivation. These
names are Bertleis (bert, illustrious), Guntleis
(gund, war), Hildeieis (hild, war), Witleis (wit,
wisdom), Vulfleis {wulf, wolf). We have a list
of names in English with a similar termination
which I think tend to confirm this derivation
These are Lawless, Legless, Eeckless, Sharp-
less, Bookless, Fairless, Loveless, Barlass,
Landless, and Ungless. Of these, Lawless
has been explained as " regardless of law" — Beck-
less as " void of prudence" — Legless as "wanting
s 2
354 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
legs" — and Bookless as "destitute of books/^
A much better and more natural meaning is
given to almost all of these by the derivation
proposed above. Lawless, then, I take it, means
" learned in the law ;" and Legless has nothing
to do with Miss Biffin, but is only another form
of the same. Fairless, as "travel-learned,"
expresses a most natural idea, for so much was
travel regarded as the best means of getting
knowledge, that in the idiom of the German and
Danish languages, "travelled" has become synony-
mous with '* experienced." Landless may have
the same meaning as Fairless, or it may, though
less probably, be restricted to a knowledge of
one's own country. Beckless,*^'^ from Ang.-Sax.
reccan, to explain, interpret ; and Sharpless,
from Ang.-Sax. scearp, sharp, quick, skilful, are
also most natural compounds. Bookless is not
so called from the scantiness of his Hbrary, but
from the good use made of what he had. The
Old Norse has the very word, hohlces, "book-
learned," also " able to read," a much more notable
circumstance in his day than that of being without
books. Loveless, alias Lovelace, is not quite
so obvious. We know that in the Bomance days
the lore of love became so intricate as to require
a special court for its adjustment, but this seems
to involve rather too modern a sentiment. Lastly,
Barlas and UNGLESS,t {heVy bear, and ung or
* Another derivation is also proposed for Keckless, at p. 344. But we
have also Rao less, vi^hich seems to come in here.
t With Unoless we may perhaps put Uncles.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 355
unCy serpent), referring to the two animals most
noted in ancient times for their wisdom, and the
former being synonymous with Barwise, have
as natural a meaning as could be desired. I do
not include with the above Wanless, for it seems
to be from Ang.-Saxon wceii, a blemish, with the
negative termination, which would make it the
same as another name Faultless. Some of
the other names may be open to doubt, indeed
I bring forward the subject rather as a question
for enquiry.
Such names then as the above, which seem to
have more of a direct meaning than is usually
found, are among those to which I referred at the
beginning of this chapter as indicative of a more
recent origin.
From the above word lis is formed Ang.-Sax.,
Old Norse, and Old High Germ, listy art, science,
from which are derived the following names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Lista, 9th cent. English List, Lesty, Last. Lis*
Mod. Germ. List. ^'^"°*^"'
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Listillo, 8th cent. French Lestelle.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Listin, Eng. Liston. French Lestienne.
PATRONYMICS.
Mod. German Listing. French Lestoing.
COMPOUNDS.
(Ran, warrior) Old German Listhar, 8th cent. — English
Lister, Lester — French Lister, Lesteur, Lasteyrie. (Bad,
rat, counsel) French Lestrade, Lastret.
From the Old Norse Iwra, Ang.-Saxon leer an ^
to teach, to know ; Old High Germ, lera^ Ang .-
356 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
Sax. Mr, leer, Eng. " lore," learning ; Ang.-Saxon
lareow, Old Norse Iwrari, teacher, I derive the
following. It will be observed that there are
very few ancient names from this root, though it
is common at present ; and this may perhaps be
taken as an additional illustration of the remark
which I made at the beginning of this chapter as
to the comparatively recent origin of this class of
names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
1^0^®- Old Germ. Lira, Loria, 8tli cent. English Lara, Larey,
'^"^»- Lareey, Leak, Leary, Lerra, Lorev, Laurie. French
Larra, Larr]^, Lerr4 Lir4 Laur, Laurey, Laureau, Lora,
LoR]^, Lory, Loreau.
DIMINUTIVES.
English Laurel — French Loreal, Loreille. English
Lerigo — French Laroque, Lorique. Eng. Larkin, Lorkin
— French Lorichon. French Lorez, Lorsa, Lars. French
LOREMY.
compounds.
Eng. Laroux, Lerew — French Larrieu, Larue, Lereux
= Ang.-Sax. lareow, a teacher ? (Hard) English Larard.
(Man) English Larman, Lorriman. {Mar, famous) Lori-
marius, Domesday — Eng. Larmer, Lorimer — French Lori-
MiER, Lormier, Larmier. (Muth, courage) Eng. Larmuth,
Learmouth. {Wealh, stranger) English Larwill — French
Laruelle. {Wig, wi, war) English Lerway — French Lar-
ROUY, Larivay.
From the Ang.-Sax. scearp. Old High Germ.
scarf. Mod. German scharf, sharp, quick, acute,
there are a few names. Forstemann finds seven
from this root in the 8th and 9th cents., but only
one corresponding with ours.
SIMPLE FORMS.
A cuius. English Sharp, Sharpey, Sharpus, Scarfe, Soharb,
Modern German Scharpff, Scharf. French Charpy,
Charfe.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 357
DIMINUTIVE.
English Sharpley.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Scherfin, 9th cent. Eng. Sharpin. French
Charpin.
compound.
(Leis, learned) Eng. Sharpless, Surplice ?
A common word is hig, hog, hug, from Ang.-
Sax. hyge. Old High Germ, hugu, mind, thought,
Anglo-Saxon hygian, hogian, to study, meditate.
The Saxon form, it will be seen, is common in
English but not in French. A root very liable
to intermix is hoh, hoch, high, p. 340.
simple forms.
Old German Hugo, Hug, Hue, Huga, Hughi, Hogo,
Chugo, 8th cent. Eng. Hugo, Hug, Hugh, Huie, Huck,
Hogg, Hodge, Hick, Chick, Cheek, Chuck. Mod. Germ.
Huge, Hugo, Hucke, Hoge. French Hugo, Hug^ Hug,
Hug, Hue, Hu, Hua.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Hugila, Hukili, 9th cent. — English Hugall,
HucKELL, Whewell, Higley, Hickley — Modern German
HtJGEL — French Hugla, Huel, Hickell. Old German
Hugizo, 10th cent. — Eng, Hughes, Hewish, Hucks, Hicks,
Hodges — French Hugues. Hogcin, Lib. Fit. — English
HoDGKiN. Hugelinus, Domesday — Hueline, Lib. Fit. —
Eng. Huelins, Hicklin, Hicklinq — Fr. Huguelin, Higlin.
phonetic ending.
Hygine, Lib. Fit. English Hugoun, Hucken, Hogan,
HiGGiN, Chicken. French Hugon, Hogan, Huan, Hoin,
Hienne,
compounds.
(Bald, bold) Old German Hugibald, Hubald, 8th cent. —
Eng. Hubble 1 — French Hubault — Ital. Ubaldo. (Bert,
bright) Old German Hugubert, Hubert, 7th cent. — English
IJubert — Mod. Germ. Hubert — French Hubert. (Hard)
Old Germ. Hugihart, Hugard, 9th cent. — Eng. Huggard,
Heward — French Hugard, Huchard, Huard, Huart,
358 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
Chicard. {Hari, warrior) Eng. Hewer, Hewry, Chequer 1
— French Huchery. {Lac, play) Old Germ. Hugilaih, 8th
cent. — Old Norse Hugleikr — Ang.-Saxon Hygelac — English
Hillock ? Hullock ? Ullock'? — French Hulek ? (Lindf
mild) Old German Hugilind, 8th cent. — English Hewland.
(Man) Ang.-Sax. Hiccemann (found in Riccemannesstdn,
Cod. Dip. 643) — English Hugman, Hughman, Human,
HODGMAN, HiGMAN, HiCKMAN French HUMANN, HlECK-
MANN. {Gisj kis, hostage) Eng. Hodgkiss. (Mot, courage)
Old Germ. Hugimot, 9th cent. — English Hickmott. (Mar,
famous) Old Ger. Hugimar, 10th cent. — Eng. Hogmire, High-
more. (JVot, bold) French Hugnot,* Hognet. ( Wald, power)
Old Germ. Hugold, 9th cent. — French Huault. {Beit, state,
condition) Hueta, Domesday — English Huggett, Huckett,
Hewit — French Hugot, Huet, Huchette, Chiquet.
Another stem of similar meaning I take to be
mun, Old Norse muni, the mind, Goth, munan,
to think. Grimm, however, refers to Old Norse
munr, pleasure. The names of Odin s two ravens,
Hugin and Munin, whose office it was to bring
him intelligence of all that passed in the world,
are derived respectively from this and the former
root. Mr. Blackwell, in the edition of Mallet's
Northern Antiquities edited by him, has an
amusing speculation upon our two comic in-
separables Huggins and Muggins, which he sug-
gests may possibly be alliteratively corrupted
from the names of Odin's two ravens. This root
is liable to intermix with man, mon, p. 5^, and
with mund, p. 276. Also with Moon, which I
think may be from a mythological origin.
* Hence the name of the Huguenots, the origin of which is not yet settled ?
The above name Huonot is evidently not from the sect, but the sect might very
naturally derive, as indeed most sects have done, from the name of a man. The
only other derivation I have seen is a lame one.
Thank.
Thaught.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 359
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Muno, Munio, 8th cent. English MuNN, ^^^^^
Money. French Mounie, Muni£
PATKONYMICS.
Old Germ. Muning, 8th cent. Eng. Munnings.
compounds.
(Here, army) Old German Munihaii, 6th cent. — French
MuNiER, MouNiER, (li^ew, young) Eng. Munnew. {Mund,
protection) Old German Munimund, 7th cent. — English
Monument.
From the Old High German danJcjan, Ang.-
Sax. thencan, to think, may be the following.
Or it may be from the derived sense of German
danJcen, Enghsh thank.
simple forms.
Old German Thanco, Dance, Thenka, Tenca, 6th cent.
English Danks, Dench, Tank, Tench. Mod. Germ. Dank,
Denk. French Tanc.
diminutives.
Old German Tancila, a Goth, 5th cent., Danchilo — Mod.
Oerm. Danckel — French Dancla, Dangla. Eng. Tanklin.
compounds.
(Hard) Old Germ. Tanchard, 9th cent. — Eng. Tankard
— Modern German Dankert — French Dancourt. (Hari,
warrior) Old Germ. Thancheri, 9th cent. — English Tanker,
Tanqueray, Thackeray — Mod. Germ. Dencker. {Rat,
red, counsel) Old Germ. Thancharat, Tancrad, 8th cent. —
Old Norse Thackradr — Eng. Tancred. {Wealh, stranger)
Old Germ. Thangwil, 9th cent. — Eng. Thackwell — French
Dangouelle. {Wine, friend) Old Germ. Tanquin, 8th cent.
— French Danquin, Dancoine. {Wis, sapiens) French
Danguis.
Another word having the meaning of thought
or meditation may be chud, chutf which Forste-
mann refers, though doubt ingly, to Old High
German cluiton, meditari. It might only be
another form of Imd or hut.
360 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Chut. Old Germ. Chudo, 8th cent. English Choote, Choat.
Meditari. j^^ench Chotteau.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) French Chottard. {Har% warrior) English
Chuter, Chutter.
From the Old High Germ., Mod. Germ., Old
Norse hunst, Mod. German kust, art, science, may
be the following. Perhaps the German gunsty
favor, may intermix.
^ ^ „ SIMPLE FORMS.
Const, Cust.
Scientia. Eng. CoNST, CosT, CusT. Mod. Grerm. KosT. French
Coste, Costa, Costey, Cousteau, Gosteau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Costila, 6th cent. — English Costello, Cost-
low, CosTALL, Costly, Gostelow— Fr. Costille, Costel.
English GosTLiNG. Mod. German CosTis — French Costaz,
CosTES. Old German Custanzo, 9th cent. — Ciistance, Lih.
Vit. — English Custance.
COMPOUNDS.
{Gei% spear) Eng. Costeker. (Hard) Old Germ. Custard,
9th cent. — English Custard, Gustard — French Costard,
Coustard. (ZTari, warrior) English Coster ? (i7{/^ wolf)
Old Germ. Custulf, 9th cent. — Eng. Costiff.
From the Old Norse skilia, to understand,
discriminate, apprehend, I take to be the follow-
ing. An intermixture with shield, p. 227, is easy,
but I think there is a separate stem, though only
one ancient name comes before us.
simple forms.
g^..gjjy^ English Skill. Mod. Germ. Schill.
patronymics.
Ang. -Saxon Scilling, a poet in the Scop or Bard's song.
Eng. Shilling. Mod. Germ. Schilling.
MadaJ,
Mathal.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 3G1
COMPOUNDS.
(BeVf bear) English Shillibeer ? (Ileit, state, condition)
Eng. Skillett ? Shtllito 1 {Ilari, warrior) Eng. Skiller —
Mod. Germ. Schiller — French Scellier.
From the Goth, mathl, concio, sermo ; Ang.-
Sax. mathelia?!, to discourse, harangue, are pro-
bably the following. The stem math, p. 341, is
however liable in some cases to intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Madalo, 9th cent. Msedle, Lib. Yit. English
Madle, Medal, Medley, Methley. Mod. Germ. Madel. Discourse
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Madlin, Medlen. French Mathlin, Methlin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Haid, state condition) Old Germ. Madalhaid, 8th cent.
— French Madoulaud. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Madal-
har, 8th cent. — English Medlar — Modern German Madler
Midler, {Gaud, Goth) Old Germ. Madalgaud, 8th cent. —
English Medlicott.
In accordance with the principle of optimism
which prevails in proper names, we may presume
that names derived from the various members of
the body are to be invested with the highest
qualities which pertain to these members. Thus
the hand may be taken to mean dexterity, and
the foot activity. In like manner tongue may
be taken to have the meaning of eloquence,
wisdom, or persuasion. There is only one Old
German name in which it appears, but it enters
into some Old Norse names, as Tungu-Kari,
Tungu-Oddr, &c. Here, though a prefix, it is of
the nature of a surname, as in our Apple-John.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Tungo. English Tongue, Tonge, Tung ay Tongue,
DUNGEY. Lingua.
T 2
362 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
COMPOUNDS,
(Mem) English Tongman. (Nandy daring) French
TUNGNAND.
In this chapter may be included the names
having the meaning of vigilance or watchfulness.
From the Ang.-Saxon wcecan, wceccan, to watch,
Old High German wak, vigil, are probably the
following. A Tvord liable to intermix is wag, way^
which I think has the meaning of waving or
brandishing.
Wake. SIMPLE FORMS.
Watchful. Old German Vaco, Lombard king, 6th cent., Wacho,
Wacco. Uach, Lib. Vit. Eng. Wake, Wack. Mod. Germ.
Wach. French Ouach^e, Vachy.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Wachilo, 8th cent. — English Wakley,
Weakley, Weekly. Old Germ. Wakis, 6th cent. — Eng.
Weeks — French Vaquez. Eng. Wakelin, Weaklin. Old
Germ. Wakimus, Gothic leader, 6th cent. — Eng. Wakem.
COMPOUNDS.
(Man) Old Germ. Wachmun, 8th cent. — Eng. Wake-
man, Wageman.
extended F0RM=ANG.-SAX. waCOTf WATCHFUL.
Old Germ. Wacar, Waccar, 7 th cent. English Waker.
Mod. Germ. Wacker. French Yaquier.
As a simple form of the stem ragin, p. 349,
I bring in here the stem rag.
SIMPLE FORMS.
^*2- Old Germ. Ragio, Eacco, <fec., 8th cent. English Ragg,
Counsel, j^^^^^ ^^^ jyj-^^j q^^^ j^^^.^^^ j^^^^j^ French Ray.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Ragilo, Regilo, 7 th cent. English Regal.
Mod. Germ. Regel. French Racle.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bold, andax) Old German Ragibald, 9th cent. — English
Raybauld — French Raybaud. (Hard, fortis) Old German
Regiihart, Rehhart, 11th cent. — Mod. German Rahardt —
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDUK. 3G3
French Raccurt, Rayard. fllariy warrior) Old German
Raghar, Racheri, 6th cent. — English Rarey — Mod. German
Reyger, Reyher — Frencli Rager, Ragarie, Rayer. (Had,
war ?) Old German Rachot, 8th cent. — Eng. Racket, Rag-
gett— French Ragot. (Hdm) Old German Rachelm, 8th
cent. — English Rackham. [Mund, protection) Old German
Ragimund, Raimund, 8th cent. — Eng. Raymond, Rayment
— Mod. Germ. Raimund — French Raymond. ( Wine, friend)
Old Germ. Racoin, 8th cent. — French Ragoin. (Ulf, wolf)
Old Germ. Ragolf, Raholf, Raulf, 8th cent. — Eng. Ralph,*
Relph — Mod. Germ. Ralfs.
In this chapter may be included the words
in which is contained the meaning of law or judg-
ment. It is rather remarkable that the principal
word with this meaning occurs more especially
in the names of women, and we can hardly help
thinking of that ancient state of society when
fatidical women, like Deborah among the Jews,
and Albruna among the Germans, seem to have
been the real law-givers and judges of the nation.
The word in question is the Old High German
tuoniy thiiom, thum,-\ Ang.-Sax. dom, Old English
doom, judgment.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Tumo. Tummi, apparently a Dane, in Saxo.
, 1 • T -« Judgmen>
Ang. -Saxon Diuma, bishop of Mercia. Ang.- Saxon Toma,
found perhaps in Tomanworthig, now Tamworth, Cod. Dip.
141, <i;c. Tumma, Lih. Vit. Tomy, Roll Batt. Abb. Eng.
ToMEY, Tomb, Thumm, Dumb, Tom 1 Mod. Germ. Thoma,
T)uMM, Dohm. Fr. Thom^, Tombe, Thom, Dome, Dommey,
DOMBEY, DUHOMME, DuMAY.
* Derived by Pott, Lower, and others from Radxilph. But unless a reason
of a dififerent sort can be given, the natural etymological derivation is from Ragolf-
t May not this be the origin of the name of ThumeUcus, son of Arminius,
Istcent., for which Grimm proposes Old Norse thumlungr, thumb ? The second
part of the name might also be from a word of similar meaning, viz., lag, law.
Doom.
Dam.
Judgment
364 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Duomelo, Tomila, Tumila, 9th cent. — English
DuMMELOW, DuMBELL, ToMMELL — Modern German Dummel,
TiJMMEL — French Dommel, Thomel, Tombel, Old German
Domlin, 7th cent. — Eng. Tomlin, Dumlin, Dumplin — Mod.
German Daumlix, Dumling — French Dumolin, Dumoulin ?
Anglo-Saxon Domec, (found 'perhaps in Domeccesigey now
Dauntsey, God. Dip. 271, <&;c.) — Modern German Domich —
French Domecq, Doumic. English Tomkin — Mod. German
DiJMicHEN. Eng. ToMSEY, Tombs — French Domez, Dumez,
Dumas ?
compounds.
(Gis, hostage 1 companion ?) Old Germ. Domigis, Tomi-
chis, 8th cent. — Eng. Tomkies. (Gisal, same as gis) Old
German Domigisil, 6th cent. — French "Domicile ? (Heidy
state, condition) Old German Tomaheid, 9th cent. — English
DoMMETT — French Doumet, Thomet. {Hard, fortis) Old
Germ. Domard, 6th cent. — Eng. Dummert — Fr. Domard,
Domart. [Hari, warrior) Old German Domarius, 7th cent.
— Old Norse Domar — Domheri, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Dummer,
Toomer — Mod. Germ. Dohmeyer — Fr. Domer, Dumaire,
DuMERY. (Bit, ride) Old Germ. Dumerit, 6th cent. — French
Thommeret. {Run, wisdom, mystery) Old Germ. Dommo-
runa,* 7 th cent. — French Domairon.
Varying forms of the same stem I take to be
the following, as found in Anglo-Saxon dcerna,
dSma, a judge. Hence the " dempsters," judges
of the Isle of Man.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Tammo, Temmo, Dimo, Diemo, Timo, Temo,
8th cent. Tymmo, a Dane or Northman in Saxo. Demma,
Lib. Vit. English Damm, Tame, Tim. Mod. Germ. Damm,
Demme, Thamm, Temm, Dieme, Thimm, Timm. Fr. Dame,
Damm, Dame, Damay, Demay, Demey, Dimi^, Dimey, Tami,
Tama.
* The termination run in female names I have generally taken to be, as
iiriium makes it, .socia, arnica. But in such a name as the above it seems to me
that it should rather have the meaning of mysterious, perhaps cabalistic know-
ledge. So in the case of the wis* woman of the Old Germans, Aibruna, p. 136.
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 3(^5
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Tiemich, lltli cent. — Eng. Dimmick, Dim-
mock, Tammage — Mod. Germ. Tiiiemkk— French Demoque.
French Damel, Demolle, Tiiimel, Timel. Eng. Tamlyn,
Tamplin, Timlin — French Damelon, Demolin, Demelun,
Demoulin {quasi De Moulin). English Dames, Dempsey,
Dimes, Times, Tims — French Damez, Damas, Damazy,
Demoisy.
compounds.
{Hard) Old German Tamard, 9th cent. — Mod. German
Dammert — French Demart. {Heid, state, condition) Eng.
Tamiet, Dimmett — Fr. Damet, Damotte, Demotte. {Hari,
warrior) Eng. Damer, Damory — Mod. Germ. Dammer — Fr.
Damer, Damour {quasi " d'amour"), Demar, Demier,
Demory, Dimier. {Itun, wisdom) English Timperon, Tam-
BORiNE ? — French Dameron.
Another word of similar meaning may be stow
which Forstemann refers to the Gothic staua, a
judge. There are only two ancient names in
which it is found.
simple form. diminutive.
English Stow. English Stowell.
compounds.
{Hari, wanior) Old Germ. Stauher, 8th cent. — English
Stower. {Wald, power) English Stovold.
The Ang.-Sax. lag, lah, leak, law, is found in
a few ancient names, and in a still greater num-
ber of modern ones. There are however some
other words hable to intermix : as lake, Anglo-
Saxon lacaUy to play ; laug. Old Norse laug^
lavacrum ; perhaps also Ang.-Sax. leg, flame.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Lago, Lacco, Leggi,* 9th cent. Eng. Lack,
Lackey, Lackay, Law, Lay, Lahee, Leah, Legg, Leggy,
* Forstemann thinks this name may perhaps be a mistake for Seggi. I do
not see any reason for the supposition, and bring it in here.
Stow.
Judge.
Lag.
Law.
366 WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE.
Lee. Mod. German Lege, French Lague, Lac, Lack,
Leg^j Leqay.
diminutives.
Old German Lagile, 11th cent. — Eng. Lawley, Lowly
— French Legal, Legeley. French Lachelin. Old Germ.
Lagoz, 9 th cent. — Eng. Lawes — French Lagesse.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Laggon, Lane. Mod. German Lehn. French
Lagny, Lagneau, Lain4 Laine.
compounds.
(Hard) English La yard. (Hari, warrior) Old German
Lager, 8th cent. — English Lawyer — Mod. Germ. Lacher —
French Lagier, Laguerre, Legier. (Or the above may all
be simply the same as English " lawyer" ; perhaps, however,
in an old meaning of judge). (Bt, p. 189) English Legett —
' Fr. Laget, Lacquet, Legat. (Leis, learned, experienced)
Eng. Lawless, Lowless, Legless. (Man)* Eng. Lackman,
Lawman, Lowman, Layman — Mod. Germ. Lachman — Fr.
Laumain, Lehman. (Wald, power) French Legault.
As a termination lag is difficult to separate
from other words. The name Wihtlseg in the
genealogy of the Mercian kings from Wo 'en, Eng.
Whitelegg, Whitelaw, seems to belong to it.
The following stem seems to be from Gothic
aivs. Old High German eiva^ Anglo-Saxon jd,
lex, statutum.
simple forms.
^^^^ Old Germ. Euo, Jo, Evo, 9th cent. English Yeo, Yea,
statutum. Ewe, Eve. Mod. Germ. Iwe. French Eve, Yve.
diminutives.
Old German Ewuli, 9 th cent. — English Ewell, Evill %
Old Germ. Eveco, 11th cent. — Mod. Germ. Ewich — French
EvEQUE*? Old German Evizo, 10th cent. — English Eaves.
French Yvose,
patronymics.
Euing {Domesday). English EwiNG.
* Ang.-Sax. lahman, judge.
f
WISDOM AND KNOWLEDGE. 367
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, fortis) English Ewart — Mod. German Ewert —
French Yvert. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Euhar, 9th cent.
— Eng. Ewer — French Auer. (Man) Old Germ. Eoman,
Joman, 9th cent. — Eng. Yeoman, Yeaman. (Ric, power)
Old Germ. Euarix (West Gothic king, 6th cent.), Eoricus —
Eng. YoRicK. ( Waldj power) Old Germ. Ewald, 8th cent. —
English EwALD — Mod. German Ewaldt — French Jouaxt.
{Wardy guardian) Old German Euvart, 6th cent. — English
Yeoward. (Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Eolf, 8th cent.— Eng.
Yealfe — French Youf.
The following stern may be referred to Old
Norse thinga, to deliberate, Old High German
ding on, to judge. The Old Norse thing, corres-
ponding with the Ang.-Sax. genidt, was a council
both judicial and deliberative.
81MPLE FORMS. Thing,
English Ding, Dingy, Tingey, Tink. French Tingay. Forum,
diminutives. Conrentus.
Anglo-Saxon Dengel, Cod. Dip. 981. — English Dingle,
DiNGLEY, Tingle. English Tinkling.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ha/ri, warrior) Old Germ. Thincheri, 8th cent. — English
Tinker — Mod. Germ. Dinger. (Man) English Dingman.
{Wealh, stranger) Eng. Ding well — French Dinguel.
CHAPTER XX.
THE TRUMPET OF FAME.
One of the most ancient stems in Teutonic
names is mar, (Old High German mdri, illus-
trious), which is found in five names of the 1st
cent., two of the 2nd, one of the 3rd, and nine of
the 4th. Hence it was widely spread, as Forste-
mann remarks, over all the German tribes. It
does not seem, however, to be found in Old Norse
names, or to have been common among the Anglo-
Saxons. It is most frequent as a termination,
and in English names generally takes the Saxon
form TTiore. As a prefix there are other words
liable to intermix, as Anglo-Saxon mcere, horse,
p. 79. Grimm also refers (Deutsch. Granim.) to
mart, the sea.
Mar, Mer. SIMPLE FORMS.
Illustrious. Old Germ. Maro, Mar, Mer, Merio, 9th cent. Ang.-Sax.
Mar, {Cod. Dip. 981). English Mark, Marry, Marrow,
Merry. Mod. Germ. Mahr, Marr, Meer. French Mereau,
M^ra, Merey.
diminutives.
Old German Maricus, Merica, 9th cent. — Eng. Mariga,
Merrick — Mod. Germ. Miercke, Mirich — French Meriq.
Old Germ Merila, 6th cent. — Eng. Merrell, Merle — Mod.
Germ. Marell, Mehrle — French Merelle, Merly, Marl^
Marolla, Marielle, Old German Merling, 9th cent. —
English Marling, Marlin — French Marlin. Old German
Mariza, Meriza, 9th cent. — Eng. Maris, Marrs, Mercy ? —
French Maris, Marizy.
THE TRUMPET OF FAME. 369
COMPOUNDS.
{Bod, envoy) Old German Maroboduus, prince of the
Marcomanni, 1st cent. — Mod. German Meerbott — French
Marbot. {Gar, spear) French Maroger, Merger. {Gaud,
GoZf Goth) Old German Merigoz, 9th cent,— Merigeat, Lib.
Vit. — Eng. Margot — French Merigout, M^rigot, Margot,
Maricot. {Gild, companion ?) Old German Margildus^ 8th
cent. — Eng. Marigold. (Hard) Old Germ. Merhart, 9th
cent. — French Merard. {Lind, gentle) Old Germ. Merlind,
9th cent. — French Marland, Merland. {Man) English
Marman, Merriman — French Merman, Miramon. {Mund,
protection) English Marmont, Merryment 1 { Wold, power)
Old German Maroald, Merolt, 6th cent. — Modern German
Mehrwald — French Merault. {Wig, war) Old German
Merovecus, Maroveus, 5th cent. — Eng. Marwick, Marvy —
French Marvy. {Wine, friend) Old German Maruin, 9th
cent. — Mervinus, Lib. Vit. — English Marvin — Mod. Germ.
Meerwein.
phonetic ending.
English Marrian, Marine, Merrin — French Marin,
Marion, Marini^, Marne.
PHONETIC intrusion OF n, P. 29-
{Bald, bold) French Mirambaut. {Hari, warrior) Old
Germ. Marnehar, 7th cent. — English Mariner, Marner —
French Marinier, Marnier. {Ulf, wolf) French Marneuf.
A still more common word is hert, pert, bright,
illustrious, corresponding with the Latin claries.
It is derived from the Gothic hairlits. Old High
German peraht, Anglo-Saxon heort, briht. It
was scarce among the Old Saxons, but common
among the Anglo-Saxons, Lombards, Franks, and
Bavarians. It is not of the same antiquity as
the former word, not making its appearance in
names before the 6th century. The form hnht
is common in Anglo-Saxon names, as bright in
Enghsh.
u 2
370 THE TRUMPET Ot FAME,
Bert, Bright. SIMPLE FORMS.
ciarus. Old German Berto, Perhto, 7th cent. Bertha or Bercta,
daughter of the Frankish king Charibert, and wife of Ethel-
bert, king of Kent. Ang.-Saxon Berht or Beort, 7th cent.
English BiRT, Burt, Bertie, Bright, Brighty, Pert, Purt,
Mod. Germ. Bert, Berth, Buecht. French Berte, Bertey,
Berteau, Berta, Burt, Burty, Breht.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Bertilo, Pertilo, 8th cent. — English Birtle,
Brightly, Purtell — Mod. German Brechtel, Prechtel —
French Bertel, Bert all. Old Germ. Bertelin, 7 th cent. — -
French Bertelon, Berthelin. Anglo-Saxon Byrtsie, Cod.
Dip. 981 — English Birdseye 1
phonetic ending.
Old German Bertin, 7th cent. English Bertin, Perton.
Mod. Germ. Bertin. French Bertin.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Berting, 8th cent. Eng. Brighting. Mod.
Germ. Bertong.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) Old Germ. Berthart, 8th cent. — French Burtard.
(Helm) Old Germ. Berth elm, 8th cent. — English Bertham
— French Berth eaume. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Berht-
hari, Berther, Berter, 7th cent. — French Berthier, Bertier.
(Ram, ran, raven) Old Germ. Berahtram, Bertram, Bertran,
6th cent. — Eng. Bertram — Mod. Germ. Bertram — French
Bertron. (Land, terra) Old Germ. Bertland, 8th cent. —
Eng. Brightland. (Had, war) Old German Berthad, 8th
cent. — French Pertat. {Man) English Brightman. {Mar,
famous) Old Germ. Bertemar — Ang.-Sax. Brihtmar, bishop
of Licliiield — Eng. Brightmore, Birdmore — French Bert-
OMIER. {Leis, learned) Old Germ. Bertleis, 8th cent. — Eng.
BiRTLES. {Lac, play) Old Germ. Bertlaicus — Eng. Birdlock.
{Rand, shield) Old Germ. Bertrand, 9th cent. — Eng. Bert-
rand — Mod. German Bertrand — French Bertrand, Bert-
rant. {Rio power) Old Germ. Perhtrick, Pertrih, 8th cent.
— Partriche, Hund. Rolls — Eng. Partrick ? Partridge 1
Peartree ? — French Bertray. ( Wald, power) Old Germ.
Berahtold, 7 th cent. — French Bertault.
THE TRUMPET OF FAME. 371
A third stem of similar meaning is bram,
hrem, (Anglo-Saxon 6r^»ie, renowned, Suio-Goth.
hram, splendor).
SIMPLE FORMS.
Bram, Brem
Old Germ. Brimo, 11th cent. Bram, a Dane or North- Renovrn.
man in Saxo. Eng. Brame, Bramah, Breem, Brim, Pram,
Prime. Modern German Brehm, Preim. French Brame,
Bramma, Premy.
diminutives.
Eng. Brammell, Bramble, Bramley, Brimiley, Brime-
Low, Brimble.
compounds.
(Hard) French Bremard, Prima rd. (Hari, warrior)
Eng. Bramer, Bremer, Primmer — Mod. German Braaier —
Swed. Bremer — French Brimeur, Premier ? {Mund, pro-
tection) English Bremond — French Bremond, Bremont,
Brimont. {Ric, power) English Bremridge. {Wald, power)
French Primault.
A very common stem is rody rot, which
appears since the 5 th cent. It was very frequent
among the Hessians, Alamanni, and Bavarians,
but not so much so among the Saxons. Forste-
mann refers it to Old Norse lirodhr, glory, and
a supposed corresponding Gothic hrdths. The
aspirated h in some cases forms a c, as noticed at
p. 46. It is probable that rdd, rot, red, also
intermixes.
simple forms.
Old German Hrodo, Boado, Chrodo, Rodi, Rudda, Rot, q[q^
Roth, Ruth, 8th cent. Rudda, Lib. Vit. English Rodd,
Roth, Wroth, Rout, Routh, Root, Rooth, Rudd, Rutt,
Rutty, Ruth, Croad, Crotty, Crowdy. Modern German
Rhode, Rodde, Roth, Rott, Rutte, Ruth. French Rode,
Rodde, Rota, Roth, Rotta, Rott^, Rotti, Rude, Rudeau,
Ruteau, Crott^
372 THE TRUMPET OF FAME.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Hruodiclio, 8tli cent. — English Rodick,
E-UDDICK — Mod. German Rodeck, Old German Kutechin,
llth cent. — Eng. Rudkin — French Rouchon. Old Germ.
Hrodelus, Rodil, Chrodila, 8th cent. — English Ruddell,
RouTLEY, RuTLEY— Mod. German Rodel, Rudel — French
RoDEL, RouDiL, Rudelle, Croutelle. Old Germ. Rodelin
— French Roudillon, Roullin, Rollin. English Roddis,
Rhodes, Roots, Rootsey — Fr. Rodiez, Grouts, Croutsch.
Old Germ. Hrodemia, 9th cent. — Eng. Roddam.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Hrodin, Ruathin, Chrodin, 6th cent. Eng.
Roden, Rothon, Rotton, Croton, Crowden. Mod. Germ.
RiJDON. French Rodin, Rutten.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Rodinga, 8th cent. English Rudding. Mod.
Germ. Roding.
COMPOUNDS.
[Bald, bold) Old German Hrodbald, Robald, 7th cent. —
French Roubaud. (Ber, bear) Old Germ. Hruadbero, 9th
cent. — English Rodber. (Birin, hern, bear) Old German
Roudbirn, 8th cent. — Old Norse Hrothbiorn — English Rod-
bourn. {Bert, bright) Old German Hrodebert, Duke of the
Alamanni, 7th cent., Rodbert, Robert, 8th cent. — English
Robert — Modern German Robert, Rupprecht — French
Robert. (Berg, protection) Old Germ. Hrotberga, Rodbirg,
6th cent. — French Roberge. {Gar, spear) Old German
Hrodgar, Crodeger, 7th cent. — Anglo- Saxon Ilrothgar {Beo-
wulf)— Old Norse Hrothgeir — Roeger, Lib. Vit. — Roger,
Domesday — English Rodger, Croager — Modern German
Rodger, Roger — French Roger. {Gard, protection) Old
Germ. Hrodgart, Rutgard, 8th cent. — English Rodgard,
RuDGARD. {Hard) Old Germ. Hrodhard, Rohard, 7th cent.
— English Rod YARD — Modern German Rothardt — French
Rohard, Rohart. {Hari, warrior) Old German Hrodhari,
Lombard king, 7th cent., Rotheri, Crother, Rudher — Eng.
Rothery, Rudder, Rutter, Crothers — Modern German
THE TRUMPET OF FAME. 373
RoDER, Ruder — Fr. Rodier, Roudiere, Rudder, Rutter.
{Land J terra) Old Germau Rodland, Rolland, 8th cent. —
Rolond, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Rolland — Mod. Germ, Rolland
— French Roland. (Laic, play) Old German Ruodleich,
Rutleich, 8th cent. — Eng. Rutledge, Routledge. (Rarrif
raven) Old Germ. Rothram, Rodrannus, 8th cent. — English
Rotheram — French Rodron. (Man) Old German Hrod-
man, Ruodman, 8th cent. — English Rodman, Ruddiman,
RuDMAN — Modern German Rodemann. {Mar^ famous) Old
Germ. Ruadmar, 7th cent. — Old Norse Hrothmar — French
RuDEMARE. {Niw, joung) Old Germ. Hrodni, 8th cent. —
Old Norse Hrodny — Eng. Rodney, Rothney. {Ric, power)
Old German Hrodric, last of the West Gothic Kings, 8th
cent. — English Rodrick — Mod. German Rudrich — Spanish
RoDRiGO. {Wealh, stranger) Old German Ruadwalah, 8th
cent. — English Rodwell, Rothwell, Crutwell — French
Rotival. {Wald, power) Old Germ. Hrodowald, Lombard
king, 7th cent. — Mod. Germ. Rodwald — French Roualt.
{Ward, guardian) Old Germ. Hrodoward, 8th cent. — French
RoDUWART. {Wig, wi, war) Old Germ. Hrodwig, Ruodwih,
8th cent. — English Rudwick, Rodaway, Rodway — Mod.
Germ. Rode wig. ( Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Hrodulf, king of
the Heruli, 5th cent. ; king of Burgundy, 9th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Hrothwulf — Eng. Rudolph — Mod. German Rudolph,
RuDELOFF — French Rodolphe.
A fifth stem of similar meaning is rom, rum,
which Forstemann refers to hrom, hruam, glory.
The aspirated h forms c in a few English names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Rom, Rom.
Old German Hruam, Ruomo, Rumo, 8th cent. Rum, Glory,
name of a female serf. Cod. Dip. 981. Eng. Rome, Room,
Rum, Rummey, Crome, Cromey, Groom, Crum.* Modern
German Rohm, Rohm, Rom. French Rommy, Rom^o,
Romieu.
* This might be from an Old Norse name ELrumr, which seems to be from
Dan. krum, bent or crooked.
374 THE TRUMPET OF FAME.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Rumali. English Romilly, Rumley, Rum-
BELOW, Cromley. Mod. Germ. Rommel, Rummel. French
Rommel, Roumilly, Rummel.
compounds.
{Bald hold) Old German Rumbold, 10th cent. — English
Rumbold. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Hrumheri, Rumhar,
6th cent. — Eng. Romer, Rummer — Mod. German Raumer,
Reaumur, Romer — French Roumier. {Ulf, wolf) Old Germ.
Romulf, 6th cent. — French Romeuf.
The following stem, found in three ancient
names, all in German forms, Forstemann refers
to Lat. clarus, Mid. High Germ, cldr, illustrious.
Some of the following are certainly of German
origin, but others may be doubtful.
simple forms.
ciar, cier, EnsHsh Clare, Clary, Clear, Cleary. French Clair,
lUustrious. o ' ' '
Clarey, Cler, Clerf.
diminutives.
Eng. Claridge. Eng. Claris — French Cli^risse.
PATRONYMIC.
French Clarenc.
COMPOUNDS.
(Et, p. 189) English Claret — French Clariat, Cleret.
{Mund, protection) Old Germ. Clarmunt, 9th cent. — English
Claremont — French Clermont (or local 1). ( Vis, wise) Eng.
Clarvis, Clarvise.
PHONETIC ending. •
French Clairin, Cl:^in.
phonetic intrusion of n.
{Bald, bold) Old German Clarembald, 11th cent. — Eng.
Claringbold, Claringbull— French Clerambault. {Burg,
protection) French Clerambourg.
There is a stem dot, tal, which Forstemann
refers to Ang.-Sax. dealy illustrious. Another
stem dale he separates doubtingly, mentioning
the Goth, dails, Ang.-Sax. dael, part (better the
THE TRUMPET OF FAME. 375
verb delaUy to dispense, distribute). A third
word which would suit very well for the sense of
some of the compounds is Old Norse tola, Ang.-
Sax. talian, to relate, recount. However, I will
not attempt the separation, but introduce the
whole group here.
SIMPLE FORMS. j,^j ^^^
Old Germ. Tallo, Dal, Tello, Telo, 8tli cent., Daila, Deil, lunstrious.
Tail, 5tli cent. Telia, Lib. Vit. Delee, Roll Bait, Abb. Eng.
Tall, Dally, Dallow, Dell, Dellow, Dale, Delay, Teale.
Modern German Dahl, Thal, Tell. Swiss Tell. French
Dall4 Dally, Talle, Tel, Delle, Delay, Deleau.
a ■ diminutives.
T Eng. Dallas, Talliss — French Dalloz, Delesse. Eng.
Tallage — French Dellac. Fries. Tialma — Fr. Talma.
phonetic ending.
S Old Germ. Thailina, 11th cent. Eng. Dallen, Tallon.
French Dalon, Delan, Delanneau, Tallon.
PATEONYMICS.
^' English Dalling, Telling, Teelinq. Modern German
' ' Dahling. French Delinge.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, bright) Old German Dalbert, 8th cent. — Talberct,
Lib. Fit. — English 1'albert — French Dalbert, Talbert.
(Bot, envoy) English Talbot — French Talabot, Talbot,
Delabaud 1 {Bon, slayer) Eng. Telbin, — French Dalibon.
(Dio, servant) Eng. Daldy ? (Fer, travel) Old Germ. Dal-
feri* — Eng. Telfer — Fr. Tailfer, Taillefer, Deloffre.
(Fard, travel) English Talfourd ? Telford ? (Ge?-, spear)
Eng. Talker ? — Fr. Dalger, Deloger, Delocre. (ffari,
warrior) Old German Dealher, Delheri, 9th cent. — English
Dallor, Delhier, Deller, Teller — Mod. Germ. Thaler, ySkMt/t
DoLER, TiELER — Fr. Dallery, Del aire, Delery, Tellier. ^
(Hard) Fr. Dalliard, Tallard, Teillart. (Man) Old
* This name FOrstemann does not seem to be certain about ; Daiferi, Dauferi
and Daiferi occur nearly together, and he appears to think that one may be put for
the other. Of course I do not put out of question the ordinary derivation of
Taillefer, ' ' iron-cleaver. "
V -
376 THE TRUMPET OF FAME.
German Dalman, 8th cent. — English Dalman, Tallman— -
Mod. Germ. Dahlmann, Thalmann — French Delmon, Dal-
LEMAGNE ? Talleman. {Mar, famous) English Dallimore,
Dellamore, Delmar — Mod. Germ. Thalmeier, Thalham-
MER ? — French Delamarre, Delemer, Delimier, Delmer.
(Mag, mac, might) Eng. Tallemach ? Talmage 1 {Mot,
courage) Old Germ. Talamot, 8th cent. — French Delamotte,
Delmotte, Delamothe. {Rig, power) Old Germ. Delricus,
9th cent. — French Dalerac, Delrocq. {Rand, shield) Fr.
^ Talleyrand? (TFarc?, guardian) French Delouard. {Wig,
wi, war) Daliwey, Hund. Rolls — Eng. Dalloway — French
Dalvl
There is a stem hlad, blat, which Forstemann,
supposing a metathesis, places to the root haldt
p. 240, but which Stark, as I think, more judi-
ciously, refers to Anglo-Saxon hlwd, glory. The
Ang.-Saxon bleed, a blade, leaf, metaphorically a
sword (as in English), seems however equally
probable. A name Blatspiel, apparently German,
in the London directory, seems more naturally
referable to the latter, in the sense of " sword-
play."
SIMPLE FORMS.
^lory English Blade, Blate, Platt. French Blad, Blatte,
Bled, Blet, Platte, Plateau, Plait, Plet.
diminutives.
French Plattel, Platel, Bletel.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Bladin, 8th cent. English Platon, Platten.
French Blatin, Bleton.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) Old Germ. Bladard, 7th cent. — French Platard.
{Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Blathar — Eng. Plater — French
Bladier, Blatter, Bletery, Plaideur ? {Rat, counsel)
French Platret.
THE TRUMPET OF FAME. 377
In this place may come in the stem load, lote,
loud, which Forstemann refers to Old High Germ.
liMt, loud, which, as in the Greek, had also the
sense of illustrious. In support of the latter
derivation Abel quotes a Hne from Ermold Nigel
in his poem in praise of Saint Louis.
' * Nempe sonat Hluto prseclarum, Wicgch quoque Mars est. "
Forstemann observes that there is no more
difficult root than this in the compass of German
names, from its liability to mix with liitd. Hut,
people. The initial h forms c in many names of
the Merovingian period, as also in several French
and EngHsh.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Chlodio, Frankish kins:, 5th cent. : Chludius, ,°* > °* •
° ' ' Illustnous.
Lotto. English Laud, Loat, Lote, Lott, Clode, Cloud,
Clout. Mod. German Lode, Loth, Lott, Klode, Kloth.
French Laude, Laudy, Lodde, Claude.
diminutives.
Old German Luotheco, 11th cent. — Eng. Lotcho. Eng.
LowDELL — French Claudel.
phonetic ending.
English LoADEN, Loton, Loudon, Glutton. French
Laudon, Loudun, Lautten, Claudin.
patronymic.
English Clowting.
COMPOUNDS.
(Sari, warrior) Old Germ. Hlodhar, Clothar, 6th cent. — .
Loth ere. King of Kent, a.d. 673, called also Clotherius, Cod.
Dip. 981 — Eng. Loader, Lowder, Clothier — Mod. German
LoTHER, LoTTER — Fr. LoEDER, Laudier, Lautier. {HUd,
war) Old German Chloticliilda or Clothilda, daughter of the
Burgundian king, Chilperic, 5th cent. — French Clotilde
(christian name), {Mar, famous) Old German Chlodomir,
son of Chlodwig 1st, 6th cent. — French Clodomir. (Man)
V 2
378 THE TRUMPET OF FAME.
English LoADMAN, Cloudman, Cloutman — French? Laute-
MANN. (Wig, wi, war) Old German Lodewig, Chlodowich,
Clodoveus, Clovis, 6th cent. — French Clovis.
Another word having the meaning of glory is
Ang.-Sax. and Old High German wuldar. This,
in its simple form, is apt to intermix with Walter,
p. 345.
Wulder. SIMPLE FOEMS.
Qiory. English WoLTER. French Yoltier, Wolter. Or all
the above may perhaps only be the same as Walter.
COMPOUNDS.
Old German XJulderich, Vulderich, 8th cent. English
WOOLDRIDGE.
In this chapter may be included the names
having the meaning of crown, bracelet, or orna-
ment, in the probable sense of a badge or dis-
tinction, as the reward of valour. There is a stem
howk, houch, which I take to be from Goth, bangs.
Old High Germ, banc, bracelet. And the forms
bug, buck, I also take to be most probably from
the same, on account of the constant tendency to
change the more ancient form ou into the simpler
u. A third form is found in the Ang.-Sax. bedg,
bedh, bSh, whence I take to be the Eng. " badge.''
A word very liable to intermix is bog, bow, arcus,
p. 224, from the same general root signifying to
bend.
_ , SIMPLE FORMS.
Bouch ^^^ German Banco, Paugo, 6th cent. Bucco, Buggo,
Bracelet. Pucco, 8th cent. Ang.-Saxon Bucge, Buga, Beage. Buge,
(Domesday Notts.). Eng. Bouch, Bouciiey, Beugo, Bugg,
Bew, Buck, Buckie, Badge, Bee, (the two latter the Ang.-
Saxon form). Mod. Germ. Bauch, Baucke, Pauck, Buck,
Bugge, Puche. French Bouch^ Poucha.
THE TRUMPET OF FAME. 379
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Buccelin, General of the Alamanni, 6th cent.
— Eng. BucKLiN, BuGGELN — French Bouquillon, Bouglon.
English BucKSEY — Fi-ench Boucasse, Bouchez. English
Buglea, Bewly, Buckley, Buckle, Buckle — Fr. Boucly,
Buckle, Bucaille, Bougle.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Buchinus, 7th cent. Eng. Buckney, Buggin,
PuGiN. French BoucoN, Bouchon, Boucheny, Bougon,
Pougin, Pougny.
compounds.
(Hard) French Boucard, Boucart, Bouchard, Pou-
ch ard. (Rari, warrior) Old German IIavKapL<s (Procop) —
English BowKER, Boucher — French Boucher, Boucherie,
Bucker, BouHiER. (Ety^. 189) Eng. Bowkett, Bucket,
Bucket — Fr. Bouquet, Bouchet, Pouchet. {Rat, counsel)
Old German Bougrat, 10th cent. — English Boucherett* —
French Bougueret, Bouquerot, Boucherot. {Ron, raven)
French Bougrain, Boucheron. {Ric, power) Eng. Buck-
eidge, Puckridge — French Boucry. {Wald, power) Old
Germ. Buciowald, 6th cent. — French Bougault, Pougeault
(Ulf, wolf) Old German Baugulf, 8th cent. — Anglo-Saxon
Beownlf ?— English Balfe ?
From the Gothic mizdo, Anglo-Saxon med^
Old High German niieta, reward, Eng. " meedy'
Forstemann derives a stem mid, miz, which may
come in here.
simple forms.
Meed.
Old German Mieto, Mizo, 8th cent. Mede, Lib. Vit. Reward.
English MEADjt Miette. French Midi, Miette.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Mitola, 7th cent. — Eng. Middle, Mittell —
French Midol. French Midocq.
* Of French origin,
t Or to the stem nmth, med, p. 341.
380 THE TRUMPET OF FAME.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English MiTTON, Mizon. French Miton, Milton.
PATRONYMIC. ^
English Missing.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Misard. {Hari, warrior) French Midi^ke,
MiSSIER, MiZERY.
CHAPTER XXI.
WEALTH AND PROSPERITY.
Among the words having the meaning of
wealth, prosperity, success, the most common
root is Old Norse audr, Ang.-Saxon edd, whence
the Gothic audags, Ang.-Saxon eddig, eadg. Old
Norse audgr, wealthy or prosperous. Forste-
mann extends this root rather widely, taking in
all the forms in od and ot, for which I think that
two other derivations may perhaps in certain
cases be proposed, see pp. 194, 217. Most of the
Enghsh names, it will be seen, are in the Saxon
form ed, and most of the French in the Gothic
form aud.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Audo, Oudo, Outo, 7th cent. Old Norse ^''^' ^^•
Prosperity.
Audr. Ang.-Sax. Edda, Eddi, Eata. Auti, Outi, Domesday.
Eng. Aught, Aughtie, Ought, Auth, Eade, Eadie, Eddy,
Eat. Modern German Ott. French Aude, Audy, Auti]^,
Outi, Ode.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Audila, 6th cent. — Eng. Outlaw ? — French
Audille. Old Germ. Audac, 6th cent. — French Audiquet
(double dimin.J. English Edkins. English Eddis — French
AuDis. Old German Odemia, 8th cent. — Eng. Odam.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Audin, 7th cent. English Auton, Oughton,
Eadon. French Audin, Autin, Oudin.
patronymics.
Old German Auding, 8th cent. English Outing.
compounds.
(Bert, bright) Old German Audebert, 7 th cent. — Modern
German Odebrecht — French Audibert. (Brand, sword)
382 WEALTH AND PROSPERITY.
Old German Autprand, 9th cent. — French Audebrand.
{Burg, protection) Old German Autburg, 8th cent. — Anglo-
Saxon Eadburh — Eng. Edbrook ? {Am, Orn, eagle ?) Old
German Autorn, 8th cent. — Odierna, Lib. Vit. — Hodierna,
temp. William the Conqueror — Eng. Odierne. {Fred, peace)
Old Germ. Autfrid, 8th cent. — French Audiffred, Audif-
FRET. {Gan, magic) Old German Audiganus, 9th cent. —
French Audiganne. {Ger, spear) Old German Audagar,
Augar, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Edgar — Eng. Edgar, Ediker,
Auger — French Audiguier, Odigier, Auger. {Hard) Old
German Authard, 7th cent. — French Oudard. (Hari,
warrior) Old German Autharis, Lombard king, 6th cent ,
Authar — Eng. Auther — French Authier, Autier, Audier-
(Romiy ran, raven) Old German Andram, Autrannus, 7th
cent. — Eng. Autram, Outram — French Audran, Autran.
{Land) Old Germ. Aotlund, 8th cent. — French Autheland.
{Mad, med, reverence) Old German Automad, 8th cent. —
Eng. Edmead, Edmett. (Man) Old German Autman, 8th
cent. — English Edmans — Modern German Odemann. {Mar,
famous) Old Germ. Audomar, 7th cent. — French Audemars.
{Mund, protection) Old Germ. Audemnnd, 7th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Eadmund — English Edmond — French Edmond. {Rad,
red, counsel) Old Germ. Auderat, Autrad, 8th cent. — Ang.-
Sax. Eadred, Uhtred — Eng. Audritt, Outred. {Ric, power)
Old German Audricus, Autricus, 7th cent. — Anglo-Saxon
Eadric — English Outridge, Edridge — French Autrique,
AuTEROCHE. {Weahl, stranger) Otuel, Lib. Vit. — English
Ed WELL, Eatwell, Ottiwell. {Ward, guardian) Old Germ.
Audoard, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Eadweard — Eng. Edward —
French Audevard, Audouard, Edouard. {Wig, war) Ang.-
Sax. Eadwig — English Ed wick — French Audouy. (Wine,
friend) Old Germ. Audowin, Audoin, 6th cent. — Ang.-Sax.
Eadwine — English Edwin — French Audoin. ( Wulf) Ang.-
Sax. Eadwulf, Eadulf— Eng. Edolph.
A word of similar meaning is Anglo-Saxon
wela, weola, weal, wealth, prosperity. Forste-
mann separates this stem from another, which he
WEALTH AND PROSPERITY. 383
derives from ivel, bene, but I think the distinc-
tion is scarcely to be made, and class them
together.
SrMPLE FORMS.
Old German Wialo, Weak, Welo, 8th cent. EngHsh WeaL
Weale, Wellow, Veale, Wheeley. Mod. Germ. Wiehl. "^^^p®"^ ^•
French Weil, Wel, Veil, Yiel, Velly, Violleau.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Weliga. English Wheelock, Whellock,
Wellock. French Velic.
phonetic ending.
English Wheelan. French Yeillon.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Wellunc, 9th cent. English Welling,
Wheeling. Mod. Germ. Wehling. French Welling.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) English Wellard — Modem German Weilert —
French Ouellard, Yellard, Yeillard, Yiolard. {Ha/ri,
warrior) Old Germ. Wielher, 8th cent. — English Wheeler,
Weller — Mod. Germ. Weiller — Fr. Veiller, Yiollier,
{Land) Old Germ. Wiolant, Weland,* 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax.
Weland — Old Norse Yolundr — Eng. Wayland, Weland,
Welland — Mod. Gei-m. Weyland, Wieland. (Man) Old
Germ. Weliman, 8th cent. — Eng. Wellman — Mod. German
Wellmann. {Eat, counsel) Old G«rm. Wielrat, 8th cent. —
Eng. Wheelwright ? ( Ulf, wolf) Old German Weololf —
French ? Welhoff ?
From a similar root is woly which Forstemann
refers to Old High German wolOy wola, fortuna,
bene. As a prefix it may in some cases be formed
by syncope from ivolf,
simple forms. -WolL
Old German Wolo, Wola, 9th cent. English Woli, prosperity.
Wolley, Wholey. Mod. German Wohl, Woll. French
YoL, Yollee.
* Grimm thinks that the Weland of Northern mythology may perhaps
derive his name from Old Norse vela, to deceive, a derivation which would accord
with the story of which he is the hero.
384 WEALTH AND PROSPERITY.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. WoLEDGE. French Woillez. French VoiLQUiN.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English WoLLEN. French Yoilin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Et, p. 189) Eng. WoLLATT, Vollet — French Vollet.
(Har% warrior) Eng. Yoller — French Vollier. (Helm)
Eng. YoLLAM, YoLLUM — French Woillaume, Yuillaume.
(Frid, peace) Old German Wolafrid, 9th cent. — French
Yuillefroy. (MaVj famous) Old German Wolomar, 8th
cent. — Mod. Germ. Wollmer — French Yoillemier. (Mot^
courage) Old German Wolamot, 8th cent. — French Yuille-
MOT. (Mund, protection) Old Germ. Wolamunt, 9th cent.
— French Yoillemont. (Ric, power) Old Germ. Wolarih,
8th cent. — Eng. Wolrige. (Work, opus)* Eng. Whole-
work?
From the Goth, ufjd, abundance, Forstemann
thinks may perhaps be derived the root uf^ of,
remarking, however, that the root ub, (Old Norse
uhbi, fierce) is Hable to intermix. There is, more-
over, another derivation suggested by the name
of the Mercian king OfFa or UfFa. His ancestor
of the same name, who ruled over the continental
Angeln, " was blind till his seventh, and dumb
till his thirteenth year ; and though exceUing in
bodily strength, was so simple and pusillanimous
that all hope that he would ever prove himself
worthy of his station was abandoned.'^ (Thorpe.)
This description naturally suggests to us as the
etymon of his name, the Anglo-Saxon uuf, owl,
English " oaf," blockhead. It does not, however,
seem to me necessary to assume with Mr. Thorpe
that it was any resemblance to his Anglian
* This is found as the termination of some ancient names.
WEALTH AND PROSPERITY. 385
ancestor that gave the name to the Mercian
Offa ; I should rather suppose that the ignoble
origin (if such it were) of the name had passed
out of mind, and that it was assumed in accord-
ance with the common principle of taking the
name of an ancestor.
SIMPLE FORMS. q^ ^ff
Old Germ. Uifo, Offo, 8tli cent. A ng. -Saxon Offa, king ^bun^ance.
of Mercia. English Offey, Ough. Mod. Germ. Off.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Ofilo, 7th cent. English Offill, Uffell,
Offlow, Offley. Mod. Germ. Oeffele.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Offuni, 8th cent. English Offen. French
Ofin, Offny.
compounds.
{Hard) English Offord. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Offer.
(Man) French Offman.
For the following stem, on which Forste-
mann remarks as very obscure, he suggests Ang.-
Sax. tass, acervus, congeries frugum.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Taso, Lombard king, Qth cent., Tasso, Dasso.
Eng. Dassy. Mod. Germ. Dasse. French Dassy, Tassy.
Ital. Tasso ?
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Tassilo, Bavarian king, 6th cent., Dassilo,
Dessilo — Eng. Tassell — Mod. Germ. Dassel — Fr. Tassel,
Tassily, Desolle. French Tasselin.
COMPOUNDS.
{And, life, spirit) English Dasent ? — French Dessant?
Desaint t (Et, p. 189^ English Dassett — French D asset,
Tassot. {Hard, fortis) English Dessert — French Tassert,
Desert. {Hari, warrior) French Dassier. (Man) English
Tasman — Mod. Germ. Dessmann, Tessman. {Eat, counsel)
Old Germ. Tasrad, 9th cent. — French Desrat. {Ger, spear)
English Tassiker ? Tasker ? — French Tascher ?
w 2
Tass.
Acervus.
386 WEALTH AND PROSPERITY.
The idea of inheritance seems to be found in
the root arb, arp, which Forstemann refers to
Gothic arhja. Old Norse a7^Ji, heir, Gothic arbi.
Old Norse arfr, Ang.-Sax. erfe, hereditas. I do
not feel sure, however, that we ought not to take
the most ancient meaning of the root, as found
in Sansc. cwv, to destroy, to desolate. Zeuss and
Grimm mention also Gothic airps, Anglo-Saxon
eorp, fuscus. (In Ang.-Saxon and Old Norse this
word had also the meaning of wolf, a suitable
sense for proper names.)
, , . SIMPLE FORMS.
A.rl) A.n3
Inheritance ^^^ German Arbo, Arpo, Erbo, Erpo, Herbo, Herpo,
Herfo, 8th cent. Avpus, a prince of the Catti in Tacitus,
Ist cent., probably comes in here. Old Norse Erpr. Eng.
Harp, Herp. Modern German Arve, Erb, Erpf, Harpe.
French Arbeau, Arbey.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Erfilo — Mod. Germ. Erpel — French Herbel,
Harbly. French Herbelin. French Herbecq. French
Harbez.
phonetic ending.
Old German Erbona, Arbun, 8th cent. — English Arbon,
Arpin — French Arpin, Herbin, Herpin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Gast, guest) Arbogastes, a Frankish general under the
Emperor Gratian, 4tli cent. — French Arbogast. (Hard)
Old German Arphert, 9tli cent. — French Arfort. {Hari
warrior) Old German Erphari, 8th cent. — English Arber,
Arbery, Herper, Harper? — Modern German Herpfer? —
French Arbre, Arvier, Hervier. (Ilund, protection) Old
German Erpmund, 10th cent. — French Arbomont. (Ulfi
wolf) Old Germ. Erpulf, 8th cent. — French Arveuf.
Another stem of similar meaning may be laib,
laiv, which Forstemann refers to Gothic laifs.
WEALTH AND PROSPERITY. 387
supers tes. The meaning, however, may be, as
Forstemann suggests, simply that of son. A
root liable to intermix is Hub, leoj] p. 264.
SIMPLE FORMS. T b L *
Old Germ. Leifi. English Lavey, Laby, Levey. Mod. guperstes.
Germ, Leff. French Lab^, Labie, Lebey, Lebeau, Leve,
Leveau.
diminutives.
English Lavell, Levell — French Labelle, Lavalle,
Lavalley, Lebel. French Labiche, Lebocq. French
Leflon. English La vis, Levis — French Lebiez.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Leibin, Laifin, 9th cent. — English Lavin,
Levin — Mod. Germ. Lebin — Fr. Lavenay, Lafon, Leban.
COMPOUNDS.
(Em, eagle) English Labern — French Laverne. (Et,
p. 189) English Levett — French Labitte, Lafitte, Levite.
(Hard) Modern German Lepert — French Levard. {Ha/riy
warrior) Old Germ. Leibher, 8th cent. — Eng. Layer, Labor
— Mod. Germ. Laiber — French Lavier, Labour, Laborie.
(Ram, ran, raven) Eng. Labram — French Laviron. [Rat,
counsel) Old Germ. Leibrat, 8th cent. — English Leveret —
French Levrat, Lebret. {Rig, power) English Laverick,
Leveridge — Fr. Labric, Lebreck. {Wald, power) French
Lavault, Lebeault. (Ulf, wolf) Old German Laibulf, 8th
cent. — French Lebuffe, Leboeuf.
The sense of acquisitiveness may perhaps be
foiuid in the root arg, arc, ere, which Graff refers
to Old High German arc, arac, avarus, though
Forstemann thinks that some older meaning may
lie at the bottom of it.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Argo, Archo, Araho, Ercho, 9th cent. Eng. ^^^^^l'^-
Arch, Urch, Argue. Mod. Germ. Erche, Erck. French
Argy, Arago.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Argila, 7th cent. English Arkell, Arculus
(Birm.)
388 WEALTH AND PROSPERITY.
COMPOUNDS. -
(And, life, spirit) Old Germ. Argant, 11 th cent. — Eng.
Argent — French Argand. {Bald, bold) Eng. Archbold,
Archbell. (Bud, envoy) Old Germ. Argebud, 7th cent. —
Eng. Archbutt. (Hard) Old Germ. Archard, 10th cent.
— Eng. Archard, Orchard, Urquhart. {Hari, warrior)
Old German Argar, Erchear, 8th cent. — Arch ere, Roll Batt.
Abb. — Eng. Archer — Mod. Germ. Erker — French Arche-
REAU. (Eat, counsel) Old Germ. Archarat, 8th cent. — Eng.
Arkwright 1 {Mwnd, protection) Old German Argemund,
7th cent. — English Argument.
yl-^i
CHAPTER XXII.
THE OUTER MAN.
Names derived from personal characteristics,
such as stature, complexion, &c., must no doubt
have in many cases been originally surnames-
Bede, in his Ecclesiastical History, gives us one
of the earliest instances of surnames of this sort.
There were two Hewalds, both missionaries to
the Old Saxons, one of whom was called for the
sake of distinction black Hewald, and the other
white Hewald, from the different colour of their
hair. This brings us back to the year 692. But
such names appear also to have been often given
baptismally, and though in some cases we may
suppose that they were an actual description of
the infant, yet in the majority of cases I conceive
that they were simply adopted as being names
in use.
The sense of personal beauty enters into a
considerable number of names. From the Old
High Germ, scdni. Mod. Germ. scJioiiy Ang.-Sax-
sceone, scene, are the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Sconea, 9th cent. English Skone, Shone, sheen'
Skeen, Skiney, Sheen, Shine, Shinn. Mod. Germ. Schon. BeautifuL
French Schone.
COMPOUNDS.
(Burg, protection) Old Germ. Sconiburga, Sconburg, 1 0th
cent. — French Shoenberg. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Scon-
hari, 8th cent. — English Shoner, Shiner, Shinner — Mod.
Germ. Schoner — French ? Schener. (Man) Eng. Sheniman.
390 THE OUTER MAN.
The sense of personal beauty is in some
instances closely allied to that of brightness.
Thus the above root is related to Eng. "shine'^
and " sheen." And the Old Norse dcegilegr,
pulcher, is probably connected with dag, day,
dagian, to shine. Again, the sense of bright-
ness is used metaphorically to express glory or
fame, as in the root hert, bright, p. 369. But
though these two senses are naturally Hable to
intermix, I am inclined to think that the more
general meaning is that of personal beauty. In
the former edition I took the root dag, day, to
be derived from the personification of Northern
mythology. But Grimm (Deutsch. Gramm.J
suggests whether its meaning may not be that
of brightness or beauty. The latter sense I take
as the most suitable, and introduce the group in
this place,
SIMPLE FORMS.
Dag, Tag, I Old German Dag, Dago, Daga, Dacco, Tacco, 6th cent.
Brightness, English Dagg, Dack, Deck, Day, Tagg, Tegg, Tay. Mod.
Beauty, q^^^^^ Daake, Dage, Deck, Tag, Tack. French Daga,
Taquo, Decq, Degay.
diminutives.
Old German Dagalo, Tacilo, 7th cent. — English Dagley,
Daily, Tackle, Tackley, Tekell — Mod. German Degel,
Tagel — Fr. Degalle, Degola, Decle, Dechilly, Decla,
Dailly. Old Germ. Dacolenus, 7 th cent. — French Daclin,
Decline, Deglane. English Daykin. Eng. Dayes, Daze,
X)AisY — French Dages, Daces.
COMPOUNDS.
(And, life, spirit) Old Germ. Dachant, 8th cent. — French
Dagand. {Bald, bold) Old German Tagapald, Dacbold, 8th
cent. — Daegbald, Lib. Vit. — English Daybell — Mod. Germ.
THE OUTER MAN. 391
Tabold. {Bern, bear) Old German Tagapern, 9th cent. —
Englisli Tayburn. {Bert, bright) Old German Dagobert,
Frankish king, 7th cent. — Mod. German Dabbert — French
Dacbert, Degobert. {Birg, protection) Old German Taga-
birga, 9 th cent. — Eng. Tackabarry. (Gest, hospes) French
Dagest. (Grim, fierce) Old German Dagrim, 9th cent. —
French Dagrin, Dagron.* {Hari, warrior) Old German
Daiher, 9th cent. — Dacher, Lib. Vit. — English Dagger,
Dacker, Payer, Dairy — Modern German Tager — French
Daguerre, Dagoury, Dachery, Degory, Decker, Decori.
{Hard) English Tagart, Tegart — Mod. German Deckert —
French Tachard, Dechard. (Helm) Old Germ. Dachelm,
9th cent, — English Dacombe — French Dechaume. (Med,
reverence) French Dagomet. (Man) Eng. Tackman, Day-
man— Mod. German Tagmann. {Mund, protection) Old
German Dagamund, 9th cent, — English Daymont. {Rand,
shield) French Degrand, Decrand. {Rat, counsel) Old Germ.
Dacarat, 8th cent. — French Decret. {Wine, friend) Old
Germ. Dagoin, 8th cent. — French Dagoin, Dacquin. (TP^f,
wolf) Old German Dagaulf, Thuringian duke, 6th cent. —
Mod. Germ. Daulf — French Degof, Decuve.
phonetic intrusion of n.
{Hard) Old Germ. Tagenard, 9th cent. Fr. Tagniard.
I take the stem glas, glis,\ also to have the
meaning of shining, smoothness, and hence of per-
sonal beauty. In the former edition I referred
our name Glass to glass, vitrum, but I now
think it necessary to look deeper, and to take the
root from which that word is derived. The sense
contained is that of brightness, smoothness, and
polish, and the root is foiuid in Old High Germ.
* Or these two names, and especially the latter, may be the same as the
Da^hrefn of Beowtilf — refn, raven, being in French names frequently contracted
into ron.
t Perhaps to the same stem may be put English Gloss, Close, French
Closse, Cloez, English Closbk, French Closiee, (fee.
392 THE OUTER MAN.
glizan. Mod. German gleiszen, to shine, Old Norse
glcBsa, to polish. Old High German glas, glis,
brightness, English glaze, gloss, glisten.
Glass, Glis. SIMPLE FORMS.
Brightness Old German Glis, lOth cent. English Glass, Glassey,
Beauty, Glaze, Class. Mod. Germ. Glass, Gleiss, Klass. French
Glas, Glaise, Glaze.
diminutive.
English Glaskin.
phonetic ending.
English Glasson, Glissan, Classon. French Glassoni
Classen.
compounds.
(Hard) Eng. Glazard. {Hari, warrior) Old German
Glisher, 8th cent. — Eng. Glazier, Glaisher — Mod. German
Glaser — French Glaeser. {Wald, power) Eng. Clissold.
Again, the sense of brightness sometimes
merges into that of whiteness. Thus the Anglo-
Saxon hlanc. Old High Germ, blanch, white, seem
to have their root in Old Norse hlanJca, to shine.
And the Ang.-Sax. hide, pale, is derived from the
verb hlican, to shine. Hence, as the Eng. "fair"
means both light-complexioned and also beautiful,
so I think in the above two roots there may be
something more contained than the mere sense of
white or pale.
Blank. SIMPLE FORMS.
White, Old Germ. Blanca, 10th cent. English Blank, Blanch,
Beautiful? Blenky, Blinco, Plank, Planche, Plincke. Mod. Germ.
Blank, Blang, Blenk, Planck. French Blanc, Blanque,
Blanca, Blanche, Blangy, Planque, Planche.
phonetic ending.
English Blenkin.* French Blanchin.
* Henc* Blenkinhop as a local name, " Blenkin's hope," (Ang.-Sax. hdp,
mound).
THE OUTER MAN. ' 393
COMPOUNDS.
(Et, p. 189) English Blanchett— French Blanquet,
Blanchet, Planquet. {Hard) Old Germ. Blancard, Blan-
chard, 11th cent. — English Blanchard — Modern German
Blanckardt — French Blancard, Blanchard, Blangeard
Planchard. (Hari, warrior) English Blancker — French
Blanquier, Planker, Plancher. (Man) Eng. Blankman.
(Ron, raven) Eng. Blenkiron, Blinckhorn — French Blan-
CHERON. {Ward, guardian) French Blanquart.
From the Anglo-Saxon hlican^ to shine, Old
High Germ, hleih, Ang.-Sax. hide, pale, I derive
the following stem, which is cognate with the
last, losing the nasal. There are several Old
German names, but only one corresponding with
ours.
SIMPLE FORMS. Blake. Blick.
Eng. Blick, Bleak, Bleach, Blake, Blakey, Blacow, paie,
BlIGH. French BlECH. Beautiful?
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Blicker, 8th cent. — English
Blaker, Bleacher — Mod. Germ. Blecher — French Bl^-
QUIER (Man) Blaecmon, Lib. VU. — Eng. Blakeman.
Of a similar meaning maybe the word Jlad,
fiat, for which Grimm supposes a Gothic fiSths,
Old High Germ, fl^dt, in the sense of brightness,
cleanness. Traces of these two senses are found
respectively in the Mid. High German vlaetec,
shining, and Mod. German unflath, filth. As a
termination it is peculiar to the names of women,
and in Ang.-Sax. takes the form fied, as in Adel-
fleda, Wynfleda, &c. The Old Norse flidd, a
beautiful or elegant woman, may be cognate.
SIMPLE FORMS.
English Flatt, Flett, Flatau. Mod. Gennan Flathe. ^^*'^' ^*^
Fair.
French Flad, Flaud.
X 2
394 THE OUTER MAN.
DIMINUTIVE. PHONETIC ENDING.
Eng. Flattely. Eng. Flitton. French Flaton.
COMPOUNDS.
(Harij warrior) English Flatter, Flattery. {Man)
English Flatman. {Rod^ glory) Old German Fladrudis, 8th
cent. — French Flatraud.
Another word having the meaning of beauty
may be wan, wen. Forstemann suggests Gothic
v^ns, opes, or Old High Germ, wdn, spes, opinio.
Graff also refers to Old High Germ, wan, deficiens,
imperfectum, and wdni, poverty. The most suit-
able root, as it seems to me, in most cases, is Old
Norse vcenn, formosus, elegans, to which I here
place it.
Wan, Wen. SIMPLE FORMS.
Beautiful. Old Germ. Wan, Wane, Vano, Wenni, 8th cent. Eng.
Wane, Wenn, Vane, Vann, Venn. Fr. Vaney, Gueneau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Wanilo, Venilo, 8th cent. — Eng. Wannell,
Vennell — French Vanelli, Venelle. Old Germ. Wanicho,
Wenniko, 9th cent. — Eng. Vanneck — Mod. Germ. Wannick
— French Vanegue. Old German Wannida, Wanito, 9th
cent. — Eng. Wannod — French Vanetti.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Wanini, 8th cent. French Vanin, Vanoni.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Waning, Wening, 7 th cent, Eng. Wenning,
Venning. Mod. Germ. Wening,
compounds.
(And, life, spirit) Old Germ. Weniant, 9th cent. — French
Venant. {Bald, bold) Old German Wanbald, 9th cent. —
French Gu^n^bault. (Ger, spear) Old German Wanegar,
8th cent. — French Vanackere — Mod. German Weniger.
{Hari, warrior) Eng. Vanner, Venner — French Wanner,
Vannier. (Hard) French Vanard, Venard, Guenard.
{Laug, lavacmm ?) Old Germ. Wanlog, 8th cent. — English
Wenlock. {Man) English Wenman, Wainman ? {Muth,
courage) English Wenmoth. (Rat, counsel) Old German
THE OUTER MAN. 395
Wanrat, 9th cent. — Eng. WainwrightI — French Guenerat.
( Waldf power) French Venault, Guenault.
The names derived from complexion or colour
of the hair are liable to some uncertainty on
account of the curious manner in which certain
of the words denoting colour intermix in their
roots. To call black white has passed into a
proverb, yet, as Mr. Wedgwood has shown, it is
probable that the original meaning of black ivas
white or pale. Again, the two colours, blue and
yellow, which have stood in hostile array on so
many hustings, can scarcely be separated in their
roots. The Old Norse hldr Haldorsen renders
both as flavus and caeruleus ; the Italian hiavo,
blue, is explained by Florian as pale straw-
coloured ; the Dutch blond is applied to the livid
hue of a bruise, as well as to the yellowish colour
of the hair ; and the Old French bloi is explained
by Roquefort as blond, jaune, bleu, et blanc.
Hence, a& Mr. Wedgwood observes, it becomes
difficult to separate Mid. Lat. hlavus, blue, from
Jjdi.tm JlavuSy yellow.
So far then as the root black appears to be
baptismal, we cannot be sure that it does not
intermix with the two previous roots blank and
blake.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Blache, Blac, Domesday. Eng. Black, Blackie. French
Blaque.
compounds.
(Hari, warrior) Eng. Blacker — Fr. Blachier, Blacher.
(Man) Blsecman, genealogy of the kings of Northumbria —
Blacheman, Domesday — Eng. Blackbian.
Black,
Niger ?
396 THE OUTER MAN.
Between blue and yellow we have scarcely a
choice, if we take a positive colour at all. In the
few Old Germ, names in which it occurs Forste-
mann proposes the latter sense as the more natural.
But there is a wider sense which might perhaps
be taken. The Anglo-Saxon hleo, blue, signifies
also bloom, beauty, and the root appears to be
found in the Old High Germ, hluen, Ang.-Saxon
hlewan, hloivan, to blow, bloom, flourish. A
similar sense is found in many other names.
Blue, Blow. SIMPLE FOEMS.
Bloom? Old Germ. Blawa, Bloa, 8th cent. Eng. Blew, Bleay,
Blow. French Bleu, Blou, Blee.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) English Blewer, Blower.
There is a word hleon, found in several Old
German names, which Grimm takes to be related
to, and have the same meaning as Ang.-Sax. hleo,
bloom, colour. To this may belong the following.
Blain. SIMPLE FORMS.
Bloom? Old Germ. Bleon, Pleon, 8th cent. Eng. Blowen, Blain,
Blaney, Plain. French Blain, Blein, Blin, Plain, Planus.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) English Planner — French Blenner,
Planier, Planer. (Rice, powerful) French Planry.
It is probable that the word bland, hlondy
which is found in some German forms both in
ancient and modern names, has the same meaning
as the Ital. hiondo, French blond, fair or flaxen.
Diez suggests that this may be a nasalised form
of Old Norse blaudr, Danish blbd, soft, weak, in
the sense of a soft tint. Mr. Wedgwood connects
it with Pol. bladij, pale, Ital. biado, biavo, pale,
THE OUTER MAN. 397
straw-coloured. Fcirstemann refers in the follow-
ing names to the Ang.-Sax. hlanden-feax, which
he renders flavi-comus. But Bosworth renders
it only grey-haired, from hlanden, to mix {i.e. black
and white). There may be an intermixture of
these two meanings, but the former seems the
more probable.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Bland, lOth cent. EngHsh Bland, Plant. .^^*''^-
French Blond, Blondeau, Blond^, Blanzy, Planty.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Blandila (with the variation Brandila). Eng.
Blindell, Blondell. French Blondel.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Blanden. French Blandin, Blondin, Plantin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) French Plantard. (ffari, warrior) French
Plantier.
From the Ang.-Sax. deorc, dark, in the sense
of complexion, I take to be the following. Hence
the name of the Maid of Orleans, commonly called
Joan D'Arc, but properly Joan Dare. There are
some ancient names, but not any corresponding
with ours.
SIMPLE FORMS. ^^^^
Eng. Dark, Darch. French Darque, Darche, Derche. fuscus.
DIMINUTIVE.
French Darclon.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Eng. Darkin, Dargan 1 French Derquennk
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) English Darker — French Darquier.
(Man) English Darkman.
Of a similar meaning may be the word darn,
tarn, which Forstemann refers to Ang.-Sax. derne.
398 THE OUTER MAN.
occiiltus, Old High German tarnjan, dissimulare,
&c., supposing as the most ancient meaning that
of dark complexion. Here again there are no
ancient names to correspond with ours.
Darn, Tarn. SIMPLE FORMS.
i>ark. Eng. Dern, Tarn. French Darnay, Derni.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Darnell, Darnley. French Darnis.
COMPOUNDS.
{Audf prosperity) French Tarnaud. {Harif warrior)
English Tarner.
The stem white is very difficult to separate
from other stems. In Ang.-Saxon there are names
beginning with whit or hwit, as if from white,
albus, and others beginning with wihty as if from
wiht, a man. These sometimes seem to inter-
change ; thus the nephew of Cerdic is called both
Whitgar and Wihtgar. The corresponding Old
Germ, form is generally wid or wit^ as in Witgar
and Widgar, and the probability seems to be that
all these names are the same. Forstemann refers
to wity wide, and wid, wood. The commonness of
our name White is I apprehend owing to its
being in most cases a surname derived from com-
plexion.
So Brown we can scarcely doubt to have
been in most cases a surname. Yet it was by no
means uncommon as a baptismal name, and it is
not quite certain as to its meaning. Forstemann
thinks that there may be an intermixture of hr'dn^
brown, and of Old High German hrunno, Anglo-
Saxon brunn, burn, Scott. " burn," brook, (in the
THE OUTER MAN. 399
sense of impetuosity 1) I also think, see p. 127,
of Old Norse hriln, the eyebrow.
But even taking the sense of " brown," there
may be something more to be said. The sense in
proper names is in so many cases the deepest-
lying one, that I am led to enquire what is the
root of brown. Clearly, as it seems to me, that
suggested by Mr. Wedgwood, " the colour of
things burnt, from Gothic hrinnan, German
hrennaUy to burn." The sense of burning seems
to be that in the Ang.-Sax. hrun-ecgy an appella-
tion of a sword. This is rendered by Bosworth
" brown-edged," but should it not be rather
" bright or burnished edge 1" So the Mod. Germ,
has hruniren, to burnish. The Ang.-Sax. hi^andy
English brand, a sword, shews a similar sense
from the same root. Our name then. Brown-
sword, I take to have the meaning of " bright-
sword." And a similar sense, or perhaps rather
that of fiery or impetuous, may at any rate inter-
mix in the following names.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Brun, Bruno, Bruni, 8th cent. Ang. -Saxon ^"^o^^*
Brdn.* Bron, Lib. Vit Old Norse Briini. Eng. Brown, ^^"""^^
Brune. Mod. German Braun, Brunn, Bruno. Fr. Brun,
Bruno, Bruneau, Bruny.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Brunicho, 8tli cent. — Mod. Germ. Brunck —
French Brunache. Eng. Brownell, Brownlow — French
Brunel, Prunel.
* Brtln, bydel, in a charter of manumission, Cod. Dip. No. 1353. Brown, tha
beadle, "what a nineteenth century sound ?" Mr. Turner oddly enough translates
it " the brown beadle,"
400 THE OUTER MAN.
PHONETIC ENDING.
. Old Germ. Brunin. Eng. Brunnen,
PATHONYMICS.
Old German Bruning, 8tli cent. Bruningus, Lib. Vit,
Eng. Browning.
COMPOUNDS.
(And, life, spirit) French Brunant. (Et, p. 189) English
Brownett — French Brunet, Prunet. {Hard) Old German
Brunhard, 9th cent. — Modern German Brunnert — French
Brunard. {Ger, spear) Old German Brunger, 8th cent. —
English Brunker. {Hari, warrior) Old German Brunheri,
Brunher, 9th cent. — Fr. Bruner, Brunner, Brunnarius,
Prunier. {Rig, power) Old German Brunric, 9th cent. —
Eng. Brownrigg ?
The stem dun may be either referred to Ang.-
Sax. dunn, brown, or to Old Norse duna, thunder.
The latter seems to me the more probable, as
there are other names with the same meaning,
elsewhere referred to.
It is probable that Grey, like Brown and
White, has been in most cases a surname. But
it is also found in many baptismal names, and
there is another sense, which seems to be closely
allied, and which may perhaps intermix. The
Old Norse grdr, grey, signifies also malignus ;
and the Germ, grauen^ to turn grey, signifies also
to detest, and to be afraid of. So also the Old
High Germ, gris, grey, seems to contain the root
of Ang.-Sax. grisUc, Eng. grisley. The particle
gr seems to be formed from a natural expression
of horror or aversion. There may then be con-
tained in some of the names from this root a
similar sense to that referred to at p. 192.
Nevertheless, judging from the ancient, names,
THE OUTER MAN. 401
the meaning in some cases is certainly nothing
more than grey. The following may be referred
to the Ang.-Sax. greg, Old Fries, ^re, Old High
German graw.
SIMPLE FORMS. ^
Old Germ. Grao, Grawo. Gray, Roll Batt. Abb. Eng. oriseua.
Gregg, Grey, Grew, Cray, Crew. Mod. German Grau.
French Gregy, Grau.
DianNUTIVES.
English Grayling. French Greiling.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ber, bear) Eng. Grueber 1 {Man) Old Germ. Graman,
8th cent. — Eng. Grumman — Mod. Germ. Gramann — French
Gramain. {Wald, power) Old German Graolt — French
Grault.
Another word of the same meaning is Old
High Germ, gris, Lat. griseus, French gris. The
Old Norse grts, porcellus, whence apparently the
name Gris of several Northmen in the Land-
namabok, might intermix.
simple FORSIS. Gris,
Old German Grisus, Crisso, 8th cent. Gressy, Cressy, Grey.
Gracy? Roll Batt. Abb. English Grice, Grace? Gracey ?
Cressy. French Griess, Gresy, Grj^sy.
diminutives.
English GrissEll, Gresley, Cressall — French Grisol,
Gresle, Graesle. French Griselin, Greslon,
phonetic ending.
French Griessen, Grison, Cresson.
compounds.
(Hard) French Grisard. {Hariy warrior) French Grisier,
Gressier. {Land) French Gresland. {Wald, power) Eng.
Grisold, Greswold.
A stem which may perhaps come in here is
more or moor, respecting which Forstemann
remarks — " a not uncommon but an uncer-
Y 2
402 THE OUTER MAN,
tain stem, for which I scarcely dare venture to
think of the Old High German mor, ^thiops."
Yet if there were names derived from the Huns,
I do not quite see why not from the Moors, whose
name must have been familiar to most of the
German peoples. At the same time, it will
perhaps be safer to take the more general sense
of dark or swarthy complexion. Though I do
not feel quite sure that it may not be in some
cases a degenerate form of mord, p. 258, as we
find in the Diplomata of Pardessus a person
variously called Mora and Morta. On the whole,
however, I feel inclined to bring in the stem here.
Mor, Moor SIMPLE FORMS.
Dark. Old German Manr, Mauri, Mor, Moro, Mora, Moor, 6th
cent. Eng. More, Morey, Maury, Morrow, Moore. Mod
Germ. Mohr. FrcDcli Maur, Maurey, More, Moreau.
dimestutives.
Old Germ. Maurilo, 8th cent. — English Morell — Mod.
Germ. Mohrle — French Maurel, Morel. Old German
Mauroleno, Morlenus, 7th cent. — English Morling — French
Morillon, Mourlon. Old German Mauremia, 9th cent. —
French Moriame.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Morino, 8th cent. Morin, Hund. Rolls.
English MoRAN, Moorhen. Mod. Germ. Mohrin. French
Maurin.
patronymics.
Old German Mauring, 8th cent. Mod. Germ. MoRiNG.
French Maurenque.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, famous) Old Germ. Maurbert, Morbraht, 8th cent,
— Eng. MoREBREAD ? {Hard, fortis) Old German Morhard,
8th cent. — Modern German Mohrhard — French Morard.
(Ilari, warrior) Old Germ. Maurhar, 8tli cent. — Mod. Germ.
Maurer — French Maurier. (Lac, play) Old Germ. Maur-
lach, 8th cent. — English Morlock — French ^Mourlaque,
THE OUTER MAN. 403
(Helm) Frencli Morihalm. (Man) English Moueman,
Moorman — Modern German Mohrmann. (Ward) English
M OR WARD.
Snow is I thiiik more probably from a mytho-
logical origin than from anything relating to com-
plexion. It was the name of a mythical king of
Denmark, one ©f whose daughters was also called
Mioll, which signifies freshly fallen snow. The
latter was a common female name among the
Northmen, and hence may perhaps be our Miall,
MiELL, Meall. In addition to the two Old
German names, Sneoburg and Sneward, cited by
Forstemann as compounded with sneOy snow, I
adduce two others, Snahard and Snsedisa, from
the Liber Vitae. The latter signifies " snow-
nymph" or " snow- woman," and may be compared
with our Snowman (Stiff. Sum.)
There are several names which seem to be
derived from the curling of the hair, and at the
bottom of some of which may lie a heroic sense.
For among the ancient German tribes the wear-
ing of the hair long or curled was considered a
badge of the noble or the hero. In Anglo-Saxon
locc-ho7'a signified "a hair-bearer, a noble," and
locc-hore " one entitled by her rank to wear long
hair, a lady," (Bosivortli). The tribe of the Suevi
was noted, according to Tacitus, for wearing their
hair fastened up into a peculiar curl or knot.
This peculiarity I have suggested, p. 304, as the
origin of their name. A similar origin is sug-
gested by Grimm and Richthoven for the name
404 THE OUTER MAN.
of the Frisians (or Frieses), viz., the Old Friesic
frisle^ a curl, of which the simple form is found
in English frizz, to curl, frieze, a rough woollen
cloth, and the French f riser. The latter is pro-
bably of German origin, as it is not found in the
Itahan language. Other derivations have however
been proposed for this people's name, as that by
Zeuss referred to at p. 312.
From the Old Norse krusa, to curl, may
perhaps be the following. The North. English
word cruse or crowse, which has the meaning of
forward or " bumptious," may possibly be from
this origin, preserving a trace of the heroic sense.
A word liable to intermix is grouse, elsewhere
noticed in this chapter.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Curled. English Cruse, Cruso. German Kruse. Dan. Kruse.
French Cruice, Creuse, Creuz^ Creucy, Crousse, Crousi,
Cruz, Crussy.
diminutives.
English Crussell. French Cruzel.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) French Creusard. {Hari, warrior) French
Crussiere.
From the Ang.-Sax. crisp, curled, may be the
following. But the Latin crispus may have
an equal claim, for there is nothing in any of
these forms essentially German.
SIMPLE FORMS.
^"sp- English Crisp, Cripps ?
^^^^^^- DIMINUTIVES.
English Crespel. French Crespel.
PHONETIC ending.
Crispina, daughter of RoUo, duke of Normandy, 10th
cent. Eng. Crispin, Crespin. French Crispin, Crespin.
Cruse.
CroU.
Curled
THE OUTER MAN. 405
From the Danish krolle, Old EngHsh " cruU,"
English " curl," may be the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Curly, BoU Batt. Abb. English Croll, Croly, Curll.
Mod. Germ. Kroll, Krull.
PATRONYMIC.
English Curling.
Under this head may in some cases be included
the name Harding. As a general rule the stem
hard is to be referred to Ang.-Sax. heard, English
hardy. But the Hardings (in Ang.-Sax. Heard-
ingas) are celebrated in ancient poems as a heroic
race, and Grimm has observed (Deutsch Myth.
317, 321) that there was a Gothic hero race called
Azdingi, and an Old Norse Haddingjar. He
remarks that the Gothic zd, the Ang. -Saxon rd,
and the Old Norse dd interchange, so that
Heardingas, Azdingi, and Haddingjar may all
be different forms of the same word. And the
root may be found in the Old Norse haddr, a
lock or curl, giving the sense of " crinitus, capil-
latus, cincinnatus," which, as before observed, was
the attribute of the hero.
From the German gross, great, in the sense
of large stature, and from an extra High German
form grauss, as noticed at p. 49, may be the
following. Forstemann however refers this stem
to Anglo-Saxon gi^eosan, horrere, in the sense of
metuendus.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Grozo, Grauso, Gros, Cros, 6th cent. English Grouse
Grose, Grouse, Cross. Mod. Germ. Gross. French Grosse, Great.
Grusse, Crosse, Croze.
406 THE OUTER MAN.
DIMINUTIVES.
Frencli Gkoseille, Gruselle, French Grosselin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard, fortis) Eng, Grosert — French Grossard, Cros-
SARD. {Hari, warrior) English Groser, Croser — French
Grossier, Crozier. (Man) Eng. Grossman, Grossman.
Another word having the meaning of great is
probably mie or muc, which Forstemann takes to
be the simple form of Gothic mikilo, Sco. mickle
and muchle.
Mic, Muc. SIMPLE FORMS.
Great. ^1^ Germ. Micca, 3rd cent. Mucca, Lib. Vit. English
MiOHiE, Mico, Much. Mod. Germ. Mucke, Mugge. French
MiCHY, MiCHE, MoUGE.
COMPOUNDS.
[Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Michard, 11th cent. — Modern
Germ. Mxjckert — French Micard. (Wald, power) English
MucKELT — French Micault, Michault. (Wine, friend)
French MicouiN.
j^lQ-^lQ EXTENDED FORM MICKLE, MUCKLE.
Muckie. Eng. MiCKLE, MucKLE. Mod. Germ. MiicKEL. French
Great. MiCOL.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard, fortis) French Micquelard. (Hari, warrior)
French Micollier. (Man) Mod. German Michelmann —
French Mukleman. (Mar, famous) English Michelmore ?
(Rat, counsel) English Micklewright ? Mucklewrath ?
(Manchester.)
From the A ng. -Saxon thic, Old Norse thyckvy
digr, Mod. Germ, dick, stout, thick, may be the
following.
simple forms.
Dick, Thick. Old Germ. Thicho. Old Norse Thyckr, Digr (surnames),
stout. English Thick, Dick, Dickie, Tigg, Tick. Mod. German
Dick, Tieck.
diminutives.
Ang.-Sax. Diccel (found in JDiccelingas, now Ditchling^
Cod. Dip. 314) — Eng. Diggle, Tickle.
THE OUTER MAN. 407
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Ticlihan, 9th cent. Eng. Dickin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Et^'p. 189^ English Thicket. (Hard) Mod. German
DiCKERT — French Dichard, Digard. {Hari, warrior) Eng.
Dicker, Digory — French Dicharry. (Man) Eng. Dick-
man, DiGMAN, DiTCHMAN — Mod. Germ. Dikmann.
Of a similar meaning I take to be the stem
huss, as shewn in Old Norse hihsa, a stout woman,
husscty a broad ship, husi, a short, broad knife.
simple forms.
Old German Buaso, Piiaso, 8th cent. Sivard Buss, a
Northman ? (Domesday Line.) E»g. Buss, Bussey. Mod.
Germ. Boos, Buss. French Busse, Bussy, Pussy.
diminutives.
Old German Busilo, 8 th cent. English Bussell. Mod.
Germ. Bosel.
patronymic.
English Bussing.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) English Buszard — French Bussard. (Har%
warrior) French Busser, Bussi^re. {Man) Eng. Bussman —
Mod. Germ. Bussmann — French Buisman.
I take the stem boss (for which Forstemann
finds no other derivation than the Old High
German hdsi. Mod. Germ, hose, wicked, which he
admits to be an unsatisfactory one) to be the
same as huss. But it suggests as possible a rather
different meaning, though from a common origin,
viz., the Dutch hosse, husse, a boss or knob of a
buckler, French hosse, a bunch, hump, or knob.
Again, as Mr. Wedgwood observes, the words
signifying a lump or protuberance have commonly
also the sense of striking, knocking, of which he
gives many examples. And we have Dutch
Buss.
Stout.
408 THE OUTER MAN.
bossen, Ital. hussar e, FreDch bousser, to knock,
Bav. bossen, to strike so as to give a dull sound.
Either this, or the sense of the boss of a buckler,
are meanings which might obtain, along with
that first mentioned.
Boss SIMPLE FORMS.
Burly? Old German Boso, Bosso, Poso, 6th cent. English Boss,
BossEY. Mod. German Boss, Pose. French Bos, Bosse,
Bossy, Posso.
diminutives.
Old German Bosico, 9th cent. — French PossAc. Old
Germ. Poasilo, 8th cent. — Eng. Bosley — French Boselli.
French Possesse, Posez.-
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Bozhar, 8th cent. — English
BosHER — French Boussiere, Bossuroy. (Hard) English
BossARD — French Bossard, Poussard. (Helm J Old Germ.
Boshelm, 11th cent. — Eng. BossoM. (Man) Eng. Bosman.
(Wald, power) Old Germ. Buzolt, 8th cent. — Mod. German
Bosselt — French Posselt. ( Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Possulf,
8th cent. — French Poussif ?
I take the stem host, bust, to have the same
meaning as boss and buss, viz., that most probably
of bulkiness or burliness. This is shewn in our
word " bust," the original meaning of which, Mr.
Wedgwood observes, was the trunk or body of a
man ; also in the Old Norse bUstinn, burly. "^^
There are only two ancient names in which it is
found, viz., Boster and Postfred, both 9th cent.
Both these names Forstemann thinks may be cor-
ruptions, but the evident occurrence of the word
in the following names makes it probable that
this is not the case.
* Mr. Lower, on the name Buist, gives the .same meaning, referring to the
Scotch huist, thick and gross.
THE OUTER MAN. 409
SIMPLE FORMS. B^^^ Bust,
Eng. Boast, Busst, Buist, Post. French Bost. Burly.
DDIINUTIVES.
Eng. BosTEL, PosTLE — French Postel. Eng. Bostock.
phonetic ending.
English BusTiN, Poston.
compounds.
{Hard) English Bustard, Pustard. {Ric, power) Eng.
Bostridge. {Wald, power) French Bustault.
From the Old Norse hortr. Old Fries, hort,
kurty short, and the corresponding High German
form kurz, may be the following. The Latin
curtus, French courte, may intermix.
simple forms. Cort, Corse,
Old German Corso, 8th cent. English Corse, Course, short.
CuRTZE, Cort, Court, Curt. French Course, Coursy, Corta,
Court, Courty, Courteau, Curty.
diminutives.
English CouRCELLE. — French Coursel, Cortel. French
CURTELIN.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Curson, Curtenay, Eoll Batt. Abb. Eng. Corsan, Curson,
Curtain, Courtenay. Modem German Kohrssen. French
CORSAIN, COURSON, COURTIN.
COMPOUNDS.
(ffari, warrior) English Corsar, Courser, Courtier —
French Cortier, Courtier. (Band, shield) French Coursse-
RANT. (Eat, counsel) English Courtwright.
There are many words containing the meaning
of physical strength, though in some cases it is
not easy to separate this meaning from that of
courage, valour, or fierceness.
From the Gothic magan, posse, I take to be
derived the following stem, with which, however,
the Gothic meki, sword, may, as suggested by
Forstemann, intermix.
z 2
410 THE OUTER MAN.
Magan. SIMPLE FORMS.
Posse. Old German Mago, Macco, Maho, Maio, Megi, 6tli cent.
Eng. Maggy, May, Mayo, Meggy, Mee, Mayhew 1 Mod.
Germ. Mack, Meye. French May, Machu 1 MaheuI
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Megilo, Meilo, 8th cent. — English Mayall,
Male — French Mailley. Eng. Maylin — French Maylin.
Old Germ. Megizo, 10th cent. — Eng. Maize, Maisey.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hariy warrior) Old Germ. Megiher, Magher, 8th cent. —
English Mager, Mayer — Modern German Mager — French
Mahier, Mayer. {Had, war?) Old German Magodius, 11th
cent. — Magot, Lib. Vit. — English Maggot. (Man) Eng.
Mayman. {Ron, raven) Old German Megiran, 8th cent. —
Eng. Megrin — French Magron, Macron, Mayran. {Wald,
power) Old German Magoald, 8th cent. — Modern German
Machold, Maywald — French Mahault. (Wine, friend)
Old Germ. Magwin, Macwin, 7th cent. — French Macquin.
{Ward, guardian) French Macquard, Macquart.
From the above root mag is formed Ang.-Sax.
mmgin, English main, vis, robur, from which we
may take the following.
simple forms.
Magin. Qj^ German Magan, Main, 8th cent. English Maine.
Vis, Robur. es ' ) &
Mod. Germ. Machen, Mehne. French Magne, Magney.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bald, fortis) Old Germ. Meginbold, 8th cent. — French
Magnabal. {Burg, protection) Old Germ. Meginburg, 8th
cent. — French Mainbourg. {Fred, peace) Old Germ. Magin-
frid, 8th cent. — French Mainfroy. {Gold) Old German
Megingald, 10th cent. — French Maingault. {Ger, spear)
Old Germ. Meginger, 9th cent. — English Manger. {Gaud,
Goth) Old Germ. Megingaud, 8th cent. — French Maingot.
{Hard, fortis, durus) Old German Maginhard, Mainard, 7th
cent. — English Maynard — Mod. German Meinert — French
Magnard, Maynard. {Ilari, warrior) Old Germ. Maganhar,
Mayner, 7th cent. — Mod. Germ. Meiner — French Magnier,
Maynier.
«
THE OUTER MAN. 411
From the root mag is also formed Old Higli
German maht, Mod. Germ, inachty Anglo-Saxon
miht, English might.
SIMPLE FORMS. Maht.
Old Germ. Maht, 9th cent. English Might. Might.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Mahtheri, Macther, 8th cent.
— English MiGHTER — French IMactier. (Hild, war) Old
German Mahtliildis, 8th cent. — English Matilda (christian
name).
Among the words having the meaning of
nimbleness or activity must be included several
which are derived from simple roots signifying to
fly, to run, to move, to go. From the Aug.- Sax.
jligan, jiogan, Old Norse fliugy to fly, may be
the following. Or we may perhaps take the
active sense, to put to flight. Or again, the
meaning of dart or arrow, as found in the Anglo-
Saxon ^4 French ^ec/ie, both from this root, may
intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS. Flag. Fleg.
Old German Flacco, Fleece,* (ancestor of the Nesselrode To Fly.
family). Ang. -Saxon Flagg, (found in Flegges gdvan, Cod.
Di2). 578). English Flagg, Flack, Flegg, Fleck, Fluck,
Flock, Fly, Flea. Fr. Fleig, Fleck, Flick, Flichy, Fle.
DIMINUTIVES.
Mod. Germ. Flogel, Flugel. French Flechelle.
COMPOUNDS.
fUt, p. 189) Eng. Fle WITT — French Flachat, Fliquet,
Floquet. (Hard) Fr. Flicourt, Flocard, (Har% warrior)
Eng. Flyger, Flyer, Fluer. (Man) English Fleeman —
Modern German Fluemann.
* The Old Norse fieckr, Old High Germ, jlecco, Old English fleck, a mark or
spot, may intermix. It would not be unnatural for a child to derive its name from
some peculiar mark with which it might happen to be born.
412 THE OUTER MAN.
From the Anglo-Saxon winge. Mod. German
schwinge, English wing, in the sense of swiftness,
may be the following.
Wing, Wink. SIMPLE FORMS.
j^ Old German Wine, Yinco, 9 th cent. Old Norse Vingi,
(messenger of Atli or Attila in the Yolsungasaga). English
Wing, Winch, Yingoe, Yink. Modern German Winck,
ScHwiNGE. French Yincq, Wenk.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Wingere, Lib. Fit. — Eng. Winger.
Of a similar meaning may be the word floss.
Old Norse flos, plumula vestium, whence flosi,
plumatus, also volans, from which Haldorsen
derives the Old Norse name Flosi. There is only
one Old German name, Flozzolf, in which it
appears, and Forstemann gives no opinion on it.
Floss. SIMPLE FORMS.
Plumatus. Old Norse Flosi. English Floss. French 1 Flosi.
From the Ang.-Sax. wadan. Old High Germ.
watan, to go, probably in the sense of celerity,
Forstemann derives the stem wad, wat. The
Anglo-Saxon hwcet, keen, bold, might intermix,
though there does not seem any trace of it in the
ancient names. Grimm derives the name of
the mythical hero Wada or Wato, from his
having, as elsewhere referred to, waded over the
Groenasund.
simple forms.
Wad, Wat. Old Gcrm. Wado, Waddo, Watto, Yato, 6th cent. Ang.-
vadere. ^^^ Wada. Old Norse Yadi. Eng. Wade, Wadey, Wadd,
Waddy, Watt, Wedd. Modern German Wadt, Wehde.
French Yad4 Watteau, Yedy.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Wadila, Watil, Yatili, 7th cent. — Ang.-Sax
Weatla — English Waddle, Wattle, Watley, Weddell —
THE OUTER MAN. 413
Mod. Germ. Wedell — French Watel, Vatel, Vedel. Old
Germ. Vadiko, Veduco, 3rd cent. — Eng. Wadge? Wedge ?
Old Germ. Waddolenus, Watlin, 7tli cent. — Eng. Wadling,
Watling — French Watelin, English Wadkin, Watkin.
English Watts — Fries. Watse.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Yatin, 9 th cent. Eng. Wadden, Wathen —
French Watix, Vatton.
COMPOUNDS.
(Gis, hostage) Old German Watgis, 8th cent. — English
Watkiss. {Gar, spear) Old German Wadegar, 8th cent, —
English Waddicar, Watker. (Hard) Old Germ. Wadard,
8th cent. — French Vatard. (Hari, warrior) French Vatier.
(Leo/, dear) Eng. Waddilove. filar, famous) Old German
Vadomarius, Prince of the Alamanni, 4th cent. — English
Wadmore, Watmore, Whatmore — Fr. Vattemare. (Man)
English Wadman, Whatman, Wetman. (New, young) Old
Germ. Vettani, Wattnj, 8th cent. — English Watney. (Ric,
power) Old Germ. Wadirih, 9th cent. — French Vatry.
From the Goth, ihragjan, Ang.-Sax. thregjan,
to run, Forstemann derives the following stem,
the sense of which, in the Ang.-Sax. tlircec, merges
in that of bravery or strength. A cognate Celtic
word seems to be the Obs. Irish traig, foot.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Trago, 8th cent. Eng. Drage, Drake, Dray, !,*^' ^^'
o > & ' ' ' To Run.
Tray. Mod. Germ. Drey. French Dracq, Drach, Dr^ge,
Dr^o.
diminutives.
Old German Dregil, 9th cent. English Trail. French
Tr^colle.
phonetic ending.
Eng. Dragon, Drain, Train. French Tragin, Trajin,
Drain.
compounds.
(And, life, spirit) Old Germ. Traganta, 8th cent. — French
Tr^gont. (Hard) French Trj^hard. (Hari, warrior) Eng.
Trahar, Traer — Mod. German Treyer — French Trager,
Trayer. (Fuss, foot) French Dreyfus ? Treifous ?
414 THE OUTER MAN.
From the Old Norse hif, motus, Old Saxon
hivoUy Ang.-Sax. hifian. Old High German bihen,
tremere, Forstemann derives the following stem.
The sense may probably be that of nimbleness or
activity, as in the Old Norse pipr, velox, from
the same root.
Bil,^ Biy^ SIMPLE FORMS.
Pip. Old German Bibo, Bebo, Bevo, Pippi, Pipa, 8th cent.
Active. Ang.-Sax. Bebba, Pybba. Eng. Bibb, Bibby, Bebb, Pipe,
PippY. Mod. Germ. Pippe. Frencb Bibus, Biffe.
diminutives.
Ang.-Sax. Piple (found in the name of his grave, Piples
beorh, Cod. Dip. 774). English Bible, Beville, Peploe —
French Bibal.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Bibbin, Bivinus, Pippin, 7th cent. Ang.-Sax.
Pippen (found in Fippenes fenne, Cod. Dip. 1,360). English
Bevan, Biffin, Pepin, Pippin. French Pepin.
compounds.
(Hard J English Befford, Peppard — Modern German
BiPPART, PiPPERT — French Bebert, Befort, Bibert, Bivert,
PiPARD, PiVERT. {Wald, power) French Piffault, Bibaut,
BiFFAUT.
Clever. I think that English Clever, Cleaver, and
Active, p'j.ench Oliver may be the same as our word
" clever," though more probably in its original
sense, which, I take it, was that of personal
activity. We may trace this in the Old English
word clever, to climb (still retained in Cumber-
land), from the Old Norse klifra, Dutch klavereUy
Jdevereriy to clamber."'^ Something of the transition
sense seems to be found in the expression of a
* I am glad to find this etymology, which I suggested in the previous
edition, confirmed by the authority of Mr. Wedgwood.
J
THE OUTER MAN. 415
horse being " clever at his fences/^ The EngHsh
Cleverly might be a diminutive, but seems more
probably a disused adjective form.
From the Old Norse kJifa, to climb (of which Active
the above word klifra is a frequentative), may be
the Eng. Clive, Cliff, and Cleveley. Perhaps
Clift may be added to this group ; the Cumber-
land dialect has clifty, active.
There are several words in which the sense of
activity or sprightliness is allied to that of bud-
ding or sprouting. Again, the sense of a sprout
or shoot frequently merges into that of spear or
dart, as mentioned at p. 207. Thus the Gothic
sprauto, active, Eng. spruce and sprightly, Ang.-
Saxon spreoty sprout, shoot, also spear, pike, Old
High German spriuzan, English sprout, are all
from the same root. In the former sense I take
the following. sp,^^,^
SIMPLE FORMS. Spruce.
Old Germ. Sprutho, 8th cent. English Sprout, Spratt, Spnghtiy.
Sproat, Spritt, Spruce, Sprice. Mod. Germ. Sprotte.
Again, the Old Norse sprcekr and sprcehlegr,
Prov. Eng. spragg, sprach, spry, smart, active,
are allied to Ang.-Sax. spree, a shoot.
SIMPLE FORMS. Sprack,
Spraga, Lib. Yit. Eng. Spragg, Sprack, Spark, Spreck, Sprightly.
Sprigg, Spray, Spry.
diminutives.
Spraclingus, Lib. Vit. English Spracklin.
Here also, probably from Old Norse sprceklegr,
come in Sprakaleg, brother of Sweyn, King of
Denmark, Eng. Spreckley. Also perhaps Eng.
Bun
To burst
416 THE OUTER MAN.
Spurge and Spurgeon, the nearest form to which
seems to be the Sansc. spurj, to spout, not a bad
etymon, by the way, for the name of the well-
known preacher.
Another word in which we may perhaps take
the bursting forth of water as an emblem of live-
liness and activity is hun, for which Forstemann
finds no suitable etymon, and for which I suggest
the Old Norse huna, scaturire.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Old German Bunno, Bunni, Bun, 8th cent. Buna, Lib.
forth. Vit English Bunn, Bunney. French Bouneau.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Punin, 8th cent. English Bunyan. French
BUNON.
PATRONYMIC.
English BuNNiNG. Modern German BiJNNlNO.
COMPOUNDS.
{Et, p. 189) English Bunnett, Punnett — French Bunet,
PuNiET. (Harij warrior) English Bunyer. (Wald, power)
English Punelt.
From the Old High German ilan, festinare,
Forstemann derives the following stem. Hence,
I take it, the name Ylbod, quoted by Mr. Lower,
from the records of Lewes Priory, in the sense of
a speedy messenger.
SIMPLE FORMS.
He. Old Germ. Ilo. Ylla, Lib. Vit. Eng. Iley, Eel, Eley.
To hasten, -jy^^^ q^^^ j^^^ j^^^
COMPOUNDS.
{Har% warrior) Old German Illehere, 8th cent. — English
Ihler. {Man) English Illman.
From the Old High German fendo, foot, are
the following.
THE OUTER MAN. 417
SIMPLE FORMS. P»nd, Fant
Old German Fanto, Feudio, 8th cent. Modem German ^°^'-
Fendt.
diminutives.
Old German Fandila, 7th cent, — Eng. Fendall, Eng.
Fendick.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Fenton, trench Fanton.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Fandard. (Hari, warrior) Ed^^. Fender.
(Helm) Eng. Fantom, Fentum. (Man) Eng. Fentiman.
As foot in proper names has the meaning of
nimbleness, so hand we may presume to have the
meaning of dexterity or skilfidness. The EngHsh
word handy is in fact formed on just the same
principle. A word very Hable to intermix is and,
life, spirit.
simple FOEMS. Hand, Hant
Old German Hanto, 9th cent. English Hand, Handey, Manus.
Hendy, Henty. Mod. Germ. Handt. French Handus.
diminutives.
English Handel, Handley. Modern German Handel.
French Hendle.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Hantuni, 8th cent. Eng. Hanton, Henden,
Henton. '
It is difficult to say in what sense the follow-
ing are derived. The word seems evidently to
be, as Forstemann suggests, the Old Bigh Germ,
and Old Sax. ivamha, Ang.-Sax. wamh, the belly.
Was it by accident that Scott, in the grand story
of Ivanhoe, gave a name like this to the jester ?
simple forms. Wamb.
Old German Wamba, king of the West Goths 7th cent., ^^^^J^-
English Wambey.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Wambanis {Genitive). Eng. Wampen.
A 3
Old.
418 THE OUTER MAN.
Most of the other names apparently derived
from parts of the body, as Neck, Chin, Arm,
Thumm, Mouth, Shin, &c., are to be otherwise
derived.
There are no inconsiderable number of names
which are derived from the period of life. From
the Ang.-Sax. aid, leld, Old High Germ, alt, old,
Eng. old, are the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
^i^*' Olcl Germ. Aldo, Alto, 7th cent. Alda, Lib Vit. Eng.
Allday, Allt, Allty, Elt, Old, Yeld. Mod. Germ. Alt.
DIMINUTIVES.
Aldhysi, Haldisa, Lib. Vit. Eng. Aldis, Oldis.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old German Aldini, Altun, Sth cent. English Alden,
Alton, Elden, Elton. Mod. Germ. Alten. French Aldon.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Aiding, Sth cent. Eng. Olding. French
Olding.
compounds.
(Bert, bright) Old Germ. Aldebert, Oldebert, Olbert, Sth
cent. — Eng. Aldebert — French Aldebert, Olbert. (Brand,
sword) Old German Altbrand, Sth cent. — French Albrand.
(Gan, magic) Old German Altiganus, 9th cent. — French
Alecan, Alkan. (Gar, spear) Old German Aldegar, 7th
cent. — Eng. Oldacre — French Olacher. {Hari, warrior)
Old German Althar, 9th cent. — Aldheri, Lib. Vit. — English
Alder — Mod. Germ. Alder, Alter. (Helm) Old German
Althelm, Sth cent. — Ang.-Sax. Aldhelm — English Aldham,
Eltham. (Roc) Old German Altroch, 9th cent. — French
Altaroche. (Man) Old Germ. Aldman, Altman, Sth cent.
Aldmon, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Altman, Oldman — Mod. German
Altmann. (Rad, counsel) Old German Aldrad, Sth cent. —
English Aldred, Eldred. (Rit, ride) Old Germ. Aldarit —
English Aldritt — French Alteriet. (Ric, power) Old
Germ. Alderich, Olderich, Altrih, 6th cent. — Eng. Aldrich,
THE OUTER MAN. 419
Aldridge, Eldrtdge, Oldridge, Altree, Oldry — French
Altairac. (Thius, servant) Old Germ. Aldadeus, 8tli cent.
— English Alderdice 1
From the Ang.-Sax. gamol. Old Norse gamal.
Old High German kamol, old, are the following,
Forstemann has twelve names from this root, but
only one corresponding with ours.
simple forms. ^^^^^
English Gamble, Gemele, Gemmill, Cammell. French qm.
Chamel ]
diminutives.
English Gambling, Gamlin. French Gambelon. ItaL
Gambalunga.
compounds.
(Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Kamalhere, 8th cent. — Eng.
Gambler, Camalary {Boston) — Mod. Germ. Kamler.
A not uncommon name among the Northmen
was Eylifr, which seems to be from Old Norse
eylifr, ever-living/'' It was undoubtedly bap-
tismal, for one of the men in the Landnamabok
is surnamed " the young." Hence may be English
Ayliffe, perhaps French Eloffe. A similar
name seems to be the Langlif in the Liber Vitae.
From the Old High German y^n^, junc, Ang.-
Sax. jong, jung, gung, ging, English young y are
the following.
simple forms. Young,
Old Germ. Jungo, Junggi, lOth cent. English Young. Jung
Mod. Germ. Jung, Jcjnke. French Jung, Yunc. Juvenis.
diminutives.
English Gingell. French Juncal, Gunckel.
compounds.
{Aud, prosperity) French Ginaud. (Hari, warrior) Eng.
Younger, Ginger — Mod. Germ. Jungher — Fr, Jonchery,
* Another derivation perhaps might however be suggested — see p. 210,
Jun.
420 THE OUTER MAN.
(or all these same as English younker ?) (Man) Old Germ.
Yungman, 9th cent. — English Youngm an — Modern German
JuNGMANN. Old Germ. Jungericus, Gothic king, 4th cent. —
Mod. Germ. Jungerich.
There is a stem jun, which Forstemann thinks
may perhaps be the older form oijung, supposing
a contraction ofjuvan (Latin juvenis).
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Juno, Junno, 8th cent. Eng. June, Junio.*
Young? Fl'ench JUNY, JOUNNEAUX.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) Old Germ. Joonard, llth cent. — French Jonnard,
J^ONNART. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Junner — French Joniere.
(Wold, power) French Jounault.
There is a stem new, ny, which Grimm and
Weinhold take to be from the Old High German
naw, niwiy Ang.-Saxon new, Dan. and Swed. ny^
Sanscrit nava, new. The meaning they take to
be that of " young," as in the Greek ; and in the
names of women, to which as a termination, this
root is confined, Grimm supposes a Goth, nivi, in
the sense of virgin. Forstemann considers that
the form 7iy is more particularly a Bavarian, and
perhaps al; o a Lombard form. It is, however,
also Scandinavian.
SIMPLE FOR vs.
Niv New ^^^ German Niwo, Nivo, Nivi, Nevo, Nibo, 7th cent.
Ny. English New, Newey, Nay, Neve, Niavi. Mod. German
Young. ]v^EUE, Ney. French Neu, Ney, N^e, Neve, Naef, Naveau,
Niveau.
diminutives.
English Newick. English Newling — French Noulin.
phonetic ending.
English Newen, Nevin, Navin.
* a Boston surname— English f
THE OUTER MAN. 421
COMPOUNDS.
{Cum, quum, guest, stranger) Neucuni {Domesday) — Eng.
Newcome, Newcomb. (6^6/-, spear) French Nevviger, Negre?
{Hard) Old Germ. Niviard, Nivard, 6th cent. — Mod. Germ.
Neuwert — French Nivard, Nivert, Nibart, Niard. {Hari,
warrior) French Niviere, Navieb. {Leqf, dear) English
Newlove.* {Man) Eng. Newman— Mod. Germ. Niemann
— French Neyman. {Rat, counsel) Old Germ. Niwirat, 9th
cent. — Old Norse Nyrathr — Mod. Germ. Neurath — French
Neyret. {Eeid, ride) Old Norse Nereidr — English Nerod.
{Eic, power) Old Germ. Niwerich — French Neyeey, Navry.
( Wald, power) French Nibault, Navault.
There is a stem hoh, bov, bop, Sec, which
Forstemann refers to Germ, bube, Dutch boef,
boeve, boy. The word bube is not found in the
German language prior to the 13th cent., but
there is no doubt about the antiquity of the root,
which is cognate with Lat. pupus, pupillus, Sec.
Mr. Wedgwood observes that " the origin seems
the root bob, bub, pop, pup, in the sense of some-
thing protuberant, stumpy, thick, and short." If
this, however, be the case, it suggests that the
meaning in proper names might be akin to boss,
buss. Sec, p. 408.
simple forms. „ t. t.
Bob, Bop.
Old German Bobo, Bobbo, Boppo, Poppo, Bubo, Pupo, Boj.
Poupo, Poapo, Popi, Bovo, Bova, Boffo, 6th cent. Anglo-
Saxon Bubba. Boffa, Lib. Vit. English Bovey, Bovay,
BoFF, Boffey, Bubb, Buba, Pope, Poppy, Povey, Pupp.
Mod. German Bobbe, Bopp, Bube, Popp, Puppe. French
Bobee, Bceuf.
diminutives.
Old German Bobilo, Bovilo, Popila, Popili, 8th cent. — ^
Eng. BoviLLE, PoPLE, PoFLEY — Mod. Germ. Bobel, Popel
* New, in the sense of young, gives a sufficiently expressive meaning to this
name, without supposing a gay Lothario in the case.
422 THE OUTER MAN.
French Bouville, Povel, Pupil, Populus. Mod. Germ.
PuPKE — French Bubeck. English Bobkin, Popkin — Mod.
German Popken. Old German Bobolin, 6th cent. — French
PoPELiN. Eng. Poplett, Puplet — Fr. Boblet, Bouvelet.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Bohin, 6th cent. English Bobbin, Buffin,
PouPiN. French Bobin, Boffin, Bouvin, Buffon, Popon.
COMPOUNDS.
(And, life, spirit) French Bobant. (Et, p. 189) Pobbidi,
Lib. Vit. — English Bobbitt — French Bobot, Buffet, Popet.
{Hard) Buffard, Roll Batt. Abb. — Eng. Bobart, Poupard,
PouPART — Mod. Germ. Bobardt— Fr. Bouvard, Popard.
(Hari, warrior) Eng. Bouvier, Bouverie, Buffrey— French
BoBiERE, Bouvier, Bouvry, Buffier, Pupier. f TJlf, wolf)
English % PoPOFF — French Bobceuf. ( Wold, power) French
Buffault.
From the Ang.-Saxon cnapa, German knabe,
boy, may be the following. The suggestion of
Mr. Wedgwood (see last page) that the origin of
Old Germ, biibe, Eng. boy, is " the sense of some-
thing protuberant, stumpy, thick, and short," is
strongly confirmed by this root, which is cognate
with English knob, a lump. And therefore, as in
the case of the last root, the meaning might pos-
sibly be Hke that of boss, see p. 408.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Knab,Knap. qj^j German Ilnabi, 8th cent. English Knapp, Nabb,
^°^' Knope. Mod. German Knabb, Knapp. French Naba ?
Naef 1
diminutive. patronymic.
English Napkin. English Knapping.
COMPOUND.
(Man) English Knapman.
From the Goth., Old High Germ., Old Norse
barn, Anglo-Saxon beam, child, may be the fol-
lowing.
THE OUTER MAN. 423
SIMPLE FORMS. Barn.
English Barney. French Barnat. ^^"*^-
DIMINUTIVE,
French Barnich.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) Old Germ. Barnard, 9th cent. — Eng. Barnard —
Mod. Germ. Barnhard. (Et, p. 189) English Barnett —
French Barnet. {Hari, warrior) French Barnier. {Wine,
friend) Old Germ. Barnuin, 9 th cent. — French Barnouvin.
There is a stem kim, chim, which Forstemann
refers to Old High German kim, chim, germen.
None of the ancient names correspond with ours.
simple forms. Kim, Chira.
English KiMM. French Chimay. ^'""'^
diminutives.
French Chimel. English Chimlen.
compounds.
(N'ew, ny, young) English Chimney — French Chimene.
{Hari, warrior) French Chemery.
Another stem of somewhat similar meaninof
may be sah, sap, saf, sav. Forstemann refers to
a supposed Goth, safjan, adduced by Grimm, in
the sense of the Lat. sapere. It is not, however,
easy to see any suitable meaning for proper names
in that root, and I would rather, in the absence
of any better explanation, take the Ang.-Sax. sap.
Old High Germ. 6'q/i Eng. "sap," in the sense of
youth, growth, viridity.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Sabas, a Goth, 4th cent. Saba,* also called Saebeorht, Sab, Sav,
an Anglo-Saxon prince {Bedes Ecc. Hist ) English Sabey, ^*P'
Sapp, Safe. French Sapy, Sapia, Savy, Sauve ? Sauve ? ^M^t
1 Sauvey ?
424 THE OUTER MAN.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Sabulo, Savalo, 7th cent. — English Sable,
Saffell, Savell, Saveall — Fr. Sauvel. Eng. Sabbage,
Savidge, Savage — French Sapicha, Saupique, Sauvage.
Eog. Saplin— French Sablon, Savelon.
PHONETIC ending.
Eng. Sabine, Saphin. French Sabbini, Sapin, Savigny,
Savin.
compounds.
(Aud, prosperity) Old Germ. Sapandus, 9th cent. — Fr.
Sabaud. Perhaps also to this Old German Sapato — French
Sabot, Savit. (Hard J English Safford — Mod. German
Savert — Fr. Sabart, Savard, Savart. {Hari, -warrior)
Eng. Sapper — Mod. Germ. Saphir (see p. 4) — Fr. Sauphar,
Sauvier, Sauveur 1 {Bon, raven) Eng. Safran — French
Sabran, Savarin, Souverain ? (Ric, powor) Old German
Sabaricus, Savarich, Safrach (Gothic leader, 4th cent.), Saf-
farius — Savari, Lib. Vit. — Eug. Saverick, Savory, Saffery
— French Savary, Saffray, Sauffroy.
Probably to the above group may be placed
Eng. Sapte, which shews the Old Norse, Danish,
and Mod. Germ, form saft, taking a t.
The following stem may be referred to the
Mod. Germ, groh, Dan. grrov, coarse, clumsy. But
I think that the original meanmg may probably
have only been that of large stature. Compare
English gross, in a similarly changed sense — also
Eng. plump, which in German and Danish means
coarse. Forstemann has only one Old German
name Griubinc, which he does not explain.
firr^h Pr«^- SIMPLE FORMS.
GrOD, Grove. . /^ y r\^
Stout? Anglo-Saxon Grohb, (found in Grohhes den, Cod. Dip.
1066). Eng. Grobe, Grove, Grubb, Gruby, Cropp 1 Mod.
* Mr. Kemble considers Saba to be only a familiar or abbreviated form of
Saebeorht.
THE OUTER MAN. 425
German Grobe, Grobe. French Grub, Gruby, Crobey,
Croppi 1
diminutives.
Mod. Germ. Grobel. French Grouvelle.
COMPOUNDS.
(Harif warrior) Eng. Grover, Cropper 1 (Man) Eng.
Groffman.
b3
CHAPTEE XXIII.
THE INNER MAN.
As the baptismal name was conferred by the
fond parent, and the surname by the impartial
world — so there is more truth in the latter than
in the former. They represent the honest opinion
which a mans neighbour had of him, and are
complimentary or otherwise, as the case may be.
There are forty-two men in the Landnamabok
of Iceland having Helgi (holy), as a baptismal
name, but only three that had acquired it as a
surname. And of the former there was one who
had the surname of Gudlaus — "Holy the Godless.''
What a bitter satire !
Seeing then, as will be manifest from the
following, how great is the preponderance of
baptismal names, we cannot in any degree admit
the evidence of proper names as a test even of the
accredited virtue of ancient times.
Beginning with the name of " Holy" already
referred to — so easy to assume and so difficult to
deserve — we have the following. This word
however is liable to intermix with two others,
Ang.-Sax. hdl, sound, hale, and hcele, hero.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Haiiey ^^^ Grerman Halicho, Halec, 8th cent. Eng. Hollick,
Holy. Halley. Mod. Germ. Hallich, Heilig. French Hailig,
Halley, Hallu, Hely.
diminutive.
English Halliley, Hollaley. French Alely.
THE INNER MAN. 427
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, bright) Old Germ. Ifalacbert, Helihpret, 8th cent.
— Halgeberct, Lib. Vit. — Eiig. Hallovvbuead, Halbert 1
{Dag, day) Old Germ. Halcgdag, 9th cent. — Eng. Halliday,
HoLLiDAY. (Ger, spear) Old Germ. Heligher, 9th cent. —
Eng. HoLKER — French Holacher. (Man) Eng. Holeyman,
HoLLiMAN — Mod. Germ. Heiligmann. (Rat, red, counsel)
Old Germ.Halegred, 9th cent. — French Aligrot. (Wig, wi,
war) Old Germ. Heilagwih, 9th cent. — English Halloway,
HoLLOWAY — French Halevy.
From the Ang.-Sax. dug an. Old High Germ.
tugan, to be vktuous, good, honourable ; Anglo-
Saxon themv, Old High German dau, morals,
behaviour, are probably the following.
SIIMPLE forms.
Old Germ. Tugus, Tukko, Docca, Tocca, Dauo, 8th cent. ^^: ^^'^
° ' , Virtue.
Old Noi-se Toui. Ang.-Sax. Tuk, in a grant to the monastery
ofCroyland, A.D. 1,051. Tocca, Lib. Vit. English Tuggy,
Tuck, Tuke, Tuckey, Duck, Doke, Dock, Duke, Tow, Toe,
Dow, Dowey, Doe, Dew, Dewey. Modern German TocKj^
TucH, DucKE, Dau, Dewe. French Toche, Doche, Due,
Doue, Dieu.
diminutives.
Old German Dauwila, Dewila, 9th cent. — Eng. Dowell,
Dewell, Duly, Towell — Fr. Ducel, Dugelay, Douelle,
DouiLLY. Old Germ. Dugilin, 8th cent. — Eng. Duckling,
DowLiNG — French Dulong. Eng. Dewick — French Duick.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Dawin, 8th cent. Eng. Duggin, Dudgeon,
Dewen. French Dugenne, Duquin.
patronymics.
English Docking, Dewing. French DucoiNO.
compounds.
(Et,p. 189 J English Duckett, Doggett — Fr. Duquet,
Douet, Tugot. (Hard) Eng. Dugard, Towart, Tewart —
French Dugard, Tougart, Toucart. (Hari, warrior) Eng-
DucKER, Docker, Tucker, Toker, Dower, Dewar, Tower
— Mod. German Dukher, Tucher — Fr. Ducher, Ducoroy.
\y i-"^
428 THE INNER MAN.
DouARE. (Land) Eng. Dowland — Fr. Dugland. (Mom)
Old Germ. Dugiman, Tugeman, 9tli cent. — Eng. Tugman,
Duckman — French Dewamin, Dumain. {Mar^ famous) Old
German Daumerus, 6th cent. — Eng. Dugmore. {JJlf-, wolf)
Old Germ. Tugolf, Touwolf, Daulf, 7th cent.— Fr. Dewulf.
{Waldj power) Eng. Dugald — French Tugault, Douault.
{Weal\ stranger) Eng. Dugwell, Tugwell, Tuckwell.
DOUBTFUL names.
Eng. DuGOOD, TooGOOD, TowGOOD. Perhaps from Ang.-
Sax. duguth, virtuous, honourable.
From the Ang.-Sax. dafan, Gothic gadahan,
convenire, Ang.-Sax. defe, fit, proper, Forstemann
derives the stem dah, daf, dap, to which also I
place daVy referred by him to the preceding root.
The scriptural name David may probably inter-
mix in some of the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Dab, Daf. q^^ g^^^^ jy g^j^ ^^^^ -^ T>ABB, DaPP, DaFFY,
Seemly.
Tapp, Tappy, Davy, Devey. Fr. Dabeau, Dab^e, Dappe,
Dapy, Daffy, Davy, Devy, Devay, Taveau.
diminutives.
Old German Dafila, Davila, 7th cent. — English Davall,
Deffell — French Daval, Deville, Tavel. Eng. Taplin,
Devlin — French Dablin. Old Germ. Tabuke, 11th cent.
Eng. Davock, Davidge, Devick — Fr. Davach, Devicque.
PHONETIC ending.
English Daven, Devon, Tappin. Fr. Davin, Devenne,
Taffin, Tapin.
compounds.
(Hard J Eng, D afford — Fr. Dabert, Devert, Tavard.
{Earn, ran, raven) Eng. Tabram, Daviron — French Dabrin,
Daveron. (Eic, power) Old Germ. Daperich, 10th cent. —
French Dafrique. (Wald, power) Old Germ. Tavold, 10th
cent. — French Davattlt.
From the G(;thic triggws, Old Norse triggr,
Ang.-Sax. treowe, Old High German driu, Mod.
THE INNER MAN. 429
Germ. U^eu, Eng. " true," may be the following.
But this stem is very apt to intermix with driuqan,
militari, p. 195.
SIMPLE FORMS. _, . „,
Trigg, Try.
Old Germ. Driwa. Old Norse Tryggo, King of Norway. True.
English Trigg, Trickey, Tree, Troy, Try, Dry. French
Trich]^, Triau, Try, Driou.
compounds.
(Bert, bright) French Triebert, Trubert. {Et, p. 189)
Eng. Trickett, Drewett — French Triquet, Tricot. {Hard)
French Tricard. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Trigger, Tricker,
Dryer — French Triger, Drier. (Leof, dear) Eng. True-
love. {Wald, power) French Druault.
DOUBTFUL names.
English Truefitt. French Triefus, Dreyfus. Perhaps
from Ang.-Sax. yo^. Old High Q^qxtd.. fuaz. Mod. Germ./i(«5,
English foot.
There is a word just, found in some German
compounds, which Forstemann seems to think
may be from the Latin. However, the French
jouste, tilt, tournament, of which the Old Flemish
just, impetus (whence also Eng. "jostle"), seems
to be the origin, may be mentioned. None of the
ancient names correspond with the following.
simple forms.
English Just, Justey. French Juste, Jost.
compounds.
{Mund, protection) English Justamond (wrangler 1750).
(Wald, power) French Justault.
There is a stem^^, which Forstemann thinks,
unless the few ancient names be corruptions either
0^ frid, peace, or of f aid, hostility, may be from
the Latin Jldus, faithful. The following names
Just.
Fid.
430 THE INNER MAN.
go to shew that there is such a stem, but the
Ang.-Saxon ^^^an, to sing, also to dispute, might
also be proposed.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Faithful. Old German Fidis, llth cent. English Fiddey, Fidoe,
FiTT. French Fitte, Fity.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Fidolus, 6th cent. — Eng. Fidell — Mod. Germ,
FiDALL — French Fidele ? Eng. Fitkin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Eng. Fitter — French Fidery. {Man)
English Fiddaman, Fitman. {Mund, protection) English
Fiddament.
From the Ang.-Sax. sdth, true, Eng. " sooth,''
of which the Gothic form would be sanths, and
the Old High German sand, (though neither of
these are preserved,) Forstemann derives the stem
sand, sants. The Anglo-Saxon sand, messenger,
seems a word which might intermix, a,nd which
indeed in some cases I have taken in preference.
Forstemann includes also sod as a Saxon, and sad
as a West Frankish and Lombard form.
simple FORMS.
Old German Sando, Sadi, 8th cent. English Sandoe,
True ' ' ° '
Sandy, Sant, Santy, Sadd, Sodo, Soddy. Mod. German
Sand, Sandt. French Sandeau, Santi.
diminutives.
Old German Sanzo, 9th cent. — Englisli Sans, Sands,
Sandys — Mod. Germ. Santz — French Sance, Sandoz. Eng.
Sandell, Santley — French Sanzel. French Sandelion.
compounds.
{Hari, warrior) Old German Sandheri, Santher, 8th cent.
— Eng. Sander,* Santer — Mod. Germ. Sander, Santer —
French Sandre, Santerre. (Man) English Sandman.
* Most of the English writers, and some of the Gernaan, as Pott, make
Sander a contraction of Alexander
THE INNER MAN. 431
(Eic, power) Old Germ. Sandrih, 9th cent. — French Santry.
(War, defence) English Sandwer. (Ulf, wolf) Old German
Sandolf — Mod. Germ. Sandhoff.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Eng. Sanden, Sodden. Mod. Germ. Sanden.
PHONETIC INTRUSION Op r.
(Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Sandrehar, 8th cent. — French
Sandrier.
From the Ang.-Sax. sidu. Old High German
sitUy Mod. German sitte, manners, morals, may be
the following. The sense, according to the usual
rule in proper names, must be that of good
manners or morals.
simple forms. Sid, Sit.
Old German Sito, Sita, 9th cent. Sido, king of Suevia Manners.
in Tacitus. English Side, Sidey, City. Modern German
Sitte. Dutch Seyde. French Sitt.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Situli, 8th cent, — Ang.-Sax. Sidel (found
in Sidelesham, Cod. Dip. 46 4 J — Eng. Siddell — Mod. Germ.
Seydel — French Sidoli, Sittell, Sedille. Old German
Sitilin, 8th cent. — French Sedillon. English Siddons.
PHONETIC ending.
Eng. SiDDEN, SiTTON, SiDNEY. French Sidney.
COMPOUND.
(Ger, spear) English Sidgear.
Of somewhat similar meaning may be the
following, which Forstemann refers to Old Norse
skicka, ordinare, and the noun Schick, used in
many Low German dialects in the sense of order.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Scih, 11th cent. English Shick, Sky. Mod.
Germ. Schick.
DIMINUTIVE.
English Shickle.
Shick.
Order,
propriety.
432 THE INNER MAN.
From the Old High Germ, ercan, Ang.-Sax.
eorcen,'^ genuine, pure, Forstemann derives the
following stem.
jj^ggn SIMPLE FORMS.
Pure. Old German Ercan, 10th ceut. Mod. German Herken.
French Arquin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Baldy bold) Old Germ. Ercanbald, Arcambald, Archam-
bald, 8th cent. — Eng. Archambaud — French Archambault
— Ital. Arcimboldi (of Milcm). (Hard) Old Germ. Ercan-
hart, 8th cent. — French Archinard. (Reid, state, condition)
Old Germ. Ercanheid, 9th cent. — Eng. Harknett. {Rari,
warrior) Old German Erkanher, 8th cent. — Mod. German
Herkner — French Erckener.
There are several words having the meaning
of life, zeal, spirit, though the sense is often difficult
to separate from that of bodily activity. From
the Old High Germ, ando, zelus, Forstemann
derives the following stem, which is, however,
very liable to intermix with two others, hand,
manus, and Ang.-Sax.- ent, giant.
SIMPLE FORMS.
And, nt. q^^ German Ando, Anto, 7th cent. An g. -Saxon Anta,
Life, spirit. .
(found in Antan hldw, Cod, Dip. 150). Eng. And, Andoe.
Mod. Germ. Ende. French Anty.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Antecho, 10th cent. — French Antiq. Old
German Andala, 5th cent. — English Antill, Antley. Old
Germ. Andolenus, 8th cent. — English Andlan,
COMPOUNDS.
(Relm) English Anthem — French Antheaume. (Rari,
warrior) Old German Antheri, Anter, 9th cent. — French
Antier. (Ead, counsel) Old German Andrad, 8th cent. —
Eng. Andrade, Handright. (Eic, dominion) Old German
Andarich, 5th cent. — English Antridge — Mod. German
Entrich.
* Perhaps the stem arc, p. 387, may be a simple form of the above.
Zeal.
THE INNER MAN. 433
From tlie Old High German zila, English
zeal, are the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Zilo, Zello, 8th cent. Eng. Zeall, Zealey.
Mod. Germ. Ziehle. French ? Zei.le.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ger, spear) Old German Cilger, 10th cent. — French
Zelger. {Hari, warrior) French Zeiller, Zeller. (Man)
Old German Ciliman, 8th cent. — English Silliman 1 — Mod.
German Zillmann.
From the Old High German gerUy eager, are
probably the following.
SIMPLE forms.
Old Gei'man Cherno, Kerne. Gnrnay, Boll Batt. Abb. '
English Gurney, Chirney, Curno, Corxey. Mod. German
Gern, Kern. French Journe, Cornay.
DIMINUTIVES.
English Gurnell, Cornell — French Cornely, Cornil-
Leau. Eng. CuRNiCK, CoRNicK. French Cornichon. Mod.
Germ. Gernlein — French Cornillon.
PATRONYMICS.
English Corning. Mod. Germ. Gerning.
COMPOUNDS.
[Bert, famous) French Cornibert. (Hard, fortis) Eng.
Gurnard — Mod Germ. Gernhardt. (Hari, warrior) Eng.
GuRNEK, KiRNER, CoRNER — Mod. Germ. Gerner, Korner —
French Curnier. (Man) Old Germ. Gerneman, 9th cent.
— Eng. CoRNMAN — Mod. Germ. Kernmann. (Wald, power)
Old Germ. Gernolt, 9th cent. — French Journault.
There are several words which have the mean-
ing of joy, mirth, cheerfulness. From the Old
High Germ, mandjan, gaudere, mendi, gaudium,
Fcirstemann derives the following stem. As a
termination it is very liable to intermix with
man, homo. The form mance, mence, seems to
be High German.
c 3
434 THE INNER MAN.
Mand^ SIMPLE FORMS.
Mance. Old German Manto, Manzo, Manso, Sth cent. English
Jo7- Mant, Mandy, Mend ay, Mannse, Mence. Mod. German
Mandt, Mende, Manz, Mense. Fr. Manteau, Manceau,
Mansey.
diminutives.
Mantel, Domesday — Mauntel, Mancel, Hund. Rolls, —
Eng. Mandle, Mantle — Mod. Germ. Mentzel, Menzel —
— Fr. Mandell, Mentel, Mangel. Eng. Mendes — French
Mandouce, Mendez, Mansoz — Spanish Mendez, Mendoza.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Mantoni (genitive), 9th cent. Eng. Manton.
French Mandon, Mantion, Mention, Manson ? Mansion ?
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) French Mansard. {Hari, warrior) Eng. Mander,
Mancer, Menser.
The word spil is not quite certain. Forste-
mann gives it the meaning of joy (which it had
in Old Norse), in preference to that of play, as in
the German spielen. The Gothic spillon, Old
Norse spiala, to relate, discourse, is also suitable.
simple forms.
j^ ' Eng. Spill. Mod. Germ. Spiel. French ? Spill.
patronymic.
English Spilling.
compounds.
(Hard) Old Germ. Spilihard, Spilhard, Sth cent. — Eng.
Spillard. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Spiller, Spellar — Mod.
Germ. Spieler — French 1 Spiller. (Man) Eng. Spillman,
Spelman— Mod. Germ. Spielmann.
The stem glad also seems to me rather un-
certain. It might be from glad, Isetus, or it
might be from Old Norse gledia, to polish. Mod.
German glatt, Danish glat, Dutch glad, smooth,
pohshed. Tn that case the sense might probably
THE INNER MAN. 435
be that of personal beauty, as referred to in
chapter 22.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Cletto, 8th cent. Eng. Glad, Clad, Glide, Gia<^-
Gleed. Mod. German Glade. Laetus?
DIMINUTIVES.
English Gladdell, Gleadall. Eng. Gladdish — Mod.
German Gladisch.
phonetic ending.
English Gladden, Gliddon. French Glatigny,
patronymics.
EngKsh Gladding. French Gladung, Cladung.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Glatard. (Man) English Gladman.
(Wine, friend) Gladewinus, Domesday — English Gladwin.
(Wis, sapiens) Gledewis, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Glad wish ?
There is a stem fag, which Forstemann takes
to be the simple form of Ang.-Sax. fcegen, Eng.
fain, as shewn in Goth, faheds, joyfulness.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Facco, 9th cent. Feg, Fech, Domesday. J^f
Fag, Hund. Rolls. English Fagg, Fake, Fay, Fahey.
Mod. German Fack, Fecke. French Fage, Fege, Feche,
Faye, Fahy.
diminutives.
Old German Fachilo, Fagala, 11th cent. English Fail.
French Fagel, Fayolle, Faille.
COMPOUNDS.
(Et, p. 189) Eng. Faggots* — French Facet, Faquet,
Fayet. (Hard) French Fagard, Fa yard. (Hari, warrior)
Old Germ. Fagher — Eng. Faker — French Faguer.
extended form=eng. fain.
Eng. Fagan, Fachney, Fehon. French Fajon, Fain. *^°'
o ' ' ' Fain.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) French Feinert. (Hari, warrior) French Fag-
NIER, FeCHNER, FeINER.
* May possibly represent the Gothic faJuds, joyfulness.
Joyful.
436 THE INNER MAN.
From the Ang.-Saxon gamian, to play, sport,
English " game," may be the following. Or the
meaning may rather be that of joy fulness, as in
Old High German gaman, Anglo-Saxon gamen,
gandium.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Gaudium ^^^ German Ganimo, Cammo, 7 th cent. Gam, Game,
(Domesday). English Game, Camm. Mod. German Gamm,
Kamm. French Game, Gaime, Cam, Jam, Jame, Jameau.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Gammage, Cammegh — French Gamache. French
Gamichon.
compounds.
(Hard) Old German Gamard, 7th cent. — Mod. German
Gammert — French Gamard, Gaimard, Camard. (Har%
warrior) Old German Gamer, 9th cent. — Eng. Gamer (17th
cent.) — Mod. Germ. Kammer — French Gamier. (Ritj ride)
Old Germ. Gamarit, 8th cent. — French Camaret. (Wold,
power) French Jamault.
extended form=ang.-sax. gamen.
(J ^ ' Old German Gaman. English Gammon. Mod. German
Gamann. French Gamen, Jamin, Camin.
From the Old Norse gcela, exhilirare, Old
High German geil, elatus, Anglo-Saxon galan, to
sing,*'" may be the following.
simple forms.
*^*^®- Old German Gailo, Gelo, Geli, Cailo, 8th cent. Gale,
Elatus. q^^^Yq^ Hund. Rolls. English Gale, Galey, Gall, Gally,
Gallow, Gale, Caley, Callow, Gell, Jell, Jelley, Kell,
Kelly, Kellow. Modern German Gayl, Gehl, Kehl.
French Galle, Galli^, Gally, Gelle, Gell^ Jal, Jaley,
Caille, Cailleau.
* Forstemann separates the two stems, gale and gall, which, however, as
being, I take it, from the same root, and moreover in modern 'names impossible to
•cparate, 1 put together. 5
THE INNER MAN. 437
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Geliko, Jeliko, 10th cent.— English Jellicoe,
Kellock — Mod. Germ. Geilich. English Jellis, Jealous,
Gallows 1 Kelsey — French Galisse, Gellez, Cailliez.
Eng. Calkin — French Galichon. Eng. Galilee — French
Caillelau — Ital. Galileo 1
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Gailin, 8th cent. Galun, Hund. Rolls. Eng.
Gallon, Gellan. Fr. Galino, Galon, Jaillon, Caillon,
Gallon.
patronymics.
French Gellynck — Ital. Gallenga.
COMPOUNDS.
(Andy life, spirit) Galaunt, Hund. Bolls. — Eng. Galland,
Gallant, Kelland — French Galand, Galant, Jaillant,
Caillant. {Bert, bright) French Galabert, Jallibert.
(Bot. envoy) Eng. Galbot — French Gailhabaud, Caille-
botte, Callebaut. {Burg, protection) Old Germ. Cheilpurc,
9th cent. — French Gallibour, Galibourg. (Drud, dear)
Old Germ. Kaildrud, 8th cent. — French Gaildraud. {Fred,
peace) Old Germ. Galafred, 9th cent. — Ang. -Saxon Galfrid,
Gaufrid — English Geoffry" — French Galoffre, Jeoffroy,
Gaulofret (Ger, spear) English Gallager — Mod. Germ.
Galliger — French Galicher. {Hard) Gallard, Bund.
Rolls. — English Gayleard, Gallard, Gellard, Kellord —
Mod. Germ. Kahlert — French Gaillard, Jaillard, Cail-
lard. {Hari, warrior) Eng. Gayler, Gallery, Geller —
Mod. Germ. Kehler — French Callier, Cailler, Caillier,
Gallery. {Bind, mild) Old German Geilindis, 8th cent. —
Eng.GALiNDO. {Rat, counsel) Old Germ. Gailrat, Keylrat,
8th cent. — Fr. Jallerat, Calaret. {Sind, via) Old Germ.
Geilsind, 8th cent. — French Gallissant. {Wold, power)
French Gaillault. {Wig, wi, war) Old German Geilwih,
Keilwih, 8th cent. — Galewey, Galaway, Hund. Rolls. — Eng.
Galloway, Callaway, Kellaway — Fr, Jalvy, Caillouee.
From the Ang.-Saxon singan, to sing, sang,
sayic, song, may be the following. Forstemann
mentions also Ang.-Sax. 5mc, treasure.
Cantare,
438 THE INNER MAN.
Sang, Sing. SIMPLE FORMS,
Cantare. Old Germ. Sancho, 8th cent. English Sang, Sankey,
Shank 1 Shankey 1 Mod. Germ. Sancke, Senke.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Single — French Sengel, Singly. Fr. Sanchez,
Singes.
compounds.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Singar, 8th cent. — English
Singer, Sinker — Fr. Singer, Singery. (Ward, guardian)
French Sangouard. (Wine, friend) Eng. Sangwin — French
Sangouin.
Another stem of similar mei^ning seems to be
gid, ADg.-Sax. gidd, a poem, giddian, to sing.
SIMPLE FORMS.
^^^- Old Germ. Giddo, 9th cent. Cyda, Lib. Vit. English
Giddy, Kiddy, Kidd, Kitt, Kitty, Kitto, Chitty ? Fr.
GiDE, GiTEAU.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Chitell ? — English Gidley, Gidlow, Kiddle,
Kittle, Chidell ? Chittle ? — French Gidel. English
Chittock.
phonetic ending.
Eng. GiDDEN, Kidney. French Gitton.
COMPOUNDS.
(Ger, spear) English Kidger. (Hard) French Gittard.
(Man) Eng. Gidman, Kidman. ( Wine, friend) Old German
Gydoin, 11th cent. — French Gidoin. (WoA'd, guardian) Fr.
GiDOUART.
There is a word nun, non, found in several
ancient names, on which Forstemann gives no
opinion, and for which I think of Old Norse
nunna, to sing, or perhaps rather, to hum. I
take it that both this, and the preceding stems
have something of the meaning of the Scotch
lilt, which, as rendered by Jamieson, is " to sing
cheerfully." More particularly, I think, to sing
THE INNER MAN. 439
without words, an especial mark of gaiety and
light-heartedness. So in the fine Old Scotch
ballad of " The Flowers of the Forest," the sense
of the desolation that had come upon the land is
expressed by a contrast not easily surpassed in
its simple pathos.
*' I've heard a lilting at our ewe milking —
Lasses a' lilting before the break of day,
But now there's a moaning in ilka green loaning,
For our braw foresters are a' wed awa. "
It would be difficult in the compass of a line
to bring out a more perfect picture of rural happi-
ness and content than the " lasses ol lilting," and
before the break of day too, when man is
generally more disposed to go about his work
in grim silence.
SIMPLE FORMS. Nun.
Old German Nunno, Nonno, Nunni, 7th cent. Nun, Cantiliare.
kinsman of Ina, king of Wessex. English Nunn, Nunney^
Noon. Mod. Germ. Nonne. French Nony.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Nunnil. English Nunley.
patronymic. compound.
Eng. Nooning. {Hari, wan-ior) Eng. Nunnery.
From the Ang.-Sax. plegan, to play, appear to ^^^^'
be formed a number of names in our own early
annals. There was a Plegmund, 19th Archbishop
of Canterbury, and in the Lihei^ Vitce are a Plecga,
Plegheri, Plegheard, Pleghelm, Plegbrecht, and
Pleguini. This stem in the Altdeutsches Namen-
buck mixes up with another, blic, which Grimm
and Forstemann refer to blic, fiilmen. But
whatever might be the original meaning of the
stem, I think it is clear that the Anglo-Saxons in
440 THE INNER MAN.
their names thought of it in the above sense.
Corresponding with the two first names in the
Liher Vitce are our Play and Player. Possibly,
however, the sense may be taken to be that of
the play of battle, so often dwelt on by the Ang.-
Saxon poets.
From the Old High Germ, hltde, Ang.-Sax.
blithe, Eng. blythe, Forstemann derives a number
of names. But another root, blad, hlat, p. 376, is
liable to intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Blythe. Q^^ ^^^^ Bledas, Blida, Plida, 5tli cent. Eng. Blyth,
Hilans. °
Blight, Bledy. Mod. German Blede, Bledow. French
Bled 1 Blet 1
diminutives.
Old Germ. Blidilo, 9th cent. Eng. Pleydell. French
Bletel ?
PHONETIC ending.
Old Germ. Blidina, 8th cent. Eng. Blethyn, Pleaden.
French Bleton.
compounds.
{Gaud, Goth) Old German Blidgaud, 8th cent. — English
Bloodgood. (Ger, spear) Old Germ. Blidegar, Plidger, 7th
cent. — Eng. Pledger. (Mar, famous) Old Germ. Blidmar,
Blimmar, 8th cent. — Eng. Plimmer.
From the Anglo-Saxon hliss, joy, hlissian, to
rejoice, exult, may be the stem bliss, with which
we may also put bless. But the Ang.-Sax. blise^
a blaze, is a word liable to intermix.
simple forms.
Bliss. Blesio, apparently German, found on an ancient inscrip-
^^^"^ tion in the Netherlands. English Bliss. French Bless,
Blesseau.
diminutive patronymic.
Eng. Blessley. Mod. Germ. Blessing. — Fr. Blessing.
Sorg.
Sorrow ?
THE INNER MAN. 441
COM POUNDS.
{Et, p. 189) English Blisset, Blessed. (Hard) English
Blizzard. (Hari, warrior) French Blesser, Plessier.
Of an opposite meaning may be the following,
wliicli seem to be from Gothic saurga^ saurja,
Ang.- Saxon sorg, sorh, Dutch zorg, Eng. sorroiv.
Though possibly the original sense may have been
rather that of anger.
simple forms.
English SuRGEY, Sourk, Soar, Sour. Mod. Germ. Sorg.
French Sourg, Sirguey, Zorgo, Soreau, Soury.
COMPOUNDS.
(Et, p. 189) Eng. Surgett, Sirkett, Circuit. (Hari,
warrior) French Zircher, Zurcher. fUl/, wolf) Old Germ.
Sergulf, 10th cent. — French Surcouf.
From the Old Norse driupr, Mod. Germ, triihe,
sorrowful, may be the following. But as the root-
meaning seems to be that rather of " overcast,"
possibly the sense in proper names might be that
of dark complexion. Forstemann gives no opinion
upon it.
simple FORMS.
Old Germ. Tinibo. Eng. Truby, Troup, Droop. Mod.
Germ. Traub, Trube. French Traube, Troupeau, Trouve, sorrow?
Trufy, Drubay, Druveau.
diminutives.
French Trouble, Trupel. French Trouplin, Troplong.
compounds.
(Hari, warrior) French Troupier, Truffier.
Then there are a few names which seem to be
derived from joke or facetiousness. From the
Old Norse skoi^. Old High German scopf, jocus,
English scoff, Forstemann derives the following.
D 3
442 THE INNER MAN.
Scop,Scof. SIMPLE FORMS.
Jocus. Old German Scopo, Scoppo, 9th cent. Scupi, Lib. Vit. I
Scope, Lord Mayor of London, A.D. 1403. Eng. Shopp,
Shoppee, Scobie. Mod. Germ. Schoppe, Schopf. ^
DIMINUTIVES. i
Old Germ. Scopilius. English Scobell, Shovell. ■
COMPOUNDS.
{Hari, warrior) English Shover, Shopperie*— French
SCOFFIER.
From the Ang.-Sax. huso, hues, irony, " cliaff,"
whence probably Enghsh hoax, I take to be the
following names, with which I find nothing to
correspond in the Altdeutsches Namenhuch.
jj^sc SIMPLE FORMS.
Irony. English HusK, Hux. Mod. German Hoske. French ?
HuscH, Hux.
' PATRONYMICS
English HosKiNG. English Huskisson.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English HosKiN, Huxen. French Husquin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Rari, warrior) English Husher, Usher.
From the Ang.-Sax. gilp, strepitus, jactantia,
may be the following.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Jtanua Eng. GiLBY, KiLBY. French Gilb^ Gelpy, Kilb4
DIMINUTIVES.
Mod. Germ. Gelpke. French Gilblain.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English Gilpin, Kilpin.
scimph. From the Old High German scimph, jocus,
Jocus. j^orstemann derives the name Scemphio, 8th
cent. Hence may be Enghsh Scamp, quoted by
Lower. May not the above be the origin of our
word scamp '?
There is a word salt, salz, of which I find no
* A Boston surname— English ?
THE INNER MAN. 443
trace in ancient names, but to which Pott, in the
Modern German name Salz, gives the meanmg of
salax. I also think of Old Norse salt, the sea, as
a possible word.
SIMPLE FORMS. g^lt g^l^,
Eng. Salt, Sault, Soltau. Mod. Germ. Salz. French g^iax.
Sault, Soult, Salze.
diminutives.
French Salsac, Salzac.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ha/rd) French Salzard. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Salter
— French Seltier, Selzer. (Man) Mod. Germ. Saltzmann.
Perhaps of a similar meaning may be the root
brass. Old Norse brass, salax ; unless, as seems
to be the case in some instances, it is to be referred
to the metal.
simple FORMS. Brass.
English Brass, Brassey. French Brasa, Brazy. Saiax?
diminutives.
French Brassac. English Brassell, Brazill \
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Brassart. {Ravi, warrior) Eng. Brasier,
Brazier — French Brassier, Brasserie.
From the Old Norse ginna, to seduce, gan,
magic, are probably the following. A large pro-
portion of the ancient names from this root seem
to have been those of women, and the general
sense is probably only that of seductiveness or
fascination. But in one case, where we find Ganna
as the name of a fortune-teller or witch, we must
take the direct sense of magic."^^ A stem liable
to intermix is gag an, gain, p. 1 75.
* Perhaps to this stem we may put the female name Genovef a, 6th cent. ,
and the present Christian name Genovefa in Germany and G€nevi6ve in France.
If the name be German, it might mean " weaver of spells." Miss Yonge, however,
argues for a Celtic origin, as also do Leo and Mone. But Grimm [Gesch. d.
Deutsch. Spr. ) assumes the Germanhood of the name, which compares with others
having the same termination.
444 THE INNER MAN.
Gan. SIMPLE FORMS.
Magic, Old Germ. Ganna, 1st cent. Canio, Lib. Vit English
Fascination. Q^^j^^ GaNNOW, CanN, CaNNEY, GeNNA, GiNN, GuINEAU.
French Ganne, Ganneau, Ganie, Jan, Janny, Gen, Geny,
Geneau, Gin.
diminutives.
Eng. Gannel — French Ganil, Genelle, Canal. Eng.
Jenkin — Mod. Germ. Jenichen — French Janquin, Genne-
quin, Jennequin. French Genique, Janac. French Janlin.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Ginnana, 8th cent. Eng. Gannon, Cannon.
French Genin, Janin, Canon.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Gening, 8th cent. Eng. Jannings, Jennings,
Canning.
compounds.
{Bert, famous) Old German Gimbert, 8th cent. — English
GiMBERT — French Gimbert. (Bod, hot, messenger) Old
Germ. Genobaud, Frankish prince, 3rd cent. — Fr. Jeanpot.
(Had, war) Old German Genad, 8th cent, — Eng. Jennott —
Mod. Germ. Genet — French Genette. (Hard) Old Germ.
Ganhart, Genard, 7 th cent. — French Ganard, Genard,
Canard. (Hari, warrior) Old German Genear, Ginheri, 8th
cent. — Eng. Genner, Jenner, Jennery, Cannar, Canary —
Modern German Gener — French Ganier, Jannair, Ginier,
Canier. {Man) English Ginman. (Rid, ride) Old German
Generid, 8th cent. — English Oeanneret — French Generat.
(Ric, power) English Jenrick — Mod. German Gennerich —
French Jeanray. {Wig, wi, war) Eng. Gannaway, Jana-
WAY, Ginvey, Jenvey — French Genevee. {Wdd, power)
French Canault.
Of a similar meaning is probably the word
span, spen, &c., Anglo-Saxan sparian, spenan, to
allure, spdn, allured, spdnere, enticer, allurer. As
in the former case, the Old German names (of
which one only corresponds with ours) seem to
be all or mostly those of women.
THE INNER MAN. 445
SIMPLE FORMS. ' Span, Spon.
Speinn, Spegen, Lib. Vit. Eng. Spain, Spon, Spinney ? Aiucere.
Mod. Germ. Spohn. French Sponi, Spinn ?
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Spenneol 1 9th cent. — Eng. Spaniel 1
compounds.
(Hariy warrior) Eng. Spooner* — Mod. Germ. Spanier ?
— French Spenner 1 {Leofj dear) Eng. Spenlove, Spendlove.
From the Ang.-Sax. masc, max, Mod. Germ.
masch, English " mesh," a noose, may be the fol-
lowing, perhaps in something of a similar sense
to the foregoing.
simple forms. Mash, Max.
Old Germ. Masca, 8th cent., Maxus, 9th cent. English AUicere?
IVIash, Maxse, Maxey, Moxey. Modern German Maske,
Masch, Meske.
diminutive.
English Maskell.
phonetic ending.
English Machine, Maxon, Moxon.
compounds.
(ffari, warrior) Eng. Mesher — French Mascar. (Man)
English Mashman.
There is a stem gog, cog, coc, which may
perhaps, though very uncertainly, come in here.
The sense may be that of English cog, Spanish
cocar, to cajole, Danish kogle, Dutch kokelen, to
juggle. The root of this seems to be found in
German kugel, Dutch kogel, a ball, the simple
form of which is seen in North. English cog, a
roundish lump. But there are several other
derivations which might be proposed, as — \st,
cock, the bird — 2nd, the cuckoo, in Persian koku,
Indian kuka, Welsh cog. Old High Germ, gang,
* Or from Anglo-Saxon spoiiere, cnticer, seducer.
446 THE INNER MAN.
Swed. goh, and that there are names from the
cuckoo is shewn a.t p. 105 — SrcZ, the Ang.-Saxon
gedc, courage, p. 244.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Cog, Cock. Qj^ ^ Q^ Q ^ g^j^ ^^^^^ Q ^^.5 Y^^
To cajole? » ' o ? j o ?
Gaugy, Roll Batt. Abb. Eng. Gogay, Cock. Mod. German
Koch. French Coq, Coqueau, Coche,
DIMINUTIVES,
Eng. Cockle, Coghill — Mod. Germ. Gogel, Gockel —
French Gochel, Coquille. Eng. Coglin, Cocklin — Mod.
German Kochlin — French Coclin, Coquelin, Cochelin.
Eng. GoGGS, Cocks — French Cogez, Coccoz.
PATUONYMICS.
English Cocking. Mod. Germ. Gockingk.
COMPOUNDS.
(Et, p. 189) Eng. CocKETT — French Coquet. (Hard)
Mod. Germ. Kockert — French Cocard, Cochard. (ffarij
warrior) Eng. Cogger, Cocker — Mod. German Kocher —
French Cochery. (Man) Eng. Cockman, Coachman 1
phonetic ending.
Eng. GoGGiN, Coggin, Cockin. French Coquin, Cochin,
COGNY.
phonetic intrusion of w.*
(Hard) Old Germ. Guginhart, 11th cent. Fr. Cognard,
COCHINART.
From the Old Norse locka, to seduce, beguile,
may be the following. Hence seems to be the
name of Loki, the mischief-maker among the gods
in Northern mythology. The Aug.- Sax. locc, a
curl, might also be proposed m the sense referred
to at p. 403.
Lock. simple forms.
To beguile ? Locchi, Lib. Vit. Eng. Lock, Lockie. French Locque,
Loche.
* Possibly hence also the Swiss GuggenbUhl, (for Guggenbald ?)
THE INNER MAN. 447
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) Old Germ. Lokard, Lochard, 9th cent. — Eng.
LocKHART — Fr. LocARD, LocHART. (Hari, warrior) Ang.-
Sax. Locar, Cod. Dip. 819— English Locker. (Et, p. 189)
English LocKETT — French Locquet. (Eat, counsel) French
LocRET. (Man) Eng. Lockman — Mod. Germ. Lochmann.
From the Ang.-Sax. lorilt, proud, may be the
following. But in Old Norse jprudr seems rather
to have meant courteous or polite, which is pro-
bably a preferable sense for men's names.
SIMPLE FORMS. Proud.
Toui, surnamed Pruda, a Northman at the Court of PoUte?
Canute. English Pruday, Proud, Prout, Prowse. Mod.
Germ. Prutz ? French Pruede, Prout, Prouteau, Pruce.
patronymic.
English Prouting.
uncertain naivies.
English Prudence.
There was an Ang.-Sax. priest called Prudens, Cod. Dip.
971. This name seems most probably Latin.
Eng. Proudfoot.
Finding another name Puddefoot, I think the r may be
only intrusive. Puddefoot seems to be from hudy a mes-
senger.
From the Ang.-Saxon, Old High Germ, ivild,
ferus, silvaticus, are probably the following. The
stem, however, is very apt to mix up with ivald
and will.
simple forms. -WUd.
Old German Wilto, 9th cent. English Wilt, Wild, Fems.
Wildey, Wilday, Gwilt. Modern German Wild, Wildt.
French Vilde.
diminutive. patronymic.
Eng. WiLDisH. Eng. Wilding,
compounds.
[Hard) French Viltard, Yilletard. (Hari, •warrior)
Old Germ. Wildehar, 8th cent. — English Wilder, Quilter.
(Man) Eng. Wildman.
448 THE INNER MAN.
From the Ang.-Sax. haest, hot, hasty, Forste-
mann derives the following stem, which is however
liable to intermix with ast, p. 216.
Hast. SIMPLE FOEMS.
^*®*^- Eng. Hast, Hastie. French Hesteau*
DIMINUTIVE.
English Hastilow.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, wavrior) French Hastier — Eng. Hester, (i?^c,
power) Eng. Hastrick. (Wald, power) Old Germ. Heiatald
— French Haistault.
From the Old High Germ, rasti, Mod. Germ.
7'ast, Anglo-Saxon rest, English rest, requies^
Forstemann derives the stem rast, rest. I am also
inclined to add the forms o^ost and rust, found in
Fries, rost, Dutch and Low German rust. Mod.
Germ, rust, English roost. Though for the form
rust the German rUsten, to arm, may also be
proposed. Forstemann has only the three fol-
lowing names. In the Liber Vitce I find also a
Restoldus.
Rest. simple FORMS.
Requies. Qld German Rusto, Rust, 9th cent. Eng. Rost, Rust.
Mod. Germ. Rost, Rust. French Rost, Rosty, Rosteau.
diminutives.
Eng. Rastall, Restell — Mod. Germ. Rostel. English
RusTiCH. French Rostolan.
phonetic ending.
Eng. RusTON. French Reston, Rostan.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Resting, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ. Rusting.
French Rostang.
COMPOUNDS.
(Eic, power) Eng. Rastrick, Restorick.
From the Ang.-Saxon fersc, fresc. Old High
German yri5c, Mod. Germsin frisch, we may take
THE INNER MAN. 449
the following. But whether in the sense of
innocence or purity, or in the sense of spirit and
liveliness, or thirdly, in the sense of novus or
juvenis, I must leave undetermined. The stem
does not appear in the Altdeutsches NamenhucJi,
and curiously enough, it is in the name of the
Italian family of the Frescobaldi that it appears
most distinctly in a German form. I find, how-
ever, that Mr. Taylor has got Freshings in his
table of Teutonic settlements in France and
England.
SIMPLE FORMS. Fresc.
Ferse,* Domesday. English Fresh, Friskey, Furze. Fresh.
Mod, Germ. Frisch. French Fresco.
DIMINUTIVES.
French Frescal. Modern German Frischlin — French
Freslon.
compounds.
(Bald, fortis) Ital. Frescobaldi. (Hari, warrior) Old
German Friskaer,t 9th cent. — English Fresher, Furzer.
(Hard) French Fressard, Froissard.
From the Old Norse idja, to labour, Forste-
mann derives the following stem.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Ido, Ito, Hiddo, Hitto, 8th cent. Ans.-Sax. ^^^' "^'
Ida, king of Bernicia. Eng. Hide, Hitt. Mod. German
Ide.
diminutives.
Old German Idala, 8th cent. — English Idle. French
Itaque. French Itasse, Ytasse (or to idis, itis, nymph,
woman V)
phonetic ending.
Old German Idinus, 8th cent. English Iden, Hidden.
French Iteney.
* The Ang.-Sai form fersc. I am not sure, however, that this, as well as
English Furze and Furzer, should not be put to Friese, p. 312.
t Forstemann makes this Fris-kaer, placing it to Friese, p. 312. According
to my placing, it would be Frisk-aer=Friskhar,
E 3
To labour
450 THE INNER MAN.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Ithar, Iter, Hither, 7th cent.
Eng. HiDER. Mod. Germ. Itter. French Hitier, Ytier.
In this chapter may be included the stem acty
which Forstemann refers to Old High German
ahtdn. Old Norse akta, to think. But I should
rather take the sense to esteem, respect, which
this root also has.
Act, Ect. SIMPLE ^ORMS.
To esteem. 01<i German Hecto, 9 th cent. Mod. Germ. Hecht.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Aecther, 7th cent. — Ecther,
Lib. Vit. — English Hector — French Hector. {Ric, power)
Old German Huctrich, king of the Alamanni — English
Uttridge ?
From the Gothic svirs, honoratus, Old High
Germ, sudri, gravis, Forstemann derives a stem
found in a few ancient names.''^ The connection
between the two senses is found in our own
expression, " a man of weight."
S^ar. simple FORMS.
Honoratua Eng. SwEARS, SwiRE, SqUARE, SqUAREY.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Snaring, 8th cent. English Swearing.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) English Swearer t
* One of these is Swarnagal (heavy nail) a name found in the 8th cent, in the
Verbruderungsbuch von St. Peter zu Salzburg. This seems to suggest an older origin
for the curious class of names at p. 220 than I have there supposed.
CHAPTER XXIV.
THE STATION IN LIFE.
Though a larger proportion of the names in
this chapter have been originally surnames than
in any of the preceding, yet even in this depart-
ment of the subject there are not a few that are
baptismal.
The first place is naturally due to the most
ancient of all occupations, that of the tiller of the
soil. There is an Old German word sass. Mod.
German sasz, signifying settler, mhabitant, from
which, in the opinion of Adelung, the Saxons
derive their name. Hence may be the following,
but of course the stem sax, p. 200, may intermix.
A Saxon or Low Germ, form may be sat.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Sazo, Sasso, 9th cent. English Sass, Satow. ®*''' ^**-
Mod. Germ. Sass. French Sasse, Sassy.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Eng. Satter* — French Sassier, Sassj^re,
Sezerie, Satory. (Eat, counsel) Eng. Setright — French
Sazerat. (Eic, power) French Sazerac,
From the Old High German buur, bouer^
pawer. Mod. Germ, bauer, Ang.-Sax. bure, Dutch
buur, boer, bouwer, English " boor," countryman,
seem to be the following. But the stem burg,
p. 279, is liable to intermix.
* Or from Ang. -Sax. sceterc, seducer, whence Saeter, the god who gave the name
to Saturday.
>f,^
^^'
f Ai/v> ' .A 5/.
452 Vj<> THE STATION IN LIFE.
Boor, Bower. V" SIMPLE FORMS.
Countryman. Power, i?o?Z Batt. Abb. English Boore, Bower, Poore,
Power. Modern German Bauer. French Bour, Bour^
boureau, poure, pourreau.
diminutives.
English Burrell — French Bourrel, Bourla. English
Burling — French Bourrillon.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) French Bourard. (Man J English Boorman,
Bowerman, Poorman — Mod. German Bauermann.
Of the ancient occupation of the hunter we
find considerable trace in baptismal names. From
the Old High Germ, jag on. Mod. German jag en.
Old Norse and Swedish jaga, to hunt, I take
to be the following names, many of which have
variously been derived by English and German
writers from the scriptural names John, Jacob,
and Joachim. Can our word "jockey" be derived
from this root *?
Jag, Jack.
Hunter.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Jacco, 11th cent., Joco, 9th cent. Eng. Jack,
Jago. Modern German Jock. French Jacque, Jacquee,
Jacqueau.
diminutives.
Jachelinus, Jagelinus (Domesday) — Eng. Jacklin — Mod.
Germ. Jecklin — Fr. Jacquelin. Eng. Jackall, Jekyll —
Mod. Germ. Jackel, Jeckel — Fr. Jekel. Eng. Jockisch,
Jacks, Jax — French Jaccaz, Jacqx.
phonetic ending.
French Jaquin, Jegon. Mod. Germ. Jochen. French
Jaquin, Jokin.
compounds.
(Hard) English Jaggard — French Jacquart. (Har%
warrior) Old Germ. Jager, Jahheri, 9th cent. — Eng. Jagger
— Mod. Germ. Jaeger, Jocher — French Jager, Jacquier,
Jaquiery, Jahyer, Jayr. (Et, p. 189) English Jackett,
THE STATION IN LIFE. 453
Jagged, Jaget. (Man) English Jackman — Mod. German
Jagemann — Fr. Jacquemain, Jacquemin. {Mary famous)
French Jacquemak, Jacquemier. (Waldj power) French
Jacquault.
From the Old Dutch perssen, to hunt, Mr.
Talbot derives the name Percival. The root
may also mean to constrain, compel, being the
same as English " press." Hence it is liable to
intermix with the stem hris, p. 186. There is
only one Old Germ, name, on which Forstemann
gives no opinion.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old German Purso, 8th cent. English Pearse, Percy,
Purse, Pursey, Press ? Pressey ? French Pers.
diminutives.
Percelay {Roll Batt. Abb.) — English Purcell. Purslow,
Parcell, Parsley — French Persil. Eng. Persac. French
Persoz.
compounds.
(Hard) Eng. Purssord. {Rari, warrior) Eng. Purser.
(Leof, dear) Eng. Purselove, and probably as a corruption,
Purseglove. (JVew, young) English Pressney — Fr. Presne.
( Wealh, stranger) English Percival ? Presswell ? — French
Parseval ? Perseval 1 for local from vUle, town.)
Perse.
To hunt!
t^
->,'^.-
One of the most common stems is hod, bud,
pot, put, which I take to be from Ang.-Sax. boda, ^<^-^-^ <s-c 9**>w./
Old Norse bodi. Mod. German bodt, Danish bud, ^«-<|*^^
envoy or messenger. The older German writers '^<''*»'»'v*^-t5/^-<__
gave it the meaning of ruler or leader, and Forste- '^'^>^/**^^ 4^
mann doubts whether it is to be explained in the
sense of praebere, offerre, or of jubere, as both are
to be found in the root from which it is derived.
I am inclined to think, from the nature of the
454 THE STATION IN LIFE.
compounds in which it is found, that its general
sense is that which I have mentioned. It is
rather apt in some cases to mix up with haldy
fortis.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Bod, Bud, Old German Bodi, Boddo, Botto, Budo, Buddo, Butta,
° ■ Poto, Potho, 8tli cent. Also probably Bando, Bondus,
Boutiis, 4th cent. Ang.-Sax. Putta. Eng. Bodda, Body,
BoTT, Boot, Booty, Booth, Budd, Buddo, Butt, Buddy,
Putt, Pott, Potto, (Alderman of Cambridge, 17th cent. J
Mod, Germ. Bode, Bote, Both, Booth, Butte, Pott, Poth.
Danish Budde. French BoDO, Bodeau, Botti, Bothey,
Boudeau, Bouthey, Bouty, Bout, Butti, Butheau, Poteau,
Potey, Pothe, Puteau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Bodilo, Potilo, Pedal, Putilo, 7th cent.—Old
Norse Budli — Ang.-Sax. Pottel (found in Fottelestreow, Cod.
Jk^ . Dip. 441) — English Bodell, Bodley, Bodily, Boadella,
^„'" ; Bottle, Botly, Buddle, Boodle, Buttel, Pottle, Poodle
^ ./Y^/ — Modern German Buddel — French Boutel, Potel. Old
' ^ Germ. Poticho, Putico, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Puttoc — Eng.
PuDDicK, PuTTicK, BuDGE — Mod. Germ. Bodeck, Budich,
BuDKE, Budge — French Pot age 1 Old Germ. Bodekin, 11th
cent. — Eng. Bodkin — Fr. Bodichon. Old Germ. Bodolenus,
Butilin, Budelin, Bodalung, 6th cent. — English Butlin,
BuTLiNG, BuDLONG — Modern German Bohtlingk — French
BoTTELiN, Boutelon, Budillon. French Bodasse, Buttez,
PHONETIC ending.
Old Germ. Baudin, 6th cent. Ang.-Sax. Potten (found
in Pottenstreow, Cod. Dip. 1,283). Boden, Poll Batt. Abb.
English Boden, Botten, Budden, Button, Potten. Mod.
German Boden. French Bodin, Bottin, Budin, Buttin,
POTIN.
patronymics.
Old German Poting. Anglo-Saxon Buttingc (found in
Buttingc grdf Cod. Dip. 126, &c. Pudding, Lib. Vit. Eng.
Botting, Budding, Pudding. Mod. Germ. Boding, Butting.
French Boutung.
THE STATION IN LIFE. 455
COMPOUNDS.
(Cum, guest, stranger) Eng. Buddicombe, Puddicombe —
French? Buddicom. ( Fer, travel) Eng. Puddifer, Potipher,
BoETEFEUR* — French Potefer. (Foot, pedes) Eng. Pudde-
FOOT, Proudfoot ? (Gcr, spear) Old Germ. Baudachar, 7th
cent. — Eng. Bodicker, Bodger, Podger, Poticary 1 — Mod.
Germ. Bottger. (Hard) Old German Podard, 5th cent. —
French Bodard, Bodart, Boudard, Boutard, Potard.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Botthar, 7th cent. — Boterus,
Domesday — English Butter, Buttery, Potter, Pottier —
Modern German Buder, Butter, Putter — French Boder,
BODIER, BOUDIER, BOTTIER, BOUTIER, POTHIER, POTIER,
PoTERiE. (Gis, hostage) Old Germ. Boutgis, Boggis, Duke
of Aquitania, 6th cent. — English Boggis. (Man) English
BoDMAN, BuTiMAN, Beautyman, Pottman, Putman — Mod.
Germ. Bodemann, Pijttmann. {Mar, famous) Old German
Baudomir, 7th cent. — Eng. Bodmer, Bud3I0re, Buttemer,
PoDMORE — Modern German Bothmer, Bodemeyer — French
BoTTEMER. {Mund, protection) Old Germ. Baudemund, 7th
cent. — French Potemont. (Rad, counsel) Old German
Boderad, 9th cent. — French Poitrat. (New, young) Old
German Baudonivia, 7th cent. — English Pudney — French
PoTONi^. (Ric, power) Old German Butteiicus. Bauderich,
Poterich, 7th cent. — English Butterick, Buddrich — Mod.
German Bodrich — French Boutaric. (Rid, rit, ride) Old
German Bodirid, Buotrit, 7 th cent. — English Botwright,
Bo at WRIGHT? (Wald, power) Old German Baudowald —
French Boudault. (Run, companion) Old Germ. Baude-
runa, 7th cent. — French Boutron, Potron. {Wine, friend)
Old German Butwin, Sth cent. — English Potwine — French
BODEVIN, BOUDEVIN, PODEVIN, POTEVIN, POTVIN.
uncertain NAMES. i-^CNn.v 0\^
English Buttress, Pewtress. French Boutrais.
There is a stem ras, for which Forstemann suggests Old
Norse rasa, to run, Eng. " race." This, though not found
as the termination of any ancient names, seems likely to
obtain in the above. And an Old German Hraspod, 9th
* Also BoCTFLowBR and Butterfly as corruptions?
Envoy.
456 THE STATION IN LIFE.
cent., may be the converse. Possibly Huntress (Folks of
Shields) may be from the same ending, with hundy dog, or
hunta, hunter.
Of a similar meaning may be the root sind,
sint, which Forstemann refers to Old High Germ.
sind, way, observing that the sense may rather
be that of the derivative gisindi, comitatus,
satelHtes. This stem is apt to mix up with Old
High Germ, swind, Ang.-Sax. sivith, vehement,
but I think that it is too strongly defined to be
entirely merged.
SIMPLE FORMS.
^°*^^^^^ 01^ German Sindo, Senda, 8th cent. Sindi, Domesday.
Eng. Sent. Mod. Germ. Sint. French Cent.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Sindico, 8th cent. — French Syndic. Old
Germ. Sindila, 6th cent. — Eng. Send all. Old Germ. Sinzo,
11th cent. — Mod. Germ. Sinz — French Sins.
PHONETIC ending.
Old Germ. Sinduni, 8th cent. Eng. Sinden, Sinton.
compounds.
(Bert, bright) Old Germ. Sindbert, Simpert, 8th cent. —
Eng. Simberd. {Hard) Old German Sindard, 7th cent —
French Sintard. {Berg, protection) Old Germ. Sindeberga,
7th cent. — French Sentubery. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ.
Sinthar, Sintar, 7th cent. — Eng. Sindrey, Sinder, Centre—
French Cendre. {Rat, counsel) Old German Sindarat, 7th
cent. — French Cintrat.
From the Old High German scale, servant,
seem to be the following. This stem was most
common among the Alamanni and Bavarians, less
so among the Franks and Saxons.
simple forms.
Servant. Old German Scalco, Scalh, 8th cent. English Shawkey,
Shallow, Sh alley. Modern German Schalk, Schelck.
French ? Schall.
Shalk.
THE STATION IN LIFE. 457
COMPOUNDS.
{Mail) Old Germ. Scalcoman— Eng. Shawman 1
And from the Old High Germ, scultay servant,
may be.
SIMPLE FORMS
Old German Sculd, 9th cent. English Shoult, Sholto.
Mod. Germ. Schuldt.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hariy warrior) Eng. Shoulder 1 — French 1 Scholder 1
Another stem of the same meaning, more
common as a termination, is Goth, thius, Anglo-
Saxon iJieow, Old High Germ, dio, whence may
be the following.
SIMPLE FORMS. j) rj.^
Old Germ. Die, 9 th cent. Eng. Dey, Dye, Tyas, Thew. serirant.
Mod. Germ. Thie. French Diey, Die, Dhios.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Diack. French Diache, Thiac.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Diard. {Hari, warrior) English Dyer,
Thyer. {Loh, grove) Old German Thioloh, 9th cent. — Eng.
Dialogue. (Mad, met, reverence) Old Germ. Deomad, 9th
cent. — English Demaid — French Demait, Dhomet. {Man)
Old Germ. Dioman — Eng. Demon — Mod. Germ. Diemann
— French Demanxe. {Nand, daring) French Dianand.
(Mund, protection) Old Germ. Thiomunt, 9th cent. — Eng.
Diamond — French Demante.
From the Old High German gisal* hostage,
are probably the following, though the Old Norse
gisli, dart, may intermix. I do not feel sure,
however, that the sense of the Mod. Germ, gesell,
companion, is not the prevailing one. In modern
* In Anglo-Saxon names it frequently appears in the form gils, and hence I
take to be the christian name Giles, most oddly, according to my view, derived
from -lEgidius, respecting which Miss Yonge seems to be the first to hint a doubt.
Pott's alternative suggestion of the Latin Julius is not much better.
F 3
458 THE STATION IN LIFE.
names it is generally contracted into gil^ as we
find also to have been sometimes the case in
ancient names.
Gisil G-U SIMPLE FOEMS.
Hosta e? ^^^ Germ. Gisal, Kisal, 7th cent., Gillo, Gilla, 10th cent.
Eng. KissELL, Chisel, Gill, Gilley, Gillow, Kill, Killey.
Mod. Germ. Geisel, Kiesel, Gill, Kille. French Gesel,
GiLLE, GiLLY.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Gislin, 7th cent. — French Ghislain, Geslin.
Eng. GiLLOCH, KiLLiCK. French Gilquin.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Gillin, 9th cent. Eng. Gillen. Mod. Germ.
KiLLiN. French Gilan.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Gisolung, 9th cent. Anglo-Saxon Gyseling,
(Jound in GyselingJiam, now GislinghaTUy Suffolk.) Eng.
GiLLiNG. Mod. Germ. Kissling.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bald, bold) Old German Gisalbald, 8th cent. — French
GiLBAULT. [Bert, bright) Old German Gisalbert, 7th cent.,
Gilbert, 8th cent. — English Gilbert — Mod. German Gissel-
BRECHT, Gilbert — French Gilbert. {Bod, envoy) English
GiLBODY. (Brand, sword) Old Germ. Gislebrand, 8th cent. —
Eng. GiLLiBRAND. {Fred, peace) Old German Gisalfrid, 9th
cent. — Eng. Gilford, Gilfred {christian name). {Hard)
Old Germ. Giselhard, 8th cent. — Eng. Gillard — French
GiLLARD — Italian Gilardi. {Hari, warrior) Old German
Gisilhar, Kisalheri, 8th cent.— Eng. Giller, Killer — Mod.
German Gessler, Kessler — French Gieseler, Gillier.
{Had, war) Old German Gislehad, Kisalot, 9 th cent. —
English Chislett, Gillett — French Ghillet. {Helm) Old
German Gisalhelm, 8th cent. — English Gillihom, Gilliam.
{Ran, raven) Old Germ. Gislaran, 8th cent. — Fr. Gilleron.
(Man) Old German Gisleman, 9th cent. — English Gillman,
KiLLMAN. {MaVi famous) Gisalmar, 7th cent., Gilmar, 8th
cent. — English Gilmore — Mod. German Killmer — French
Gilmer.
THE STATION IN LIFE. 459
Then there is a stem giSy which Forstemann
takes to be the simple form of the above word
gisal. Besides the High German form his, there
is also a Lombard form cliis.
SIMPLE FORMS. ^. .,.
^ , _. , Gis, Kis.
Old German Giso, Gizo, Kiso, Cisso, 7tli cent. Perhaps ji^gtage?
Geeso, 6tli cent. Anglo-Saxon Cissa, King of the South
Saxons, 6th cent. Chese, Hund. Rolls. Eng. Kiss, Cheese?
Mod. Germ. Geiss, Giese, Kiss, Tsjisse (Friesic). French
Ghys, Gies^, Guizot ? Chesse ? Chieze ?
diminutives.
Gesecg, genealogy of the kings of the East Saxons — Eng.
Kissick. — Mod. Germ. Gisecke. Old German Gisoma, 9th
cent. — EDg. Jessmay.
PHONETIC ending.
English Chessen, Chesney. French Gissien, Chesney,
Chesneau.
patronymics.
Old German Gising. English Gissing. Mod. German
GlESlNG.
COMPOUNDS.
Old German Gisbert, 8th cent. — Mod. Germ. Gisbrecht
— French Gesbert, Gisbert. {Helm) French Gessiaulme,
Gessiomme — Eng. Chisholm? (Man) Old Germ. Guesmau?
8th cent. — English Chisman, Chesman, Cheeseman ? — Mod
Germ. Giesemaxn.
Names derived from trade were naturally of
rare occurrence in ancient times. There is an Old
German Coufman, 9th cent., which may be from
Old High German koufman. Modern German
kaufma/ui, meixhant. I do not think, however,
(see p. 248) that this is altogether certain, though
it is in its favour that the corresponding Anglo-
Saxon cedpman and copeman are also represented
by Enghsh Chapman and Copeman, the latter
corresponding with a Copaman in the Liber Vitce.
460 THE STATION IN LIFE.
In the name of a grave (Ceapan hldwj, we
find an Ang.-Sax. Ceapa, which seems to be fi:"om
cedpa, a merchant, and with which corresponds
Eng. Cheape.
Names derived from handicraft, as a general
rule, are of more recent origin, and have been
well explained by Mr. Lower, to whose work the
reader may be referred for further information
respecting them. At the same time I hold to
the opinion that a great number of the names
apparently so derived are nothing more than acci-
dental coincidences. Such are many ending in er,
such as Angler, Carter, Collier, Clothier,
Harper, Mariner, Marker, Ringer, Slater,
Stoker, Tasker, Turner, Walker, &c., most
of which are referred to elsewhere. Nevertheless,
I will not dispute that in some cases two different
origins may obtain for the same name. Thus
it is very probable that the common name of
Walker is sometimes from Ang.-Sax. ivealcere,
a fuller.
So also I take it that many of the names end-
ing in luright, as Arkwright, Allwright, Boat-
WRiGHT, Cartwright, Cheesewright, Good-
WRIGHT, Hartwright, Sievewright, Wain-
WRiGHT, WooLWRiGHT, are compounds either of
rat, counsel, or of rit, ride, both common as
ancient terminations. In some of these cases
again two different origins may obtain, but we
must be guided very much by the probabiUties
of the case. Thus Boatwright, Cartwright,
's
THE STATION IN LIFE. 461
and Wainwright would be natural enough as
names derived from trade. But the term
" Wright" would I think hardly be properly
appHed to makers of cheeses, or manufacturers
of wool. Again, Ark weight has been explained
as a maker of meal chests. But it would not be
reasonable to suppose that a division of labour
such as does not even obtain at present, prevailed
in the more primitive days of old, so that any one
man was exclusively employed in making chests.
So also many of the names ending in man, as
Aleman, Bellman, Cloutman, Coleman, Gin-
man, Hartman, Henman, Honeyman, Potman,
Saleman, &c., I do not conceive to be derived
from trade or occupation.
The commonness of the name of Smith is to
be accounted for by the fact that anciently the
term was not confined to iron work, but was
applied to everything which required " smiting."
Thus the poet was a " verse-smith," though he
had only to " cudgel his brains." Though no
doubt generally a surname, it may be in some
few cases baptismal. There was an Old German
Smido, 9th cent., and we have the names Smithy
and Smytha — here we seem to have the three
endings a, z, and o, the characteristics of bap-
tismal names. Perhaps Eng. Smither, Smiter,
French Smyttj^re, Mod. Germ. Schmieder, may
be a compound, hari, warrior. The names of
Germany shew some further signs of connection
with an ancient name-stem in the diminutives
462 THE STATION IN LIFE.
SCHMIEDECKE, SCHMIEDEL, and SCHMIDLIN, and
in the apparently patronymic form Schmedding.
In the case of these names the meaning may
simply be that of smiting, and most probably in
a warlike sense.
Our name Brownsmith* is, I take it, the
opposite to blacksmith, and signifies the smith
who did the bright or burnished work. Sheab-
SMITH might have the same meaning, from Ang.-
Saxon scir, bright, but is more probably the
same as the German Schaarschmidt (Anglo-
Saxon seer, plough-share). Scottsmith I have
referred to at p. 817 as similar to Arrowsmith.
Grossmith I should be inclined to explain as the
opposite to the German Tdeinschmidt, " small
smith,'' i.e., maker of locks, &c. Our Wildsmith
seems to be the same as the German Wald-
SCHMIDT, which appears to be from wold, forest.
For other Smiths, English and German, see Lower
and Pott.
As Alderman, p. 338, is most probably to
be explained in its ancient and higher sense, so
also Constable, if we refer it to an office at all,
must be looked upon (see Lower) in a similar
light. But, as I have elsewhere shewn, it may
also be derived from a name of christian import
not uncommon among the early Frankish converts.
* So also Brownsword, p. 399. But what the meaning of Greensmith is,
also of Greensword and of Gruneisen (green iron), the latter name, I take it, of
German origin, I do not know. Dr. Doran ("Names and Nicknames" in the
Universal Review) mentions an Irish chieftain called Eochod "of the sharp grean
aword. "
THE STATION IN LIFE. 463
Bishop is a name about the origin of which
there is some difficulty. We first find it in the
name of a heathen (Biscop) in the genealogy of
the kings of the Lindisfari, and I have suggested
a possible explanation at p. 182. It occurs more
commonly among the Anglo-Saxons in christian
times, and oddly enough, all the men so called in
the Liber Vitce are ecclesiastics. Possibly, for a
young man intended for the church, it might be
thought to be rather an auspicious name. It is
possible then that Bishop may have been a
heathen name, continued in christian times, but
doubtless in a changed sense.
CHAPTER XXV.
ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS.
Something akin to the above sentiment lies
at the root of a number of our names. Grass
itself (Old High Germ, gras, eras, Ang.-Sax. grces,
by transposition gcers,) is adduced by Forstemann
as the root of several ancient names. He sug-
gests however as probable a lost verb grasan,
virere, crescere.
Grass, Gars. SIMPLE FORMS.
Gramen. Qld German Garsia, 8th cent. English Grass, Grassie.
Mod. German Graesse. French Grass, Grassi, Grasso,
Garce, Garceau, Garcia.
diminutives.
Eng. Grassick. French Grassal.
COMPOUNDS.
(Etj p. 189) English Grasset — French Grasset. (Hard)
French Grassart. (Man) English Graseman — Mod. Germ.
Grassmann.
Of a similar meaning I take to be the stem
green, which, though in most English names it is
probably local, is undoubtedly in some cases
baptismal. The various forms of the annexed
are found in Old High Germ, gruon, Ang.-Saxon
groen, grSn, Eng. " green." The German kron,
English " crown," might intermix, though this
does not seem to be the case as far as the ancient
names are concerned.
ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS. 465
SIMPLE FORMS. Grone,
Old German Grun, Gruna, Ci-uan, Chrona, fdaicghter of Green.
the Burgundian king Chilperich^ 5th cent. J Greno, Domesdai/.
English Gronow, Green, Greeny, Crean, Croney, Crown 1
Mod. German Grohn, Grun, Gritn, Kron. French Grune,
Greinn, Cron, Croneau.
diminutives.
Eng. Grenell — French Grunelle. Grensy, Moll Batt.
Abb. — Eng. Greenish, Greenhouse — French Grenuz.
PATRONYMICS.
Grenesune (Domesday). — English Greenson. English
Greening, Gruning — Mod. Germ. Groning, Gruning.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) Old Germ. Cronhai-t, Cruanhart, 9th cent. — Mod*
German Grohnert, Grunert, Grunert — French Grenard.
(Hari, waiTior) English Greener, Gruner — Mod. German
Gruner, Groner, Kroner — French Gronier, Cronier,
Grenier, Crenier (Man) Eng. Greenman.
From the Old High German hloma. Modern
German hlume, flower, Forstemann derives the
following stem ; though we may perhaps take
the wider sense of blooming or flourishing.
SIMPLE FORMS. Bl^^^^
Old German Pluoma. English Bloom, Bloomy, Plume, piume.
Plum. Mod. German Blume, Blum. Mod. Danish Blom. Flower.
French Blome, Blum.
DIMINUTIVES.
Eng. Blomeley, Plumley — Mod. Germ. BLiJMEL.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) Mod. Germ. Blumhardt — Dutch Blommaert —
French Blomard, Plumartin (Dimin. ?) (Hari, warrior)
English Bloomer, Plumer, Plomer — Mod. Germ. Blumer — ■
French Plumier, Plumeray. (Ric, power) English Plum-
BIDOE % PlUMBRIDGE ?
From the Ang.-Sax. blosm, blossom or flower,
is our name Blossom. The root-meaning, as re-
G 3
466 ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS.
marked by Mr. Wedgwood, is to shine, to glow,
as shewn in Old Norse blossa, to flame, &c. Hence
Eng. Bloss and Blossett.
The Latin flos, fioris, French jleur, appears,
like some other Romanic words, to have been
adopted to a certain extent into the Teutonic
name-system, particularly among the Franks.
Whether our name Flowerday may be referred
to such origin and derived from the common
ending dag, day, brightness, beauty, I should not
like to assume in the absence of any correspond-
ing ancient name.
Grimm, in his Frauennamen aus hlumen, read
before the Academy at Berlin, discourses with
his usual fulness of learning on the names derived
from flowers and plants among various nations.
The Hebrews, whose national career gave a cast
of sternness and gloom to their sentiment, exhibit
only two — Tamar, signifying a palm-tree, and
Susannah, signifying a lily. The hieroglyphics
of ancient Egypt reveal to us three — the lotus
as a man's name, the ivy and the palm as names
of women. The nomenclature of the Romans
was somewhat wanting in names of this class,
while tha.t of the fanciful and elegant-minded
Greeks was richer than any other.
The ancient German tribes, full of rude and
fierce energy, despised the gentle associations of
trees and flowers. If they thought of the lime-
tree or the ash, it was not of their beauty or their
pleasant shade, but of the spear and the shield
ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS. 467
which their wood was good to make. Their idea
of woman was not as the angel to smooth the
stem side of hfe, but as the ministering spirit of
the war-god to incite the warrior on his course.
Hence the objects of comparison which seem to
us so natural — the ivy and the clematis as the
emblems of endearmg dependance — the violet
" half hidden to the eye" as the emblem of modest
sweetness — had no place in their imaginations.
And as a general rule, the names of women were
as fierce and ungentle as those of men.
But with the Minnesingers of the middle ages
a softer feeling arose, and names derived from
flowers began to be in use. It is probably from
this period that names such as the following,
more common in German than in English, date
their origin. Eng. Roseblade, German Rosen-
blatt and EosEisBLUT (rose-leaf)— Eng. Rosin-
bloom (rose-flower) — Germ. Rosengarten (rose-
garden), Rosen HAGEN (rose-hedge), Rosenzweig
(rose-branch), Rosenstiel, Rosenstock, Rosen -
STENGEL (rose-stem), Rosen kranz (rose-crown),
Rosenweber (weaver of roses, i. 6., into garlands).
Perhaps also such as English Rosethorn, Ros-
TERNE ; English Hawthorn, Hagdorn, Germ.
Hagedorn ; Eng. Prjmerose, EngHsh Sweet-
apple, German Gulden apfel, &c. But such as
the EngHsh Peppercorn, Mod. Germ. Pfeffer-
KORN, and German Haberkorn, KlOvekorn,
&c., must be from some different origin, perhaps
feudal tenure or custom.
468 ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS.
From the Romanic tongues, probably about
the period of the middle ages, come such names
as French Hyacinthe ; Eng. Yiolett, Modern
Germ. Violet, French Violete ; Eng. Blanch-
flower, &c. A pretty poem of the middle ages
celebrates the loves of two children called Rose
and Blanchefleur, who, dying, were buried in one
grave, from which sprung the mingled lily and
sweet-briar.
There are, however, a few names of the earlier
period which seem to be derived from trees or
plants. In some cases, as that of the ash and the
lime-tree, a particular reason may obtain, apart
from any sylvan associations. In other cases it
is not so easy to see the reason why. Thus the
Old Norse name Humbl, whence probably Eng-
Humble,'" and perhaps French Hummel, seems
to be from humall, the hop-plant, though as to
the reason for its adoption we are quite in the
dark. It is not difficult to account for such a
name as Thorne, which seems to be ancient. As
an Anglo-Saxon name it occurs in the name of a
place — Thorninga byra, " the hillock of the Thorn-
ings,'' i. e., descendants of Thorn. As a Scan-
dinavian name Thorny occurs in Saxo.t The
sense might be that of spear, as in many other
names of the same class already referred to.
Thystell, which occurs as the surname of a
* Might, however, also be from Hunibald, Humbald, p. 314.
t The female name Thorny in the Landnamabok is not, as I before thought,
from thorn, but more probably a compound of Thor and ny, young, which aa a ter-
mination seems exclusively feminine.
ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS. 469
Northman in the Landnamabok, may probably
be explained on something of the same principle
as that of the Scotch motto " Noli me tanerere."
Thistle is an English name, though not common.
To the other words signifymg shoot or branch
— in most cases probably in the sense of spear —
may be added the root stqff, stuf, stub, from Old
Norse stufr, stuhhr, Anglo-Saxon styh, branch or
shoot. We have the word stove in this sense in
Cumberland ; Leicestershire has stovin. Fdrste-
mann has no trace of this stem.
SIMPLE FORMS. Stof, Stuf,
Ang.-Sax. Stuf, nephew of Cerdic. Old Norse Stufr, a s*^^-
poet in the Laxdsela-saga. English Stubbe, Stobie, Stobo, ^^^^ '
Stop, Stiff. Mod. German Stoff, Stuve. French Stouf,
Stoffe, Stuve, Stuppy.
diminutives.
Eng. Stovel, Stoffell, Stiffel. Mod. Germ. Stiebel.
French Stoffell, Stival.
patkonymics.
Ang.-Sax. Stopping, (found in Stoppingas, Cod. Dip. 83. J
Eng. Stubbing, Stebbing.
COMPOUNDS.
{Ha/rd) Eng. Stobart, Stubbert, Stupart, Stibbard —
French Stevart. (Hari, warrior) English Stuber, Stubber
Stopher, Stover — Mod. Germ. Stuber — French Stopfer.
extended F0RM= ANG.-SAX. STOVN, LEICEST. STOVIN.
English Stovin, Stiffin. French Stobin, Steuben,
Steffen.
Another word having the meaning of shoot Quigt.
or branch — and in this case probably in nothing 2J*anch.
more than its simple sense — is quist, which
Professor Leo, in a communication to Notes and
Queries, refers to Swed. quist, branch. The Old
470 ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS.
Norse quistr, and the Dutch quast have also the
same sense ; the Mod. German quaste means tuft
or tassel. Hence English Hasselquist, Lind-
QUIST, and Zetterquist, signifying respectively
" hazel-branch," " lime-branch," and " aspen-
branch." It seems probable that these names do
not date beyond the middle ages.
Then there are some other names which seem,
to say the least, doubtful. As for instance the
Old German Balsimia — English Balsam, French
Balsem(ine) — which Grimm takes to be from
tlie balsam-plant. But Forstemaim, in his work
published subsequently, places in apposition the
names Baldisma and Baltisma, and it seems pro-
bable that the whole are only diminutives from
the root bald, fortis.
Another doubtful name is Lily. There is an
Old German Liula, 8th cent., and a later Liela,
which Grimm takes to be from the vitis alba or
clematis. Then there is also an Ang.-Sax. Lilla,
but while the Old German names are those of
women, the Anglo-Saxon is that of a man. The
question then is in the first place whether these
various names are the same ; and in the second
place whether in any case the above is the right
meaning. Or might the Ang.-Sax. lilie, English
" lily," obtain in any of these names ?
j^jjj SIMPLE FORMS.
Lily ? Old German Liula, Liela, 8tli cent. Anglo-Saxon Lilla.
Eng. LiLL, LiLLO, Lily, Lely. French Lillo, Lelly, Lely.
COMPOUNDS.
English Lillyman, Lilliman.
ALL FLIiSH IS AS GRASS. 471
The English Olive, Oliff, and the French
Olive, Oliva, Oliffe, might be from the olive
tree. The names Oliva and Olefia occur in the
" Polytyque de I'Abbe Irminon" in the 8th cent.
But the Scandinavian name Olaf, borne by several
kings of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, and
with which correspond Old German names Olaf,
Olef, and Olof, 8th cent., might intermix. The
word also appears in some German compounds,
as Olevildis, 9th cent., {liildy war). To these
might be put the Olifard in the Roll Batt. Abh.
and in the Liber Vitce, present French Olivert.
It is hard to say whether all or any of these
latter names are from the olive.
Doubtful also are EngHsh Oake, Oakey,
AiKiN, Airman. There are Old German names
Aiko, Oiko, Occo, Eckan, and Eckeman, for which
Graff and Forstemann propose aki, discipKna,
ekka, edge, &c., see p. 209. Nevertheless, the oak,
as the emblem of stabiHty and strength, would
be very natural for men's names, and it does not
seem to me at all certain that the above are not
so derived.
I do not think that Maple is from the tree ;
neither does the derivation from ma belle seem a
sufficient one. The names Mabilia and Mabic in
the Lib. Vit. appear to be diminutives, and the
stem-name is also found there as Map. Hence
English Mabb, Mabbutt, &c., and the French
Mabillon, another diminutive. As to the etymo-
logy, I can give no opinion. If the name Mabilia
472 ALL FLESH IS AS GRASS.
may be dissevered from the others, I should be
inclined to refer it to the Latin amabilis.
Our name Rowntree (the mountain ash) is
probably derived from some of the superstitions
connected with that tree. Rointru is also
a French name, derived, it may be, from some
of the many Scotch settlers who have left
traces of their nationality in the names of that
country. Whether our Rowen is from the same
origin or from a Saxon Rodwin, (whence in the
female form Rowena), may be uncertain. Miss
Yonge is surely in error in saying that there is
" nothing Teutonic" about Rowena : it would be
derived from Rodwina as naturally as Robert
and Roland from Rodbert and Rodland. The
female form Rodwina does not, however, occur in
the Altdeutsches Namenhuch, though the man's
name Rodwin is common.
Ivy, Mr. Lower thinks, may be derived from
the old hohday games, in which Ivy was a female
character. Ivymey, which may be "ivy-maiden,"
may perhaps be from this source, as also Ivyleaf.
But Ivy itself, along with IvE and Ife, and a
Mod. Germ. IvE, seems to be from an Old Germ.
Ivo, Ang.-Sax. Iffi, the probable etymon of which
if it be not from the root ah, p. 60, is Old Norse
yfa, to rage. Indeed, Ivymey itself may be taken
to be a diminutive form from this stem, corres-
ponding with an Old Germ. Ivamus, 11th cent.
Our name Jessamine seems to be a corrup-
tion of another name, Jessiman, which again may
THE STATION IN LIFE. 473
be the same as an Old Germ. Gezzeman, the root
of which is doubtful. Our name Nutt I take to
be the same as Knut, which we incorrectly make
a dissyllable in Canute. So Almond, Filbert,
Medlar, Poppy^ Garlick, &c., I take to be
ancient names. I even doubt the old song which
says
*' Johnny Figg was a grocer, white and red,"
so far as it may be adduced for the explanation
of our name, which I refer, as at p. 249, to an
ancient stem.
H3
CHAPTER XXVI.
THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF.
Though the gentle associations of trees and
flowers seem to have been but little in favour
among our fierce ancestors, yet there is another
class of names derived from metals, which, as
more in accordance with the character of their
ideas, hold a larger place in their nomenclature
Among these iron, as tlie symbol of hardness and
strength, was naturally the most common, and
probably the most ancient. There are three
forms, 1st, the Gothic eisarn, Old High German
isarn, Anglo-Saxon isern. This is the original
form from which are derived respectively the
later forms isan and iren in Old High German
and Anglo-Saxon. The first in some names might
also be the adjective, Old High German isern.
Mod. Germ, eisern, ferrous. So in the Chron. of
Limhurck there is a Heinrich der Isern, Henry
the Iron.
, T SIMPLE FORMS.
Ison. Isarn.
Iron. Old German Isinus, 8th cent., Isarn, 10th cent., Isarna,
one of the Anses in Jornandes. English IsoN, Izon, Iron,
Isern. Mod. Germ. Eisen. French Eysen.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, bright) Old German Isanbert, Isambert, 8th cent.
Mod. German Isanbart — French Izambert. (Burg, pro-
tection) Old German Isanburg, Irinbric, 8th cent. — English
Ironbridge — Mod. Germ. Isenberg. {Hard) Old German
Isanhard, Isnard, 8th cent. — English Isnard — Mod. German
THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF. 475
EiSENHARDT — French Isnard. (Man) Old Germ. Isanman,
9th cent. — English Ironman. {Wold, power) Old German
Isinolt, 9th cent. — French Esnault. {Ulf, wolf) French
ESNOUF. *
SURNAME.
Ironside was the surname both of our own Edmund and
also of Bjorn, king of Sweden. Ironside is a present English
name.
Then there is another form is, which if we take
it to be, on the principle which I have assumed
throughout this work, the older form of isarn
and ison, must represent the Sansc. ay as, Gothic
aiz, which at first probably meant copper, but
on the discovery of iron was transferred to that
metal, t But in a few names, as Isborn, p. 326,
is, glacies, may probably intermix.
SIMPLE FORMS. Ise
Old Germ. Iso, Isi, 8th cent. Eng. Eyes, Ice. ^""^"^
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Islo, Isula, 8th cent. — English Icely — Mod.
Germ, Eisele — French Eisele. Eng. Iselin — Mod. Germ,
EiSELN — French Iselin, Yslin.
COMPOUNDS.
{Bert, bright) Old German Isabert, Isbert, 7th cent. —
French Isbert. (Burg, protection) Old German Hisburg —
Eng. Isburg. (Hard) English Isard, Izard — Mod. Germ.
IsERT — French Izard, Yzard. (Hari, warrior) Old Germ.
Isheri, Iser, 8th cent. — Eng. ? Heiser — Mod. Germ. Eiser —
French Isar. (Man) Old German Isman — Ang.-Sax. Hyse-
man (found in Eysemannes thorn, Cod. Dip. 714)— English
Heasman 1 — Mod. Germ. Eisemann. {Mar, famous) Old
Germ. Ismar, 9th cent. — Eng. Ismer. {Odd, dart) Old Norse
Isodd — Eng. Izod. {Ward, guardian) Old German Isevard,
Isoard, 10th cent. — French Isoard.
* Fbrstemann has only the form Isulf. The form Isernuulf occurs in the
Liber Vitae.
t Max MtUler, Lectures on the Science of Language. Second series.
476 THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF.
From the Old High German stahal, Modern
German stahl, Ang.-Sax. styl, EngHsh " steel," are
the following.
„, , „, , SIMPLE FORMS.
Stal, Steel.
chaiybs ^^^ German Stahal, Stal, Sth cent. Old Norse Stall,
(surname). English Steel, Steal, Staley. Mod. German
Stahl. French Stal.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) Old Germ. Stahelhart, Stallard, Sth cent. — Eng.
Stallard. (Man) Eng. Steelman, Stalman — Mod. Germ.
Stahlmann.
phonetic ending.
English Stealin, Stalon, Stallion. Modern German
Stahelin. French Stalin.
DOUBTFUL NAMES.
English Steelfox, Stelfox. Most probably a corruption
of Steelfax, from the colour of the hair. The traces of Fox
as an ancient name-stem are not such as to warrant us in
thinking of a compound like the Old Germ. Stahalolf (steel
wolf).
Brass and Copper seem both somewhat
doubtful. The former, as at p. 443, might be
referred to Old Norse brass, salax ; the latter
might be a corruption of Cowper, (Old Norse
kaupari, North. English " couper," dealer) ; or a
compound from the stem cop, p. 248. The cor-
respondence of a Mod. Germ. Kupfer is however
so far in favour of the metal.
As iron and steel seem to have been synonyms
of hardiness and strength, so gold may probably
have been a synonym of affection. Thus in an
Old Friesic song quoted by Halbertsma, a lover
addresses his mistress as " goune Swobke,"
" golden Swobke." Thus babies are said to be
1
THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF. 477
" as good as gold." A similar expression occurs
ill a Modern Greek lullaby (Fauriel, " Chants
populaires de la Grece Moderne"), where a child
is addressed as " a golden little boy." There was
an Alfgar, or Wulfgar, bishop of Lichfield, sur-
named se gyldena, " the golden" — perhaps, Mr.
Kemble suggests, from his munificence, or as I
think equally probable, from his goodness. Old
High German forms of gold, as found in the
annexed, are golt, hold, kolt.
SIMPLE FORMS. ^^^^
Ang.-Sax. Golde {woman's name). Eng. Gold, Goldie, Aurum.
Gould, Goult, Goulty, Cold, Colt. French Gault.
PHONETIC ending.
Old German Coldin, 9th cent. English Golden (or an
adjective ?)
PATRONYMICS.
English Golding, Goldingay.
COMPOUNDS.
{Birin, pirin, bear) Old German Goldpirin, 9th cent. —
English GoLDBOURN. (Ber, bear) French Goldber. (Hard)
English CoLTHARD. (Hari, warrior) English Golder,
Colter — French Gaultier. (Man) Eng. Goldman, Cold-
man, CoLTMAN — Mod. Germ. Goldmann. (iV^ey, young) Old
German Golni 1 10th cent. — Eng. Goldney. (Bed, counsel)
Old German Goltered, 10th cent. — Eng. Coulthred. fBic
power) Old Germ. Goldericus, 9th cent. — English Goldrick
GoLDRiDGE, CoLDRiCK. (BuTi, companion) Old German
Goldrun, Coldrun, 10th cent. — Coldrun, Lib. Fi^.— English
Calderon — French Caudron — Span. Calderon. {Wine,
friend) English Goldwin.
To the same stem Forstemann places the
following, suggesting, however, the Old High
German geltan, reddere, valere. Whether of the
two is the root-meaning is difficult to decide, but
it is not improbable that there may be a mixture.
478 THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF.
GUd. SIMPLE FOEMS.
Old German Gildo, Comes Africa^ Sth cent. — Gildia, a
Gothj 6tli cent. — Geldis, 9th cent. Ulf Gilt, Domesday.
Englisli Guild, Gilt, Kilda^, Kilt, Kilto, Kilty. Span.
Gildo.*
patronymics.
Old German Gelding, Giltiug, 8th cent. Eng. Gilding,
Gelding, Kelting.
compounds.
{Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Gildard, Ghelthard, 6th cent. —
Eng. GiLDERT, Geldert. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Gelther
— English Gilder, KiLDERRY.t {Man) Mod. Germ. Gilte*
MANN. {Ulf, wolf) Old Germ. Geldulf, Keltolf, 7th cent. —
Eng. KiLDUFF.t {Wig, war) Old German Geltwi — English
GiLDAWIE.
From the Old Norse form gull, gold, may
perhaps be the following. The Old Norse gull,
gold, is sometimes prefixed to Scandinavian
names, as in Gull-Thorir, Gull-Haraldr, " Gold-
Thorir," " Gold-Harold." I thought before, that—
Ivar being a Scandinavian name — our Gulliver
might be Gull-Ivar, " Gold Ivar," a name like
these. But as the name does not stand alone in
that form, I now think the above scarcely pro-
bable.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Gul
^ ,J Enff. Gull, Gully, Cull, Culley. Mod. Germ. GiJLL.
Gold. o ^ ' ^
French Goulay.
DIMINUTIVES.
English GuLLiCK. Mod. Germ. Gulich.
PHONETIC ENDING.
English GuLLEN, Cullen.
* The Spaniards have also Hermenegildo, from the Old German name
Herminigild, found in the 6th cent, in the name of a son of the West-Gothic king
Leuvigild, of a bishop of Oviedo in the 9th cent., a Spanish abbot in the 10th.
The prefix is Armin or Ermin, p. 146.
t KiLDERRY and Kilduff are Boston surnames, and seem to be EngliHh.
They may come in here, though they have rather a Celtic sound,
THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF. 479
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, bright) English Gulbert. {Et, p. 189) English
Gullet — French Goulette. {Fred, peace) Gulfered, Gulfer,
Domesday — Eng. Gulliford, Gulliver.
We do not find any trace of silver in ancient
names. There is an Old Germ. Selphar 8tli cent.,
and an Old Norse Solvar, but perhaps these,
along with English Silver, Mod. Germ. Silber,
may be placed to the stem salv, self, p. 346.
Another derivation may however be traced in the
Silebuhr in the Liher Vitce, which points to a
stem sil, referred to, but not explained by Forste-
mann. At the same time, the present German
names Silberard, Silberman, &c., rather seem
to point to an ancient name-stem.
From the Old High German stain. Old Norse
steinn, Ang.-Sax. 5^a?z, Dutch 5^66n, Eng. "stone,"
in the sense of hardness and firmness, are the fol-
lowing. The stem is more common in Old Norse
names than in Old German.
semple forms. c.*
Stane.
Old Germ. Steina, 10th cent. Old Norse Steinn, Steini. stone.
English Stain, Steen, Stoxe, Stony, Stonah, Stannah —
French Stein.
diminutives.
English Steneck — Mod. German Steinecke. English
Stkxnell, Stonel.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Steining, 10th cent. Eng. Stenning.
compounds.
(JBiorn, bear) Old Norse Steinbiorn — English Stainburn.
{Burg, protection) Old German Stemburga, for Steinburga —
English Steamburg, Stembridge, Stonebridgk {Ger, spear)
Old Germ. Staniger, 9th cent. — French Stein acher. {Hard)
Old German Stainhard, Stanard, 8th cent. — Stannard,
HaU.
Stone ?
480 THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF.
Domesday — Eng. Stannard, Stonard, Stoneheart — Mod.
Germ. Steinhart. {Hari, warrior) Old Germ. Steinlier, 8th
cent. — Old JS'orse Steinliar — Eng. Stainer, Stoner, Stonier
— Mod. Germ Steiner. {Man) Eng. Stoneman — Mod. Germ.
Steinmann. (Waldj power) Old Germ. Stainold, 8th cent.
— English Stonhold.
Miss Yonge, who considers the names derived
from iron, steel, stone, &;c., as weapon names, takes
in also the following Old Norse names as derived
from hallvy stone. But the Old Norse hair, vir
liber et liberalis, may perhaps intermix.
simple forms.
Old Germ. Halo, 8th cent. Old Norse Hallr. English
Hall, Halley. Mod. Germ. Hahl, Hall. French Hall^
Halley.
compounds.
{Burg J protection) Old Norse Hallbiorg — English Hall-
bower — French Hallberg. {Grim, fierce) Old Norse Hall-
grimr — Eng. Hallgreen — French Hallegrain. {Steinn,
stone) Old Norse Hallsteinn — Eng. Hailstone.
From the Old High Germ, proz, gemma, may-
be the following.
Proz. simple FORMS.
Gemma. Qld Germ. Brozo, 9th cent. Eng. Bros. Mod. German
Brose. French Brosse.
diminutives.
Old German Prozila, 9th cent. — Mod. German Brosel —
French Brossel.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Brossard. (Ha/ri, warrior) English
Prosser — French Brossier.
Wood can hardly be included among names
of this class. If the meaning be not, as I have
previously suggested, in some cases that of spear,
the sense of sylva is more suitable than that of
lignum.
THE STUFF A MAN IS MADE OF. 481
In what sense Cork, which appears in several
English names, as Corking, Corkling, Corker,
CoRKERY, CoRKMAN, &c., all seemingly in Teu-
tonic forms, is to be taken I cannot say, nor can
I find any other etymon, if the stem be German,
as it seems, than English corh. Unless possibly
we may take it to be the same as Cark and
Karker (Carker, Lib. Vit.), and think of Ang.-
Sax. cearcian, to chirp, in a sense similar to that
of many names in chapter 23. Core was an Old
Celtic name, but such an origin would not account
for the above forms.
Though Iron, Steel, Gold, Stone, &c., seem
natural for the names of men, as indicating, in a
sense more or less metaphorical, the stuff they
were made of, yet even the proverbial partiality
of a shoemaker would hardly account in this way
for the name of Leather. And at p. 195 I have
indicated another origin for this name ; while the
names Leatherby, Leatherhead, Leather-
dale, Leatherbarrow, are local, derived as I
think from the personal name. The last name,
Leatherbarrow, is probably from a hiU so called
on the banks of Windermere.
I 3
CHAPTER XXVII.
THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
I do not propose here to refer to that large class
of names taken from the holy men of Scripture or
from the saints of the church, which followed on
the introduction of Christianity, further than so
far as in the case of some of them a different
origin may, more or less strongly, be suggested.
Thus such names as BoAZ, Enoch, Lot,
might be referred to the Old German names
Boezzo, Enneco, Lotto, from roots referred to
respectively at pages 408, 289, 377. And the
names Eve, Hagar, and Euth, to the Old
Germ, names Ivo, Hahger, and Huth, all names
of men. So Jude, Mark, Saul, Job, are capable,
as elsewhere noticed, of a different interpretation.
Something depends on the character of the name,
and the probability of its adoption. For instance
— such names as BoAZ, Saul, Lot, scarcely seem
to have any particular claim on the sympathies
of a convert.
But the doubt becomes much stronger in the
case of names upon which a Christian would
naturally be disposed to look with horror or
contempt. Who — for instance — would be called
Herod, after the child-slayer — or Pharaoh,
after the stiff-necked king — or Judas, after the
arch apostate — or Cain, after the first murderer
— or Ogg, after the king of Basan — or Balaam,
THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 483
after the temporizing prophet 1 Esau, the reck-
less yet open-hearted, may excite our sympathy,
but scarcely our admiration. The name of
Pilate recalls the most melancholy story in the
history of a man. And scarcely even the strong
patriotism of a Saxon mother would seek for its
type in the unpitying Jael. While other names
there are, such as Potiphar, which have nothing
to kindle reverence, and nothing to excite aversion.
Yet the whole of the above are family names
in England or in France. And I have elsewhere
suggested a different origin for all of them except
Esau, Judas, and Jael. The first corresponds
with an Old German Eso, from the root ans, as,
divus, p. 119, the second, a French name, may
perhaps, along with JuDiCE and JuDiss^, be a
diminutive from the stem Jud, p. 305 — the last
may be the same as Gale, p. 436.
But though such names might not be volun-
tarily assumed — yet there are no doubt cases —
though I hold them to be rare — in which a name
has been thrust upon a man against his will.
And there is in Paris a J. Iscariot (the first
name for aught I know may be Judas), which
can scarcely be derived otherwise than from the
traitor.*
"* Curiously enough — while these sheets are passing through the press — an
article in the Athenaeum offers a probable explanation of this name. "The
Marquess ; Michael Imperiale of Genoa) wrote a book to prove that Judas had been
very unfairly dealt with by his contemporaries and posterity ; and dying, Imperiale
left a sum to be expended in masses for the benefit of the soul of Iscariot. Those
who sided with him named their boys INIichael, and some would have ^Ued theirs
by the name of the traitor, had not the Church authorities stepped in and stopped,
the scandal." So then the name after all does seem to have been voluntarily
assumed, and all that we can say is that "there is no accounting for tastes."
484 THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
Though it is certain that we have as family
names the Scriptural John, Thomas, Benjamin,
Daniel, Simon, &c., I strongly doubt Jack, Tom,
Ben, Syme, or Simm being, at least in all cases,
the corresponding diminutives. I include also
in my objection the supposed diminutives of
Teutonic names, as Bill, Bobby, Dick, Harry,
&c. And I not only doubt the supposed diminu-
tives of female Scriptural names, as Nanny,
Betty, Sally, and Moll ; but in some instances
the names themselves.
*
It does not seem at all probable that we
should have names taken from the three sacred
persons of the Trinity. There are indeed English
names God and Godhead, the former that of a
writer about the 1 7th century. But these belong
to an ancient root, whether god, deus, or good,
bonus, is not altogether certain, but at any rate
anterior to Christianity. In Hke manner, and
not originally in a Christian sense (though a
Christian sense might afterwards come to be
attached to them), I take Eng. Lovegod, Love-
good, Mod. German Liebegott, Gottlieb. So
also the French names DiEU and Ledieu I explain
differently pp. 427, 194.
The name Christ, which is English, French,
and German, might, according to the opinion of
Forstemann, be from the second person of the
Trinity. However, I have made a suggestion
respecting it, p. 133. The Gothic kriustan, to
gnash, may also be suggested. But, whatever
THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 485
might be the original meaning of the word, 1 -
cannot but admit that the Frankish converts
must have looked upon it as referring to Christ.
In the London Directory for 1832, I find the
name Messiah, which, along with a French
Mezia, I place to a root of uncertain meaning
quoted elsewhere.
The following names apparently must be re-
ferred to the Ang.-Saxon lob, Jove, but whether
in a heathen or a Christian sense I cannot say.
Forstemann gives no explanation of the ancient
names.
SIMPLE FORMS. Job.
Old German Joppo, 9 th cent. English Job, Jove, Jopp, Jove.
JuBB. Mod. German Juppe. French Job, Jobb4 Jouve,
JuBfe.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Jovila, 7th cent. — French Jovel, Juville.
English JoBLiNG, Jopling — French Jubelin, Jublin,
COMPOUNDS.
{Hard) French Jovart. (Ha/ri, warrior) Eng. Jobber,
Jubber.
There was an Ang.-Sax. priest called Spiritus,
Cod. Dip. 762, which I before took to be from
the third person of the Trinity, and to be perhaps
the origin of Eng. Spirit. But I now take the
Saxon Spiritus to be only a slight corruption of
a Gothic Spirit hius. We find the name in the
corresponding Old High Germ, form of Spiridio
(dio, thius, servant). So also an Anglo-Saxon
Electus, Cod. Dip. 98, which I before took to be
from the Latin, and to signify " elect" as a name
of Christian import, may only be the same as a
Goth. Electeus, and an Old High Germ. Electeo,
486 THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
from the stem referred to at p. 142. But it is very
possible in both these cases also that the heathen
idea may have been superseded by a Christian
one. There is a present German name Heilig-
GEIST, but I am much inclined to think that it is
only a corruption of some ancient name ending in
gast (hospes), as perhaps Haldegast(es), which
we find in the 3rd cent.
In this place, and as a name of Christian
import, I think that we may in many, if not
in most cases, class Constable. In the two
Frankish registers whose titles I have elsewhere
quoted, the names Constabulus, Constabulis, Con-
stabula, Constabila, occur rather frequently both
among men and women. I take the word to be
derived from the Latin constahulire, and, hke
another name Firmatus found along with them,
to signify " established in the faith."
In the Traditiones Corhejenses occurs in the
9th cent, the Old Saxon name HoroboUa, which
Grimm (Gesch. d. Deutsch. Sprach.J conjectures
to have the meaning of " earthen vessel," in refer-
ence to a common Christian simile. Whatever
may be the meaning of the name (which Fdrste-
mann takes to be that of a woman, though this
is not certain), it may possibly be suggested as the
origin of our Arabella, for which no sufficient
etymon has as yet been proposed — Miss Yonge's
suggestion of a corruption of the Old Norse female
name Arnhildur not having even the ordinary
recommendation of verbal resemblance.
THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 487
Names probably dating from crusading times
are French Jerusalem and Nazareth. More
uncertain are Eng. and French Sarasin, Germ.
Sarrazin ; the name Sarzinus occurs in the
Pol. Rh. Saladin, Mr. Lower observes, was an
EngHsh surname temp. Ed. 1st. It is not an
uncommon name in France at present. Perhaps
English Turk, French Turc, Germ. Turk, may
be a name of the same class. It would rather
seem, however, from names of places in the Cod.
Dip., that Turca was an Ang.-Saxon name. Mr.
Lower conjectures Turk to be an abbreviation of
Turketil, which derives some confirmation from
the name Turk' {sic) in the Liber Vitae.
While the Eng. Christmas and Pentecost,
and the French Noel are probably derived from
nothing more than persons having been born at
the time of these Christian festivals, the names
Pask, Pash, &c., seem, at least in some cases, to
have a deeper root. The word occurs in German
compounds in some names of the 8th and 9th
cents. ; Forstemann refers it to the Hebrew
pascha, and indeed I do not know of anything
else from which it can be derived. At the same
time, seeing the remote origin of names, any
argument based on this ground is necessarily in-
conclusive.
SIMPLE FORMS. Pagjj
Old Germ. Pasco. Eng. Pascoe, Pask, Pash. French Passover.
Pasche.
compounds.
(Hard) French Pascard. (Man) English Paxman 1
(Wold, power) French Pascault.
488 THE CHRISTIAN ERA.
Our names Tiffin and Tiffany, French
TiEFFiN and Tiphaine, corresponding with a
Tephonia in the Lib. Vit., seem to be from the
Old French tiephaine, the feast of the Epiphany,
{Pott, 699).
Though the EngHsh Devoll is I think to be
otherwise accounted for, yet the Germans have
both Texjfel itself, and also many names formed
from it, as Teufelskind (Devil's child) ; Teufel-
SKOPF (Devil's head) ; Schlagenteufel (Fight-
ing devil) ; Jagenteufel (Hunting devil) ; and
the most curious of all, Dusendteufel (Thousand
devils).
The French have Dieudonn^, Dieulafait,
Dieuleveut, and Dieutegarde. The last would
seem to bring before us a pious mother, watching
over her new-born babe, and looking forward,
perhaps in a troublous time, to the dangers and
trials of the days to come. So at first I took it,
till I was compelled to yield the pleasing theory
to the claims of an Old Frankish name Teut-
gard(is).
CHAPTER XXVIII.
THEY CALL THEIR LANDS AFTER THIEIR OWN
NAMES.
A large proportion of the names of persons
are derived from the names of places. Again — a
large proportion of the names of places are derived
from the names of persons — Dodd acquires a
property, and it is called " Dodd's worth " — Grim
builds a village, and it is called "Grim's by."
Then Doddsworth and Grimsby give surnames
to other men in after times — it may be to the
very descendants of the original owners.
So that the nomenclature to some extent runs
in a circle, and we have names, such as Mont-
gomery, in which we are able to trace at least
four distinct revolutions of the wheel. First —
Gomerie,* the man, fixes his dwelling on the hill,
and the place is called after him Mont-Gomerie.
Secondly — Mont-Gomerie, the place, gives name
to Roger de Montgomery the man. Thirdly —
Montgomery the man, following the fortunes of
the Conqueror, founds and calls after his own
name, Montgomery, in Wales. Fourthly — Mont-
gomery the place, again in its turn gives sur-
names to men. And if we could suppose that
some of the places called Montgomery, in America,
are named after a man and not after a town, we
should be able to add a fifth.
The Old German Gomerih, p. 59
J 3
490 THEY CALL THEIR LANDS
In many instances we find the original name
still hovering round the locality called after it.
Thus, when I find that Winder is not an un-
common name in Westmorland, it confirms me
in the opinion that Windermere may be the lake
or "mere" of a man called Winder. Walking
through Handsworth, in Staffordshire, and seeing
the name of Hand upon the shops, I said to
myself " Handsworth is the worth or estate of a
man called Hand, and these may be the descen-
dants of that man.''
It is a very characteristic nomenclature —
that of the Teutonic settler. Thoroughly matter-
of-fact — he plants his dwelling in the cleft of the
mountain, with the towering peak above, and the
rushing torrent below, and he calls it — " Eagle's
nest T — not a bit of it — " Brown's seat," or
" Dobb's cot." It is characteristic of individuality
and independence — individuality of right — in-
dependence of character. The map of England,
dotted over with the possessive case, is a standing
protest against communism. And there are many
names of places, formed from a single name, which
show where one man has held his own in solitary
self-reliance among the lonely valleys and dreary
mountains.
The chapter of local surnames must always
be a large one, though the tendency of my theories
is very considerably to reduce it.
In the first place, there are many simple
names, such as Bank, Beck, Bower, Cross,
after their own names. 491
Dale, Frith, Gill, Hedge, Hill, Ing, Moss,
Orchard, Pitt, Pool, Ridge, Slade, Street,
Wall, &c., which I take, more or less certamly,
to be from ancient baptismal names of altogether
different meaning.
In the second place, there are no small number
of names which, though their apparent meaning
is the real one, are yet from ancient baptismal
names, and whatever may have been the original
sense, are certainly not from locality. Such is
House, of wiiich the meaning can hardly be
anything else than house, domus. Some of the
ancient compounds, as Huseburg, Husimunt,
Husward, all signifying " protection (or pro-
tector) of the house," are intelligible enough,
though it is not very clear as to the sense of the
simple form.
SIMPLE FORMS. House.
Old Germ. Huss, Husi, Huozo, 8th cent. Eng. House, Domus.
Hussey 1 Mod. Germ. Hause. French Housse, Houseau,
Houze, Houzeau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Husicho, 9th cent. — Eng. HussiCK, Housego.
Eng. HussELL — French Housel. French Houssez. Old
Germ. Husito, 8th cent. — French Housset.
patronymics.
Old Germ. Husinc, 8th cent. Mod. Germ. Husung.
compounds.
(Burg, protection) Old Germ. Huseburg — French Hus-
BROCQ. (Hard) Eng. Houssart — French Housakd. (Man)
Old Germ. Huozman, 11th cent. — Eng. Houseman — Mod.
Germ. Haussmann — French Houssemaine.
A similar word appears to be inn, which
Forstemann refers to Ang.-Sax. inn, domus. But
492 THEY CALL THEIR LANDS
the verb innian, to entertain, may be suggested.
To the ancient names in the Altdeutsches Namen-
huch may be added an Inuald in the Liher Vitce.
Inn. SIMPLE FORMS.
Domus. Q2^ German Inno, 9th cent. Anglo-Saxon Ina, king of
Wessex. Hyni, Lib. Vit. Eng. Hine ? Mod. Germ. Ihn.
French Hin^ ?
COMPOUNDS.
(Frid, peace) Old Germ. Infrid, 9th cent. — Infrith, Lib.
Vit. — French Infroit. {Man) Eng. Inman, Hinman. {Mar,
famous) French Inemer. (Ward, guardian) Eng. Inward.
The Gothic haims, Ang.-Saxon hdm, EngHsh
" home," is found in a number of ancient names,
but it is difficult to separate from another stem
ham, which seems to be of a different meaning,
though perhaps related.
Harae.
Home.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Haimo, Aymo, 7th cent. Ang.-Sax. Hama.
English Home, Amey ? Mod. Germ. Heim. French Haim,
AmEY 1 AlME ?
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Heimezo, 11th cent. — Eng. Haymes, Ames —
French Aymes. Old Germ. Haimelin, lOtK cent. — English
Hamlin — French Hamelin.
COMPOUNDS.
(Gar, spear) Old German Heimger, 9 th cent. — French
Hamger. {Hard, fortis) Old Germ. Heimard, Aimard, 8th
cent. — French Aimard. {Hari, warrior) Old Norse Heimir %
— English Hamer, Homer, Omer — French Hemar, Aymer,
Omer. {Mund, protection) Old German Haimund, Hem-
mund, 8th cent. — Eng. Hemment — French Aymont, Omond.
{Bad, counsel) Old German Haimrad, 8th cent. — French
Amurat. (Bic, power) Old German Haimirich, Heinrich,
Heinrih, 8th cent. — Eng. Henry — Mod. Germ. Heinrich —
AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES. 493
French Henri. (Ward, guardian) Old Geiman Heimwart,
9th cent. — English Homeward. (Wid, wood) Old German
Haimoidis, 10th cent. — Eng. Homewood 1 (Helm) French
Amiaume.
There are also several ancient names derived
from woody perhaps in the sense of a sacred grove.
Though as before suggested, the sense of spear
may in some cases obtain. The following seem
to be from Goth, vidus, Old High German ivitu,
Ang.-Sax. wudu, English " wood." But Old High
German ivit, amplus, is liable to intermix ; also
Anglo-Saxon iviht, a man, hioit, white, and wit,
knowledge, understanding.
simple forms, Wid, Wood.
Old German Wido, Wieda, Witto, Guido, Quido, 6th ^^^^*-
cent. Ang.-Sax. Wudda, a.d. 688. Gwido, Lih. Vit. Eng.
Widow, Weed, Vidy, Withy, With, Witty, Woodey,
Wood. Modern German Weede, With, Witte. French
Videau, Yide, ViTEAU, YiTE, YiTTE, YiTTU, YiDUS {Gothic ?),
Guide, Guidou. Ital. Guido, Guidi.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old German Widucho, Wituch, Widego, 8th cent. —
Uiduc, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Whytock, Wedge, Yetch — Mod.
German Wittich — French Yidocq. Old German Widilo,
Witili, Wital, 8th cent. — English Whitell, Whitley,
WooDALL — Mod. German Weidel — French Yidel, Yitel.
Old German Widulin, Witalinc, 8th cent. — Eng. Whitling,
WooDLiN — Modern German Wittling — French Yidalon,
YiDALENC. Old Germ. Widomia, 9th cent. — Eng. Whitmee.
Old German Witiza, West Gothic king, 8th cent. — English
Whitsey — French Yittiz, Guidez.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Widen, Wittin, 6th cent. English Witton,
Weedin, Wooden. Mod. Germ. Witten. French Yidon,
Yiton, Guidon, Guitton.
494 THEY CALL THEIR LANDS
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Wieding. Eng. Weeding, Whiting, Wood-
ing. Mod. Germ. Wedding, Wieting.
COMPOUNDS.
{Cochy p. 27) Eng. Woodcock — French Vitcocq. {Bei%
bright) Old German Witbert, Witpret — Witbred {Hund,
Rolls) — Eng. Whitehead ? {Bern, bear) Old Germ. Witu-
bem, 9th cent. — Eng. Whitburn. (Gar, spear) Old German
Witgar, Widger, Witker, 9th cent. — Ang. -Saxon Wihtgar,
Nephew of Cerdic — English Widger, Woodger, Whitecar,
Whittaker ? {Halt, " hood") Old German Withaidis, 9th
cent. — Eng. Whitehead, Whiteheat, Woodhead. {Hard,
fortis) Old Germ. Withard, Witard, 8th cent. — Eng. White-
hart, WooDARD — French Vidard, Guitard. {Ron, raven)
Old Germ. Widrannus, 8th cent. — Eng. Witheron, White-
horn 1 — Mod. Germ. Wiethorn — French Yidron. (Hari,
warrior) Old German Withar, Witar, 8th cent. — Wither
{Domesday) — Eng. Whiter, Whitear, Wither, Gwyther,
WooDYER, Wooder(son) — Mod. German Witter — French
ViTTiER, Witier, Guitter. {Ring, combat) Old German
Witering, 8th cent. — English Wittering, Wittewrong.
{Haus, house) Old Germ. Withaus, 8th cent. — Eng. White-
house ? Widehose ? WooDHOUSE ? — Mod. Germ. Witthaus.
{Lag, law) Old Germ. Witlagius, Witleg, 9th cent. — Ang.-
Saxon Wihtlseg — Eng. Whitelegg, Whitlaw. {Laic, play)
Old Germ. Widolaic, 8th cent. — Eng. Wedlake, Wedlock,
Whitelock 1 — Mod. German Wedlich — French ? Witlich.
(Leis, learned) Old German Witleis, 8th cent. — French
ViTALis.* (Man) Old German Widiman, Witman, 9th
cent. — Eng. Wideman, Whiteman, Woodman — Mod. Germ.
Widmann, Weitmann — French 1 Wideman. {Mar, famous)
Widiomar (Gothic king, 4th cent.), Widmar, Witmar —
XJitmer, Lib. Vit. — Eng. Whitmore — Mod. Germ. Widmer
— French ? Widmer. {Rat, counsel) Old German Widerad,
Witerat, 6th cent. — English Withered, Whitethread,
Whiterod, Whitewright. {Ric, power) Old German
* This seems more naturally from wit, wisdom.
AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES. 495
Witirich (Goth, king, 4tli cent.) Witirih — Eng. Witherick,
Whitkidge — Modern German Wittrich — French Vitrac,
VlTRY, GUITRY.
Lund.
The Old Norse lundry grove, seems to enter orove.
into some ancient names. Hence may be Eng.
Lund, Lundy, Lound, Lunt, and French Luond,
LuNDY, perhaps Luneteau. But there is but
small evidence in these of a baptismal origin.
Another word also found in some ancient ^^^^^j^^^"^'
names is Old Norse skogr, Dan. skoi\ North Eng.
** shaw," a wood. From this appear to be Eng.
Scow, Shaw, and Shoe, as simple forms — Skog-
GIN and Scawen as an extended form — and per-
haps Shoobert and Shoobrick as compounds.
In the third place, the coincidence or the
resemblance between some of the endings of
ancient names and local terminations must be
reckoned in diminution of the names apparently
derived from places. Thus the ending hurg,
hury^ hrooJcy brick, may be sometimes from birg,
hire, protection, very common as the termination
of ancient names, and not from the local hwy or
borough. I am inclined to think that bridge, in
a few names such as Drawbridge, Ironbridge,
Brassbridge, is also from the same origin.
Though the name Woodbridge would be de-
rived naturally enough from a locality, yet there
were no iron bridges in the days when surnames
were given, and I doubt whether a brass bridge
exists even in the brain of Dr. Fairbairn.
So burn is sometimes from bern, a bear, and
496
THEY CALL THEIR LANDS
not from hurv, a brook. Head is sometimes
from haid, state, condition, and not from the local
word. Ing I take as a general rule to be the
patronymic, and not from ing, a meadow. So
gate, gill, house, cot, lake, land, more, wall, wick,
with, wood, in certain cases I have throughout
these pages taken to be from ancient terminations.
In like manner I take it that present German
names ending in hof are in some cafes from the
ancient endings olf, ulf, wolf, and not always from
the local hof, couit. That this is so, will I think
be clear from the following comparative list of
ancient German and present German names, all
of which latter are classed by Pott as local. But
it must be remembered that Pott's work was
written before the Altdeutsches Namenbuch had
brought many of these ancient names to light.
Old Germ.
Mod. Germ.
Old Germ.
Mod. Germ
Botolf
Potthoff
Jungolf
Junghoff
Burgolf
Berghoff
Lindolf
Lindliof
Duomolf
Dumhoff
Morolf
Morhof
Ekkulf
Eckhoff
Sandolf
Sandhoff
Eudolf
Ulithoff
Steinolf
SteinhofF
Fisculf
Fischhof
Sundarolf
Sundrehof
Geldulf
Kalthoff
Thiholf
Teichhof
Grasulf
Grashoff
In the fourth place, a very considerable
number of the names of places are simply the
names of men, unqualified by any geographical
term whatever. Mr. Kemble (Saxons in England)
was the first in this country to point out that
AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES. 497
many names of places, as Hailing and Cooling in
Kent, Patching in Surrey, Brightling in Sussex,
were in Anglo-Saxon a nominative plural — Hsel-
lingas, Culingas, Peaccingas, Byrhtlingas, signify-
ing respectively, " the Hallings," " the Coolings,"
" the Packings," " the Brightlings." These then
are the names of family communities, being, as
Latham observes, " poHtical or social, rather than
geographical terms."
In the names of places in Germany, especially
in Bavaria, the nominative plural in ingas is com-
paratively rare, and we have most commonly a
form in ingen or ingum, which, according to
Forstemann, is a dative plural, but according to
Max Mtiller,* an old genitive plural. Hence
Gottingen, Tubingen, Leiningen, Gruningen, Har-
lingen, from the families of the Gottings, Tubings,
Leinings, Griinings, and Harlings. Also very
commonly a form in inga or inge, which may be
either a dative singular or a genitive plural ; in
the opinion of Forstemann sometimes the one and
sometimes the other. In Anglo-Saxon names of
places the form ingum also occurs, though not
frequently. Thus Godalming in Surrey was
anciently Godelmingum, a settlement of the sons
or descendants of Godhelm. Sometimes the same
place in various charters appears in both the
forms ingas and ingum. Thus Mailing in Kent
was in Anglo-Saxon variously Meallingas and
* Lectures on the Science of Language. Second Series.
K 3
498 THEY CALL THEIR LANDS
Mallingum. Mr. Taylor, in " Words and Places/^
has carried this subject still further, and instituted
a comparison, of the highest interest and import-
ance, between the Teutonic settlements as indi-
cated by these forms in England, Germany, and
France.
In the last-named country there appears to
be found a different — perhaps a later form. We
have Les Henrys, Les Bernards, Les Roberts,
Les Guillets, Les Guillemottes, Les Girards, Les
A mauds, &c., all of which, like the foregoing,
seem to contain the names of family communities.
But I go further than this, and take the
ground that many names of places, both in France
and England, are nothing more than the name of
a single man. When we find in France some-
thing like 6,000 places called after saints, without
any geographical term whatever, as St. Omer,
St. Leonard, &c., it naturally occurs to us that
just on the same principle places might be called
after men who were not saints. No one I think
would doubt that the places called Fitz James,
Bobinson, David, Taillefer, are simply from the
names of men. And as certainly do I take to
be from the same origin Angelard, Audembert^
Arnoult, Audiracq, Bertric, Bertrand, Blanchard,
Brunembert, Folcarde, Folckling, Francillon, Fer-
ando, Gandolphe, Guillaume, Guiscard, Godisson,
Girouard, Godinand, Jacque, Jacquelin, Josse,
Jossehu, Jossenard, Humbert, Lambert, Mero-
AFTER THEIR OWM >;AMES. 499
bert, Willeman. These, which I have selected
from Duclos '' Dictionnaire general des villes,
hourgSy villages, hameaux et fermes de la France,*
are all simply Teutonic names of men. In some
cases there is a le or la prefixed, as Le Frank, Le
Guidault, Le Bernard, Le Guildo, La Godefroy,
La Caroline. There is one place called Fille-
Guecelard, while we have also Guecelard by
itself Some names, however, as Les Allemands,
Les Juifs, Les Innocents, Les Boutilliers, Les
deux freres, Le Bras-de-fer, Le Grenadier, may
perhaps only be derived from the signs of taverns.
So also in England, many names of parishes
and places, such as Landulph in Cornwall, Bid-
dulph in Staffordshire, Goodrich in Hereford-
shire, Haytor in Devon, Hicks in Gloucestershire,
Burnard, Guthrie, Jellybrands, Lockhart, Osburn,
Sibbald, and Thorbrand in Scotland, I take to be
simply from the names of men. In some cases
as that of Coldred in Kent, and Catmere in Berks,
we can perceive one of the principles upon which
such names have arisen. Thus the former place
was in Anglo-Saxon Colredinga gemaere, "the
boundary of the descendants of Colred," and the
latter was Catmeres gemaere, " Catmere's bound-
ary." The inconvenient length of these titles has
caused the whole to be dropped except the name
of the individual. Thus then, even if our names
Catomore and Catmore are directly from the
place, yet the place itself is simply the name of
an Anglo-Saxon. And as such, it furnishes the
500 THEY CALL THEIR LANDS
link between our names and the Catumerus of
Tacitus.
Many of the local terminations, such as ton,
ham, bury, &c., speak for themselves — I subjoin
a list of those most commonly occurring which
seem to require an explanation.
By. Dan. b^, a village or small collection of houses. This
is the word which, more than any other, distinguishes
the Danish settlements from the Saxon.
Den. Ang.-Sax. de7i, a valley. Leo thinks the word adopted
from the Celtic.
Force. Old Norse /ors, a waterfall. Hence Wilberfoece,
probably from the name Williber or Williberg, the
latter anciently rather common.
Garth. Ang.- Saxon geard, Old Norse gardr, a place guarded
by a fence, a farm-stead. Liable to intermix with
gard as an ancient ending of personal names.
Gate. In the South of England an opening, Ang.-Sax. geatj
but in the North also a road or way, Old Norse gata.
Liable to intermix with an ancient termination gaud
or gat, which JForstemann takes to mean Goth.
Gill. Old Norse gil, a small ravine, not necessarily, as some*
times stated, containing water. Liable to intermix
with an ancient termination gil, which is probably a
contraction of gisal, hostage.
Holt. Ang.-Sax. and Old Norse holt, a grove. Though this
word is sometimes found in ancient names, see p. 281,
yet as a termination there is no reason to think it in
any case other than local.
Hope, Op. Anglo-Saxon hopu, a mound. Or sometimes in
the Danish districts probably from Old Norse hop, a
recess.
How. Old Norse haugr, a mound, in particular a grave-
mound.
AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES. 501
Hurst. Anglo-Saxon hyrst, a grove.
Over. Anglo-Saxon dfer, shore, border.
Sliaw. Old Norse skogr, Danish skov, a wood. Hence
Bradshaw = Broad WOOD. Though tliis word is
found in a few ancient personal names, yet as a
termination we may take it to be in all cases local.
Sted. Ang.-Sax. stede, Danish sted, a fixed place, a " farm-
stead," a " house-stead."
Stow. Ang.-Sax. stoWy a place.
Ster. Old Norse stadr, same as sted above, confined to the
Norwegian districts of the North of Scotland.
Thorp. Anglo-Saxon and Old Norse thorp, German dor/, a
village. Frequently, both in England, Germany, and
Denmark, corrupted into drup or trup.
Thwaite. Norwegian thveit, Dan. tved, a clearing in a forest,
Ang.-Sax. thwitan, to cut. Most common in Cumber-
land and Westmorland.
Toft. Ang.-Sax. to/t, Old Norse tdjt. Its present meaning
seems to be a small home field. But the original
sense appears to have been that of a spot where a
decayed messuage has stood, "area domus vacua,"
Haldorsen has it. The Norwegian and Swedish form
tdmt, from tomr, empty, seems to point to this.
"Wick. Ang.-Sax. wtc, a dwelling-place. Also a bay, which
is the usual, if not the invariable Scandinavian sense.
Apt to intermix with wig, wic, war, a common ending
of ancient names.
With. Old Norse vidr, a wood. It is confined to the
Danish part of England, and corresponds with wood
in the Saxon. Sometimes confounded with worth,
an altogether different word. With or wood is also a
common termination of ancient personal names.
Worth, Worthy. Ang.-Sax. worth, worthig, an estate, farm,
field.
502 THEY CALL THEIR LANDS
The names of France do not appear, as far as
I can judge, to contain such a variety of local
terminations as those of England. The most
common are ville and cour — also iere, the etymo-
logy of which I cannot explain. It is very fre-
quently formed from a personal name. Thus from
Robert, Bernard, Josserand, we have as names of
places E-obertiere, Bernardiere, Josserandiere.
As a prefix hois and mont are very common,
and very frequently combined with a personal
name. Thus in the Annuaire de Paris we
have BOISGARNIER, BOISGAULTIER, BoiSGELIN,
BOISGONTIER, BOISGTJILBERT, BoiSGUYON, BoiS-
RENAUD ; and in the same volume we have
Garnier, Gaultier, Gelin, Gontier, Guil-
BERT, GuYON, Renaud, from which the above
local names have been formed. So we have Mont-
GERARD, MoNTGOLFIER, MoNTGOBERT, MoNTAU-
FRAY, Moistangerand, Montmorency, Mont-
AURIOL, MoNTALEMBERT — and the corresponding
Gerard, Golfier, Gobert, Aufray, Angerand,
MoRENZO, AuRiOL, and Elambert, most, if not
all, of which, as well as the foregoing, are of
Teutonic origin.
There are some names, such as Eng. Water-
fall, German Wasserfall, which it is difficult
to know whether to ascribe to a local origin or
not. They might belong to a class of nnmes like
the Eng Drinkwater, Drawwater (both of
which Mr. Lower finds in the Hundred Bolls),
and the Germ. Kaltwasser, Gutwasser, Spar-
AFTER THEIR OWN NAMES. 503
WASSER (Cold water, Good water, Save water). But
another German name Stobwasser (Dustwater),
reminding us of the Staubbach, seems to point
more to a local name.
The number of Enghsh names derived from
places has in my opinion been greatly overrated.
As an approximation, I should be disposed to
estimate them at about one third of the whole.
CHAPTER XXIX.
OLD SAXONS AND ANGLO-SAXONS.
It may seem a curious fact that we have
more of Old Saxon than we have of Ang.-Saxon
names. I use the word Old Saxon in its wide
sense, and I mean to say that we have at the
present day more of those names such as the early
invaders — Angles, Saxons, Jutes, or Frisians —
brought over with them to this country, than we
have of those regular compound names which
were current in the height of the Anglo-Saxon
power. And further — that if we turn to the
ancient seats from which those early settlers
came, we shall find that still the same names are
current there. There is a people — or rather a
remnant of a people — who once owned a large
portion of the German sea-board — now much
broken up and intermixed, but still in some in-
sulated places holding their nationality with little
change — very near relatives of ours — though few
know more of them than the name. Of all the
ancient dialects none has a more close connection
with the Anglo-Saxon than the Old Friesic — of
aU the modern dialects perhaps none has such
strong points of resemblance to the English as
the New Friesic. On all the wide continent of
Europe they alone use the word " woman" like
OLD SAXONS AND ANGLO-SAXONS. 505
ourselves. " It is generally," observes Mr. Latham,
" the first mstance given of the peculiarity of the
Frisian language. * Why can't they speak pro-
perly, and say kone f says the Dane. ' Weih is
the right word,' says the German. * Who ever
says woman '? cry both." (Ethnology of the British
Islands.)
Mr. Halbertsma, in the article written by him
in Bosworth's " Origin of the English and Ger-
manic languages," observes that there are few of
the early Saxon names which are not in use
among the present Frisians, though by time a
little corrupted or abbreviated. The same writer
remarks upon the connection between Friesic
names'" and those in use in England, quoting a
few examples, which might be greatly increased
by a reference to Outzen's Glossary, and to Was-
senberg's " Eigennaamen der Friesen."
How tlien is the fact to be accounted for that
while we have so many of these names which
were common to all the Germanic races, and
which are still found so numerously on the shores
from which our early settlers came, we have com-
paratively very few of the regular Anglo-Saxon
compound names, such as Athelstan, Athelhard,
Ethelbald, Ethelred, &c. 1 It occurs to me as
rather probable that the pure Ang. -Saxon system
of compound names might be somewhat of a
fashion, confined for the most part to the nobler
classes (whose names of course it is that appear
* Such as Watse, Eitse, Hodse, Gibbe, Ac
L 3
506
OLD SAXONS AND ANGLO-SAXONS.
chiefly before us in history), and not pervading
the mass of the people, who still held on mainly
to the old names to which they had been accus-
tomed. Hence, the Saxon nobility being in part
extinguished, and in part Normanized at the
Conquest, a reason may be found for the scanti-
ness of names of this class at the present day.
But in fact we find, all through Anglo-Saxon
times, many names which were German but not
Anglo-Saxon, and Mr. Kemble, in his valuable
treatise on " The Names, Surnames, and Nic-
names of the Anglo-Saxons," has, I think, dealt
with them from rather too exclusive a point of
view. Some of these names he thinks can only
be explained by reference to Cymric or Pictish
roots — such, for instance, as Puch, Padda, Uel-
hisc, Theabul, Pechthelm, and Pehthat. The two
former are only variations of German forms,
pp. 378, 166 — the third compares with a Willis-
cus, p. 123 — the fourth seems only a corruption
of Theobald — and the two last, though probably
from the name of the Picts, are yet formed on a
common Teutonic principle as noticed in chap. 1 6.
Others, such as Podda, Dudda, Bubba, Tudda,
Odda, Obe, Offa, Ibe, Bed a, Becca, Beonna, Acca,
Hecca, Luila, he thinks were probably nicnames.
But, as I have shewn throughout these pages,
names of this class pervade the whole system of
Teutonic nomenclature, and they are just the sort
that are especially common in Friesland at the
present day. The remarks of Mr. Haig upon
OLD SAXONS AND ANGLO-SAXONS. 507
this subject are so much m accordance with my
own views that I re-produce them here. " I
beheve that these simple names are the most
ancient, that they belong originally to periods
beyond the reach of history. They prevail in the
dawn of our annals, as the compounds do in their
noon ; and it seems to me quite as probable that
many of them were given from motives of associa-
tion with the memory of persons who had gone
before, as that they were given on account of
personal peculiarities. Thus in the 8th century
when almost all the sovereigns in the Heptarchy
bore compounded names, one of these simple
names appears almost alone, and that belonging
to the most illustrious prince of his time, Offa.
His name had been originally Winifrid, but he
received that of Offa, in memory of one who had
ruled over the Angles, his ancestors, before their
coming into Britain ; a name which had already
been borne by a King of the East Saxons, and
perhaps for a similar reason, for he also counted
an Offa among his ancestors."
It occurs to me, then, as possible, in the case
of some of these personages who appear before
us with a regular compound name and also with
a simple name — the latter being in Mr. Kemble's
opinion a nicname — that it may have been in
fact the real original name, and the former only
assumed in accordance with the prevailing fashion.
Instances of these double names are Athelwold,
also called Mol, king of Northumbria ; Aldwine,
508 OLD SAXONS AND ANGLO-SAXONS.
also called Wor, bishop of Mercia ; Hrothwaru,
also called Bucge ; and Adelberga, also called
Tata.
There is another class of names to which
something of a similar principle may apply. We
find an archbishop of Canterbury whose name
was Eadsige, but who was also called j^ti, and
signs by that name. So there was a bishop of
Selsey who was generally called Sicgga, but
whose name seems to have been properly Sige-
frith. And there was an ^Ifwine, bishop of
Lichfield, who was also called ^Ue — a Torht-
helm, bishop of Leicester, who is called by nearly
every contemporary authority Totta — an Ead-
wine, duke of the Northumbrians, who also
appears as Eda. Mr. Kemble considers all these
short names to be merely contractions, answering
in fact to our Tom, Bob, Bill. I do not doubt
that this may in some instances have been the
case, but seeing that these short names are in
reality older Teutonic names than the others, I
would just suggest the possibility of a simple
name being in some cases — as for instance, when
a man had received an accession of dignity —
lengthened out to correspond with his increased
importance. The following remarks by Dr. Doran"^^
bear upon this point. " Length, too, is supposed
to have added dignity to a name. Diodes, the
man, expanded into Diocletian, the emperor ; a
parvenu, on acquiring wealth, developed fi:om
* "Notes on Names and Nicnames." Universal Review, May, 1860.
OLD SAXONS AND ANGLO-SAXONS. 509
Simon into Simonides ; and when the lady, whose
name signified Brown (Bruna), became Queen of
France, she added a train to that cognomen as
ladies at court do to their dresses, and thenceforth
swept loftily across records and registers as Queen
Brunehault." In such a manner might perhaps
Sicgga become Sigefrith, and Eada Eadwine.
This is a theory, however, that must be stated
with caution and reserve.
CHAPTEE XXX.
THE SCANDINAVIAN VIKINGS.
It must already have been made apparent to
the reader, of how high importance, in the ex-
planation of Teutonic names, are the languages of
the Scandinavian North. We find many names,
borne by Germans, which cannot be explained by
a reference to any German dialect, and of which
we find the etymons in the Old Norse. The
reason of this is two-fold. In the first place, it
cannot fail to be the case that any ancient lan-
guage, with a scanty Hterature, must have had
many words which have not come down to modern
times. This is the case with all the ancient
German dialects ; and the Old Norse, which
amid the stern and desolate rocks of Iceland has
preserved a treasure of ancient lore more abundant
than the rest, being a language closely cognate,
then comes in to their assistance.
In the second place, following out the theory
which I have already laid down, that anciently
names were bestowed, at least to a considerable
extent, not with any reference to their meaning,
but simply as having been borne by men who
had gone before, it follows that in many cases
they have survived dialects, and may often be
carried back to a time when the two great
branches of the German and the Scandinavian
were as yet unsevered.
THE SCANDINAVIAN VIKINGS. 511
In any case it will be apparent that etymo-
logy alone would cause us vastly to over-rate the
amount of the Scandinavian element in our nomen-
clature, and that we must take other circum-
stances into consideration in attempting to form
even an approximate estimate.
In the year 787, according to the Ang.-Saxon
Chronicle, the first three ships of the Northmen
visited our shores. And the reeve of the shire,
little knowing what manner of men they were,
rode over to take them, and there they slew him.
" These were the first ships of Danish men which
sought the land of the EngHsh nation.'' But the
Icelandic records take notice of earlier Scandina-
vian invasions of Britain, and the opinion of some
of our ablest ethnologists is in favour of this
belief Mr. Latham, referring to the statements
of the Ang.-Saxon Chronicle, makes the following
remarks: — "For the fact of Danes having wintered
in England a.d. 787, they are unexceptionable.
For the fact of their never having done so before,
they only supply the unsatisfactory assertion of a
negative The present writer believes
that there were Norsemen in Britain anterior to
787, and also that these Norsemen raay have
been the Picts."
The extent of the Scandinavian colonization
of England, and the characteristic features which
distinguish it, have been described by Mr. Wor-
saae in his work on the Danes and Norwegians
in England. Its head-quarters were in Lincoln-
512 THE SCANDINAVIAN VIKINGS.
shire, and that part of Yorkshire round the estuary
of the Humber. It extended across the island to
Chester, and as far north as Cumberland, where
it might probably be met by a more purely Nor-
wegian stream from the Isle of Man — Cumberland
and Westmorland being more Scandinavian than
Northumberland and Durham. The Watling
Street formed a boundary to the south-west,
which it rarely passed. To some — though, as it
seems to me, not to any very marked extent —
names of Scandinavian origin are more prevalent
in this district than in the rest of England.
There are two classes of names which we may
fairly ascribe to the influence of the Northern in-
vasions. The first class consists of names which are
in themselves Scandinavian rather than German
— that is, names which we find to have been
borne by Northmen and not by Germans. The
second class consists of names which though in
themselves as much German as Scandinavian,
yet do in point of fact appear to have been intro-
duced into this country by the Northmen. Neither
of these two classes are numerous, and there
remains a much larger class in which we cannot
attempt to draw any distinction.
In the first class are to be included many of
the compounds of Thor, as noticed at p. 128.
Also Ketell and its compounds, as English Thur-
KETTLE and AsHKETTLE, and French Turquetil
and Anquetil. Likewise English Turkle and
EosKELL, from the Old Norse Thorkell and
i
THE SCANDINAVIAN VIKINGS. 513
Hrosskel, contractions, as Grimm thinks, of Tlior-
ketell and Hrossketel. And English Blunkell,
which seems to be a similar contraction of the
Old Norse Blundketell. Ulph and Orme, as
contrasted with Wolf and Worm, exhibit the
Scandinavian form as compared with the German.
Though the elision of w in the final syllable of
names was common in some German dialects, it
was not so at the beginning. The well-known
Danish name Sweyn (EngHsh Swain and Swain-
son), is one not found among the Germans.
Among other names which may be ascribed
to the Northmen are English Otter, Oliff,
Hacon, Gunner, Brother, Havelock, Dol-
phin, Sturla, Schooley,'" all of which appear
in our early history.
In the second class of names are such as
Harold, which, though in itself as much German
as Scandinavian, yet, as Mr. Kemble has observed,
does not make its appearance in our annals until
introduced by the Northmen. I include also
Howard, which also then first makes its appear-
ance. So that there may be a foundation of strict
truth for Lord Duiferm's remark in a lecture on
the Northmen, that " some sturdy Haavard, the
proprietor of a sixty-acre farm, but sprung from
that stock the nobility of whose blood lias become
proverbial, may be successfully opposing a trifling
tax at Drontheim, while an illustrious kinsman
of his house is the representation of England's
majesty at Dubhn."
* The Old Norse Skftli, from skyln, to protect
M 3
514 THE SCANDINAVIAN VIKINGS.
Among our Irish names are also to be found
some trace of the Scandinavian colonization.
We have Mc.Auliffe (Olaf), Mc.Gary (Geiri),
Mc.OscAR (Asgeir), Mc. Vicar (Vikar), Mc.
SwiNEY (Sweyn), Mc.Caskill (Askell). " Even
to the present day/' observes Mr. Worsaae, " we
can follow, particularly in Leinster, the last traces
of the Ostmen through a similar series of pecuhar
family names, which are by no means Irish, but
clearly original Norwegian names ; for instance,
Mac Hitteric or Shiterjc (son of Sigtryg),
O'Bruadair (son of Broder), Mac Ragnall
(son of Ragnvald), Roaill (Rolf),* Auleef
(Olaf), Manus (Magnus), and others. It is even
asserted that among the families of the Dublin
merchants are still to be found descendants of the
old Norwegian merchants formerly so numerous
in that city. The names of families adduced in
confirmation of this, as Harrold (Harald), Iver
(Ivar), Cotter or Mac Otter (Ottar), and others
which are genuine Norwegian names, corroborate
the assertion."
It does not seem probable that we have many
Scandinavian names derived indirectly through
the Normans. For even in Normandy names of
Scandinavian origin seem to be much less common
than they are with us, though it may be owing
in part to the greater tendency of the language
to disguise or corrupt them. A notable instance
is the name of the first duke of Normandy,
changed from Hrolf into Rollo.
* Eather Hroald?
THE SCANDINAVIAN VIKINGS. 515
In Norway and Denmark at the present day
the ancient names are more commonly used as
christian than as surnames. They have Oluf,
Haruld, Knud, Iver, Steen, Eskild, Else,
Arnold, Gunde, Hille, Terkel, and Torben,
some of which are more corrupted from their
original forms than they are with us.
CHAPTER XXXI.
A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS.
There are several groups which I have found
it difficult to bring in under any of the heads
into which I have divided this work. And there
are some others, overlooked in their proper places,
which, along with the first-named, will be intro-
duced here.
There is a class of words which seem to have
the force of an intensitive, such as all, omnis,
which is common as a prefix. But though we
can account for such names as compounds, there
is an evident difficulty with regard to the simple
forms, and unless we can suppose the word to
have had the sense of the Celtic all, magnus,
celsus, eximius, we must, I think, assume such
forms in the first instance to have been con-
tractions of compound names.
SIMPLE FOKMS.
Omnis. Old German Alio, Alia, 5tli cent. English Allo, Aloe,
Alley, Awl. Mod. Germ. Alle. French Ale, Allie.
COMPOUNDS.
(Bert, illustrious) Old Germ. Alabert, 9th cent. — Anglo-
Saxon Aluberht — Eng. Albert, Allbright — Mod. German
Albrecht — French Alabert, Albert. {Frid, peace) Old
German Alafrid, 8th cent. — English Allfrey. (Ger, spear)
Old German Alager, 10th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Algar — English
Alger — Modern German Alker — French Algier, AlIgre.
{Hard, fortis) Ang.-Sax. Ealhard — English Allard — Mod.
(ierman Alert — French Allard — Ital. Alardo. {Hari,
warrior) Old German Alaher, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Ealhere
All.
I
A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS. 51 7
— French Allaire. (Mag, might*) Eng. Allmack. (Man)
Old Germ. Alaman, 11th cent. — Eng. Allman — Mod. Germ.
Ahlmann. {Mar, famous) Old Germ. Alamar, 9th cent. —
Eng. Almar — Mod. Germ. Allmer. (Moth, moz, courage)
Old Germ. Alamoth, 6th cent. — French Allemoz. (Mund,
protection) Old Germ. Alamunt — English Almond. (Noth,
bold) Ang.-Sax. ^Inoth — Eng. Allnutt — French Alinot.
{Ric, power) Old German Alaric (Gothic king, 5th cent.),
Alarih — French Alricq, Allery. (Run, companion) Old
German Alarun, 8th cent. — French Alleron. (Ward,
guardian) Old Germ. Aloard, 8th cent. — Eng. Allward —
Mod. Germ. Ahlwardt — French Allouard. {Wid, wood)
Old German Aluid, 9th cent. — Eng. Allwood. {Wig, war)
Old Germ. Alawig, Alawih, 8th cent. — Ang.-Sax. Alewih —
Eng. Allaway, Allvey — French Allevy. {Wine, friend)
Old German Alio win, 7 th cent. — English Alwin — French
Alavoine.
Of the same meaning I take to hejil, which
Forstemann calls " a yet unexplained root, in
which we can scarcely venture to think of Jilu
(multus)."t There does not appear to me to be
any difficulty other than that which exists in the
previous case. The Saxon form ful intermixes
in a few instances.
SIMPLE forms.
Old Germ. Filla, 8th cent. English Fill, Filley, File, ^^ ^'''•
Full. Mod. Germ. Full. French Phily, Fiala, Feuille.
DlinNUTIVES.
Eng. FuLLECK — French Filocque. Eng. Filkin.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Filing. English Filling.
* We only find one Old Germ, name in which this appears as a termination.
Of course there may be others, which have not come down to us, and of which the
above seems very probably to be one. See also Tallesla.ch, p. 376.
t In the name FeologUd, of the 16th archbishop of Canterbury, it appears as
if from /eo?o, yellow, and it is very probable that the Anglo-Saxons did take it in
that sense.
518 A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS.
COMPOUNDS.
(Baud, hot, pot, messenger) Old German Philibaud, 7th
cent. — Eng. Filpot* — French Philippot, Philippoteaux.
{Bert, illustrious) Old German Filibert, 7th cent. — English
Filbert — Mod. Germ. Filbert — French Philibert. {Hard,
fortis) Eng. Fullerd — French Filard, Feuillakd. {Hari,
warrior) Eng. Filer, Fillary — Fr. Philery. {Liuh, dear)
Old Germ. Filuliub, 9th cent. — Eng. Fullalove. {Mam) Old
Germ. Filiman, 9th cent. — English Fileman — Mod. German
Fielmann — French Fillemin. (Mar, famous) Old German
Filomar, 5 th cent. — Eng. Fillmer, Phillimore, Fullmer —
Mod. Germ. Fillmer. (Die, thew, thius, servant) Old Germ.
Feletheus, king of the Rugii, 5th cent. — English Filldew,
Feltoe, Feltus, Felthouse ? Fieldhouse % (Ga/r, spear)
EngHsh Fullagar.
Perhaps of a similar meaning may be gans,
(German ganz, totus, integer.) Or it may be, as
Forstemann thinks not improbable, only another
form of gaud, p. 74. The name of the Vandal
king Genserich, Grimm derives from ganserich,
a gander. It may, however, only be from this
stem, with the common termination ric, power.
There is, however, uncertainty about the correct
form, see p. 204.
Q^g simple forms.
Totus. Old Germ. Genzo. Mod. Germ. Gentz, Gans. French
Cance, Cancy.
diminutives.
Old German Gansalin — Mod. German Ganzlen — French
Cancalon.
compounds.
{Hari, warrior) Old German Gentsar, 9th cent. — French
Gantzere. (Man) English Gansman.
* Generally assumed to be a diminutive of Philip — which may be the case—
the French having several similar forms, aa Robbrtsit and Henrbqukt ,
A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS. 519
Possibly to the above may belong the Cauncy
or Chauncy in the Roll of Battle Abbey, English
Caunce, Chance, Chancey, French Chanceau.
I have referred, p. 66, to the ending heit,
English hood, as in Adalheid, &c. This, as an
ending, may be reasonably explained, but when
we find apparently the same word as a prefix
and even as a simple form, it becomes difficult to
say in what manner we should interpret it. Wein-
hold (Deutschen Frauen) refers to Old High
Germ, haitar, serenus.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Haito, Haido, Haida, Eid, 8th cent. Engliah Halt.
Height, Hayday, Ade, Adie. Mod Germ. Haid, Heydt. ^°^-
French Aide.
DIMINUTIVES.
Old Germ. Heidilo, Aitla, 8th cent. — English Hately —
Mod. Germ. Heidel — French Chatel. English Haydock.
PHONETIC ENDING.
Old Germ. Heidin, 9th cent. English Haydon. Mod.
Germ. Heyden, Haydn. French Adin.
COMPOUNDS.
(ffari, warrior) Old German Haitar, 9 th cent. — English
Hayter — Mod. German Heiter — French Hetier. (Bad,
counsel) Old Geim. Aitrada, 9th cent. — Eng. Hatred.*
What the meaning of horn is in men's names
seems very doubtful. If from horn, cornu, there
are two senses of which we might think — ^first,
that of a sharp point, like so many of the names
in chapter 13 — secondly, that of those feats of the
drinking-horn on which the Northmen especially
so much prided themselves. But Forstemann, in
the name Hornung, (he has not the simple form
* If it be prononnced like our wtrd hatred.
520 A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS.
Horn,) refers to Ang.-Sax. hornung, spurius, filius
naturalis. I am inclined to think, however, that
Hornung is nothing more than the patronymic
of Horn ; the form in which it is found in Anglo-
Sax, names of places, as Horningaden and Horn-
ingamsere, " the valley of the Hornings'^ and " the
boundary of the Hornings,'^ seems inconsistent
with any other supposition. Unless, therefore,
Horn itself may be taken to mean illegitimate,
that meaning ought not to be given to the patro-
nymic Horning. Horn was the hero of one of
the most popular of the early romances.
SIMPLE FOEMS.
Horn. Anglo-Saxon Horn, found in Hornesheorh,'^ Cod. Dip,
Cornu? 1309. Aid win Horn, a tenant before Domesday. English
Horn. Mod. Germ. Horn, French Horne.
DIMINUTIVES.
English HoRNiDGE — Mod. German Horneck, Hornig.
Mod. Germ. Hornlein.
PATRONYMICS.
Old German Hornung, 8th cent. Ang. -Saxon Horning,
found in Horningeshceth, now Horningsheath in Sussex.
English Horning. Mod. Germ. Hornung.
compounds.
(Hard) Mod. Germ. Hornhard. {Hari, warrior) Eng.
Horner ? (Man) Eng. Hornman, Horniman — Mod. Germ.
HORNEMANN.
If the word horn may be taken to have the
meaning of illegitimate, there is another word,
heliSy also occurring in men's names, which accord-
ing to Grimm, has the opposite meaning. It is
found in the name of Belisarius, the Gothic
general under the emperor Justinian, and there
— — — m —
* The surname Hoknsby is from a similar origin (Dan. by, village).
ft
A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS. 521
are eight other instances of the same name, witli
some unimportant variations, in the Altdeutsches
Namenbuch. Grimm (GescJi. d. Deutsc. spr.J
refers to Gothic vcdis, legitimate, and makes
BeHsar = a Gothic Vahshar {hai^i, warrior). The
following modern names are with some diffidence
introduced here.
SmPLE FORIklS.
Belis.
English Belliss,* Bellies, Bellows, Pallace. Mod. Legitimate.
Germ. Pallas. French Pelosse, Palisse.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hari, warrior) Old German Belesar, 6th cent. English
Belser, Palliser. French Belliscer, Belseur, Pelissier.
Ital. Belisario.
I doubt very much the explanation of our
name Lovechild as meanmg an illegitimate
person. Luuecild is an early name in the Liher
VitcB — it seems to be more probably an epithet
of affection.
The Eng. Twiss, Twice, corresponding with
an Old Germ. Zuizo, 9th cent., (High Germ. z =
Ang.-Sax. t,) appears to have the meaning of
geminus, twin. So also English Tway, Twine
whence the patronymic Twining. Perhaps also
TwiGG, with which appears to correspond an
Anglo-Saxon Tuica, found in Tuicanham, now
Twickenham. Or the last may have the sense
of spear, Hke many other words of the same class
elsewhere referred to. Twyman, however, I
should rather compare with the Old Norse tweg-
giamahi, a double man, i.e., of twice the ordinary
size or strength.
* See also p. 269.
N 3
Mass.
Mess.
522 A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS.
Our name Lammas might be supposed to be
derived from the season, like Christmas, Noel,
&c. But Lammasse occurs in the Hundred Rolls
without prefix ; Lamas is also a French name ;
and there was a king of Lombardy in the 5th
cent, called Lamisso or Lamissio — the name,
according to the old chroniclers, being derived
from lama, water, on account of his having in
childhood been rescued from a pond.
The following stem seems somewhat obscure
— Forstemann refers to Old High German mez,
modus, or maz, cibus.
SIMPLE FORMS.
Old Germ. Mazzo, Masso, 8th cent. Ang.-Sax. Msessa,*
found in Mcessanuyrth, Cod. Dip. 721. English Massie,
Messiah. Mod. Germ. Mass, Mess. French Masse, Masse,
Masseau.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Massila, father of Maldra or Masdra^ hing of
the Suevi, 5th cent., Mezli, 9th cent. — Massilia, Lib. Vit. —
English Massall, Measel — Mod. Germ. Massl, Massel.
Old Germ. Mazelin, bishop of Wurzburg, 11th cent. — English
Maslin — French Massillon, Mazelin.
phonetic ending.
Old Germ. Massana, wife of the Lombard king Cleph, 6th
cent. English Massina, Messeena, Masson. Mod. Germ.
Massen. French MAssENA,t Masson.
PATRONYMICS.
Old Germ. Messinc. Eng. Messing. French Mesenge.
COMPOUNDS.
(Hard) French Massart. (Hari, warrior) Eng. Mas-
sure, Measure — Mod. German Messer — French Mazier,
* And Mfessings, found in Msossingaham, now Massingham.
t " Mr. D'Israeli (Coningsby, 2, 203) says that Massena, as well as other
French marshals, was a Hebrew, and that his real name was Manasseh. He was a
native of Nice. Now in the Piedmontese dialect, nidsena signifies a child. . .
I.s there any foundation for Mr. D'Israeli's statement ?" E. O. B. in Notes and
Queries. Vol. 10, «. 147. , i
i.^-
A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS. 523
Messier, Meziere. {Man) English Mashman — Mod. Germ.
Massman — French Massemin.
phonetic intrusion of n.
{Bert, famous) Eng. Massingberd — French Masimbert.*
The stem ivagy way, is difficult to separate
from the stem ivac, p. 362. But it seems to me
that there is a separate word, probably having
the meaning of waving or brandishing, as in the
Waegbrand (Wave-sword) in the genealogy of
the kings of Northumbria.
simple forms. ^^.^g ^^y
Old Germ. Wago, Waggo, 9 th cent. Waga, second from wave,
Woden in the genealogy of the Mercian kings. Wege brandish.
{Domesday). English "Wagg, Wegg, Vague, Way. Mod.
Germ. Wage, Wege. French Yaghi, Vege, Vee, Wey.
diminutives.
English Waylen. French Wegelin.
PHONETIC ending.
Old Germ. Vagan, 8th cent. Old Norse Vagen, English
Wain. French Vagney, Vaganay, Weyn.
COMPOUNDS.
(Gaud, Goth) English Waygood. (Hari, warrior) Old
Germ. Wagher, 8th cent. — English Wager — Mod. German
Wager, Weger. {Man) English Wagman, Wayman —
Mod. Germ. Weymann — French ? Wegman. (Bert, famous)
Old Germ. Wagpraht, 9th cent. — English Weybret.
Respecting the root aus, aur, I quote the
following remarks of Forstemann. "We must
assume such a German root with the meaning of
light, brightness ; and see it in the German form
of the Sanscrit root uscJi, as we also find it in the
Latin aurum, aurorciy uro ; in the Greek tjw?, and
* There is an Old Prankish name Masembold, 8th cent., similarly formed
from this stem.'
524 A CHAPTER OF FRAGMENTS.
in the Ang.-Sax. edrendel, a star. Here appears
the simple form of the root, of which we have an
extension in aust, auster (oriens).'^
Aus, Aur. SIMPLE FORMS.
Brightness. Engllsli Ore, Ousey. French Aureau, Auray, Aury,
OuRY, Ory, Aussy, Usse.
diminutives.
Old Germ. Ausilas, 6th cent. — English Auriol, Oriel —
French Auzolle, Aureille^ Oriolle. Old German Orizo,
10th cent. — English Orriss.
phonetic ending.
Old German Orein, 11th cent. English Orrin. French
Auzon.
compounds.
(Bert, famous) Old German Auripert, 7th cent. — French
AusBERT. (Gan, magic) English Organ — French Auregan.
(Gar, spear) English Orger — French Auriger. {Hari,
warrior) Old German Ausari, 9th cent. — French Aussiere.
(Wald, power) Old German Ausvold, Ausold, 9th cent. —
English Household ?
In the Haupts zeitschrift of Weinhold he
refers to the name Ochon, of a king of the HeruH,
6th cent., deriving it from the Goth, auhns, oven,
in the older meaning of fire. Should this deriva-
tion obtain, the English Oven, as well as the
Modern German Oken, and the French Ochin,
may be similarly explained.
A stem of uncertain meaning is gad, which
Forstemann refers to a lost verb gadan,^ in the
sense of uniting. But various other words are
so liable to intermix that I will not attempt to
give any general meaning to the group.
* Hence, I pre.sume, the Mod. Germ, gatten, to unite, gatte, spouse, <fec.
II
A CHArTER OF FRAGMENTS. 525
Probably the form cat would come in more
properly here than as introduced at p. 168.
SIMPLE FORMS. Gad.
Old Germ. Gaddo, Gatto, Geddo, Getto, 7th cent. Eng.
Gadd, Gatty, Gedd, Get, Getty, Caddy. Mod. German
Gade, Gede, Kade. French Gady, Gad^ Gateau, Gath^
Gette, Cadeau.
DniINUTIVES.
English Caddick — Modern German Gaedcke. English
Cadell. French Gatillon, Cadilhon.
COMPOUNDS.
{Hariy warrior) English Getter — French Cadier, {Leaf,
dear) English Gatliffe, Getlive. {Man) Anglo-Saxon
Csedmon — English Cadman, Gettman. (Niw, young) Old
Germ. Gatani, 8th cent. — Eng. Gedney. (Walah^ stranger)
Old German Kaduwalah, Cadualus, 8th cent, — Ceadwalha,*
king of Wessex — English Cad well.
phonetic intrusion op ?.t
(Hariy wari'ior) Old German Gadelher, 11th cent. — Mod.
Germ. Kettler — French Gatellier.
* Ought, perhaps, rather to be brought in here than along with hath, war,
p. 169.
t As well as the form gadel, there is also a form gader, which might account
for such names as English GAXHERaooD, (in the 13th cent, found as Gadregod).
CHAPTER XXXII.
CONCLUSION.
I might — ere taking leave of the subject —
amuse the reader by many instances of the curious
relation in which names sometimes stand to
avocations. Thus of nine Mash's in the London
directory, five are dealers in potatoes. Porte,
Claret, and Champagne are wine-merchants in
Paris, Verjus is a doctor, and Virgile keeps the
hotel Byron. On the other hand Clovjs and
Odin are tailors, Saladin is a hair-dresser.
Milord is a grocer, and Minerve sells lemonade.
Madame Thais watches over the morals of a
religious order ; Madame Mizery keeps an hotel,
and I dare say makes people very comfortable.
Again — as I have throughout these pages
advocated the opinion that many curious-sounding
names are only corruptions of ancient names, so
I may give a few instances of others which we
might have had. We have many which seem
to be from beverages — we might also have had
Ice-and-Cream — the Old Germ. Isancrim (Iron-
fierce.) We have Goodenough, and I have taken
it to be from an Old Prankish name Godenulf —
so we might have had Badenough, from an Old
German Badanulf The termiaation wif, woman,
common in ancient female names, might have
I
CONCLUSION. 527
given us, without any corruption, Egg-wife,
Angel-wife, Silly-wife, and Cold-wife. The
Old Germ, names Austrigosa and Wisegoz (Ostro-
goth and Visigoth) would naturally have become
Easter-goose and Wisegoose.
Many other examples I might introduce, but
I prefer to close the subject with a more serious
train of thought. My aim has been to vmdicate
the antiquity, and to assert the nobility, of our
common EngHsh names. I have endeavoured to
show that very many of those which seem the
meanest and the most vulgar, are in reality the
most ancient — that, philologically speaking, the
Norman territorial seigneurs are the parvenus —
the Babbs and the Bubbs and the Dadds, the
Raggs, the Buggs, and the Wiggs, the Potts, the
Juggs, and the Tubbs, the grand old nobility.
And in the names of our great rivals by sea and
land, I have sought to trace the forgotten rela-
tionship of two thousand years.
An eminent modern scholar, the late Dr.
Donaldson, has remarked of English names, that
" though generally very much corrupted in ortho-
graphy and pronunciation, they often preserve
forms of words which have been lost in the ver-
nacular language of the country, and so constitute
a sort of living glossary/^ This is true, but it is
not the whole truth. They contain words which
have been lost in the whole cycle of Teutonic
languages — they contain senses which have
perished, though the words are still extant —
528
CaNCLUSION.
they contain all forms of ancient dialects, and all
forms of transition between one dialect and
another.
Nor is their value less as a record of past
modes of thought. There is not one of them but
had a meaning once — they are a reflex of a bye-
gone age — a commentary on the life of our fore-
fathers.
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
P. 24. The ending ma in Friesic names, which I have
taken to be a diminutive, is considered by Pott and
Ru2")recht to be the same as jnan. In that case it
would not be the same as the ending ma, mia, <fec.,
in Old Frankish names with which I have compared
it, as many of these names are feminine.
P. 26. The name Erasmus I have taken to be a latinized
form of a Friesic Erasma. But in default of finding
it in any case in the latter form, the derivation of
Pott from the Greek Erasmios must perhaps be pre-
ferred.
P. 105. HouLET, HuLETT, &c., might also be the same as a
Hugolot in the Liber Yitae, a diminutive or com-
pound of hug, p. 357.
P. 125. I have to apologise for the name Crimson. I
found it in Mr. Bowditch's index, and concluded
that there was such a name. Subsequently, refer-
ring to the text, I found that it ran — " we have no
Crimson !"
P. 135, The name Albruna, of the wise woman of the old
Germans, (from alf, elf, and run, wisdom or mystery,
p. 364) was probably derived from her supposed
character of soothsayer. From the same origin
comes Oberon, the name of the fairy king. We
have AuBERON as a Christian name, but I do not
know it as a family name.
P. 151. Nefflen is, I think, a German, not an English
name.
P. 256. Nestle, Nestling, &c. Grimm, (Gesch. d. Deutsche
SpracKJ refers, in the case of an Old German name
Nestica, to nest, torques, nesfUa, fibula.
P. 261. Friday might also be derived from an Ang.-Saxon
Frigedseg, (found in Frigedseges treow. Cod. Dip.
1221). So Frebout, also Freebody, might be the
o 3
530 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
same as an Old German Friobaudes, 6th cent., from
fri^ liber. Hence also Friar and Friary, Modern
German Freier, from an Old German Friher, 8th
cent. And Freeman, corresponding with a Friumon
in the Liber Vitae.
P. ^^% SiEVEWRlGHT "would be better placed along with
Searight, to an Old German Seuerit, p. 322, from
Goth. saivSj Ang.-Sax. sae, mare.
P. 263. The introduction of the name Gwynn here may be
liable to misconstruction. I merely mean to ask
the question whether — comparing it with an Old
German Guuine — a Teutonic name can in any case
be mixed up with the Celtic.
P. 310. Dandelyon. The family of this name became
extinct in the reign of Edward IV.
P. 313. The name Picture might be from Pictor as a
latinization of painter.
P. 317. .The most certain instance of Scot as a baptismal,
and not as a descriptive name, is a Scot Agumdes-
sune (for Agemundessune %) in the Liber Yitse.
P. 349. Our name Kecknell is more probably the same as
the German Eecknagel, p. 221.
P. 382. The Ang.-Sax. Uhtred ought not, I think, to come
in here ; the stem act^ p. 450, is more suitable.
P. 397. The authority for the statement that the name of
the Maid of Orleans was properly Dare, not D'Arc,
is her latest French biographer, whose name I do
not at present remember, and whose information
was derived from an examination of ancient docu-
ments.
P. 425. Pott has Grove and Grovemann as Low German
names.
P. 464. Our name Grassick corresponds with a Garsic in
the Liber Vitae, Ang. -Saxon gmrs, another form of
grafts.
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Abault, 61
Abavid, 61
Abbadie, 61
Abbe, 60
Abbette, 61
Abert, 61
Abit, 61
Acar, 210
Acart, 210
Accault, 210
Aclocque, 210
Adde, 287
Adee, 287
Adeline, 337
Adelon, 337
Adhemar, 288
Adin, 519
Admant, 288
Adolphe, 72, 288
Adoul, 337
Adour, 288
Aeschimann, 217
Agasse, 193
Agenet, 210
Agis, 193
Ag^and, 210
Agon, 211
Agoult, 210
Agram, 210
Agron, 210
Aide, 519
Aigle, 94
Aigoin, 210
AiguiUe, 94, 154
AiUard, 154
Ailleret, 154
AiUy, 154
Aimard, 492
Aime, 492
A j albert, 154
Ajasse, 193
Alabert, 516
Al^gre, 516
Alavoine, 517
Albaret, 135
Albenque, 135
Albert, 516
Albin, 134
Albo, 134
Albrand, 299, 418
Alby, 134
Aldebert, 418
Aldon, 418
Ale, 516
Alecan, 418
Alely, 426
Alfred, 135
Algier, 516
Aligrot, 427
Alinot, 517
AUx, 142
Alkan, 418
Allain, 238
Allard, 516
Allaire, 517
AUais, 300
Allaume, 38
Alleaume, 38
Allemoz, 517
AUengi-y, 239
Aileron, 517
Allery, 517
Allevy, 517
AUie, 516
AUien, 238
AUonier, 239
Allouard, 517
Alphonse, 338
Alquier, 142
Alricq, 517
Altaii-ac, 419
Altaroche, 418
Alteriet, 418
Amade, 284
Amadeuf, 284
Amblard, 143
Amail, 143
Amedee, 284
Amelin, 143
Ameling, 143
Amette, 284
Amey, 492
Amis, 284
Amiaume, 493
Amory, 130
Ampaire, 312
Aniurat, 492
Anceau, 119
Anceaume, 119
Ancel, 119
Ancelin, 119
Ancement, 120
Andraud, 300
Andro, 300
Andry, 300
Anery, 289
Anfray, 289
Ange, 212
Angel, 213
Angelier, 213
Angerand, 502
Angevin, 212
Angibert, 292
Angibout, 292
Anglement, 213
Anglade, 213
Anglard, 213
Angouard, 293
Anguy; 212
Anicker, 289
Anjubault, 292
Anne, 289
Anne, 289
Annee, 289
Anquetil, 52, 512
Ansart, 119
Anselin, 119
Anselme, 119
Ansmann, 120
Ansmant, 120
Ansel, 119
Antlieaume, 432
Antier, 432
Antiq, 432
Antraygues, 300
Anty, 432
Appay, 60
Appert, 61
Aran, 95
Ai-ago, 387
Arbogast, 50, 386
Arbeau, 386
Arbey, 386
Arbomont, 386
Arbre, 386
Archambault, 12, 432
Archereau, 388
Archinard, 432
Ardier, 250
Aidouin, 251
Arfort, 386
Argand, 388
Argy, 387
Arioli, 95
Arlouin, 340
Armandeau, 147
Armandet, 147
Armengaud, 50 146
Armente, 147
Armeny, 146
Armet, 147
Armez, 147
Arnault, 95
Arnold, 95
Arnou, 95
532
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Arnould, 95
Arondel, 152
Arpin, 386
Arqviin, 432
Arrault, 95
Arranger, 95
Arrivetz, 95
Arrondeau, 95
Artault, 251
ArteU, 250
Artus, 250
Arveuf, 386
Arvier, 386
Ascoli, 216
Asperti, 119
Astel, 216
Astier, 216
Astorgis, 303
Astruc, 216
Asse, 89, 119
Assegond, 119
Asselin, 119
AsseU, 119
Assuerus, 120
Atloff, 288
Atys, 288
Aubard, 135
Aube, 134
Aubel, 134
Aubery, 135
Aubez, 134
Aubier, 135
Aubigny, 134
Aubin, 134
Aubineau, 134
Aiibouer, 135
Aubouin, 135
Aubriet, 135
Aubrun, 135
Auchard, 142
Aude, 381
Audebrand, 382
Audemars, 382
Audevard, 52, 282
Audibert, 52, 381
Audier, 382
Audiffred, 382
Audiflfret, 382
Audiganne, 382
Audiguier, 52, 382
Audille, 381
Audin, 381
Audis, 381
Audiquet, 381
Audouard, 52, 382
Audoin, 382
Audouin, 52
Audouy, 382
Audri.n, 382
Audy, 381
Aucr, 290
Aufray, 502
Auger, 382
Auray, 524
Badou, 166
Aureau, 524
Bady, 166
Auregan, 524
Baffert, 291
Aureille, 524
Bagard, 172
Auriger, 524
Bagary, 172
Ausbert, 524
Bagier, 172
Aussiere, 524
Baglan, 172
Auspert, 119
Bague, 172 ,
Auteroche, 382
Bail, 192 1
Autheland, 382
Bailla, 192 i
Authier, 382
BaiUiard, 192 1
Autie, 381
Bailiere, 192 1
Amtin, 381
BaiUieu, 192 f
Autier, 382
BaiUy, 172, 192 f
Autran, 382
Baissin, 181
Autrique, 382
Balay, 192
AuzoUe, 524
Balcoq, 27
Auzon, 524
Balde, 241
Avare, 290
Baldeveck, 242
Avart, 290
Balery, 192
AveHne, 290
Baldi, 241 h
Avi, 290
Ballard, 192 '{
Avisseau, 290
Balle, 192
Avisse, 290
Balleret, 192
Avizard, 290
BaUoche, 192 ^1
Avizart, 290
BaUy, 192
Avizeau, 290
BaUu, 192
Aycard, 210
Balsan, 242
Ayel, 154
Balsemine, 241
Aymer, 210, 492
Baltar, 131, 241
Aymes, 492
Baltard, 241
Aymont, 210, 492
Baltazard, 241
Ayrault, 95
Balzac, 241
Azard, 169
Banc, 182
Azan, 169
Bance, 235
Aze, 169
Bancelin, 235
Azema, 169
Banie, 175
Azemar, 169
Bannielle, 175
Azibert, 169
Bannier, 175
Azille, 169
Banouard, 175
Azimon, 169
Bangy, 182 . '
Bansard, 236
Babault, 291
Baraban, 70
Babe, 291
Barault, 61
Babeau, 291
Barachin, 61 '
Babeuf, 291
Bard, 222] '
Babin, 291
Barde, 222 i
Bablin, 291
Bardeau, 222 !
Babonneau, 291
Bardelle, 222
Babouard, 291
Bardillon, 222
1;
Baboulene, 291
Bardon, 222 if
t
Babuleau, 291
Bardonneau, 222 J
Bac, 172
Bardy, 222 T
(
I
Baccaud, 172
Barelle, 61 A
Bach, 172
Barnay, 423 '■ B
Bacliimcnt, 172
Barnet, 423 ■
Bacqua, 172
Barnich, 423 ■
Bac(iuart, 172
Barnier, 423 |H
Eaciiue, 172
Barnouvin, 423 W^
Bacquct, 172
Baroin, 62 m^
Bade J, 1<;6
Barratte, 62 [^ |
Bader, 1(36
Barre, 61 '
Badier, 166
Barre, 61
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
533
Barrean, 61
Barret, C2
Barris, 61
Barteau, 222
Bartel, 222
Barry, 61
Bassaget, 181
Basse, 181
Bassee, 181
Basso, 181
Basta, 183
Bastard, 183
Baster, 183
Bastie, 183
Bastier, 183
BataiUe, 166
Batard, 167
Batavdt, 167
Batel, 166
Bathery, 167
Bathilde, 167
Batte, 166
Battu, 166
Baud, 241
Baudeau, 241
Baudement, 241
Baudeuf, 242
Baudichon, 241
Baudier, 241
Baudin, 242
Baudouin, 242
Baudiand, 241
Baudrit, 241
Baudro, 242
Baudron, 241
Baudiy, 241
Bauduer, 241
Bavard, 291
Bebert, 414
Bee, 222
Bechade, 222
Bechinan, 222
Beck, 222
Becker, 222
Beckle, 222
Becquemie, 222
Becquet, 222
Becquey, 222
Bedard, 167
Bede, 166
Bedeau, 166
Bedel, 166
Bedier, 167
Bedmar, 167
Bednec, 166
Bedouin, 167
Bedu, 166
Befort, 414
Belac, 269
Belaize, 269
Belet, 269
Belhomme, 269
BeHn, 270
Belissent, 270
BeUamy, 24, 192
Bellart, 269
Bellavoine, 270
BeUeau, 192
Bellee, 192
Bellemar, 192
Bellemain, 269
Bellemare, 269
BeUenot, 269
BeUetre, 219
BeUhomme, 192
Belli, 192
Bellicard, 269
BeUier, 269
Belligard, 269
Belliscer, 521
BeUoc, 269
BeUu, 192
Belment, 269
Belnot, 269
Belsevir, 521
Bek, 269
Bena, 176
Benard, 177
Bence, 177, 235
Benech, 176
Benecke, 176
Benda, 235
Bender, 236
Bengel, 182
Benier, 177
Benz, 177, 235
Ber, 68
Berard, 69
Beral, 69
Beranger, 70
Berault, 69
Bercher, 69
Beer, 68
Berge, 279
Bergeau, 279
Berger, 69, 279
Bergerat, 279
Berguerand, 279
Berheaume, 69
Bericli, 69
Berille, 69
Berillon, 69
Beringer, 70
Berjeault, 279
Berl, 69
Berly, 69
Bermard, 69
Bermond, 69
Bermont, 69
Bernard, 26, 71
Bernardet, 26
Bernardin, 26
Bernault, 71
Berne, 70
Bernelle, 70
Berney, 70
Bernier, 71
Berot, 69
Berquier, 279
Berquin, 69
Berryer, 69
Berta, 370
BertaU, 370
Bertault, 370
Berte, 370
Berteau, 370
Bertel, 370
Bertey, 370
Bertheaume, 370
Berthelin, 370
Berthier, 370
Bertier, 370
Bertin, 370
Berfcomier, 370
Bertrand, 370
Bertrant, 370
Bertray, 370
Bertron, 370
Bestault, 183
Best, 183
Bestel, 183
Bessard, 181
Bessay, 181
Besse, 181
Beslay, 181
Besson, 181
Bessona, 181
Bessoneau, 181
BetaU, 166
Bethery, 167
Betou, 166
Bette, 166
Bevaii-e, 91
Bibal, 414
Bibaut, 414
Biber, 91
Bibert, 414
Bibus, 414
Bical, 177
Bichard, 178
Bicheron, 178
Bidault, 167
Bied, 166
Biere, 68
Biffaut, 414
Biffe, 414
Bige, 177
Bigeard, 178
Bigey, 177
Bigle, 177
Bigot, 178
Bigre, 178
Billard, 269
BiUault, 270
Bilbault, 269
Bilco, 269
Bilhet, 269
Bilken, 269
BiUe, 269
534
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Billecoq, 27
BiUet, 269
Billequin, 269
BUley, 269
BiUez, 269
BiUiard, 269
Billiere, 269
Billing, 269
Billion, 270
Billoteau, 219
Bina, 176
Binant, 177
Binard, 177
Binda, 235
Binder, 236
Bineau, 176
Biney, 176
Bing, 178
Binge, 178
Binier, 177
Binnecher, 177
Binoch, 176
Binz, 177
Biron, 70
Bisard, 181
Biseau, 181
Bissay, 181
Bissen, 181
Bitcher, 178
Bivert, 414
Blacher, 395
Blachier, 395
Blad, 376
Bladier, 376
Blain, 396
Blaive, 184
Blanc, 392
Blanca, 392
Blancard, 393
Blanchard, 393
Blanche, 392
Blancheron, 393
Blanchet, 393
Blanchin, 392
Blandin, 397
Blangeard, 393
Blangy, 392
Blanquart, 393
Blanque, 392
Blanquet, 393
Blanquier, 393
Blanzy, 397
Blaque, 395
Blatin, 376
Blatte, 376
Blatter, 376
Blavier, 184
Blavin, 184
Blech, 393
Bled, 376, 440
Blee, 396
Blein, 396
Blenner, 396
Blequier, 393
Bless, 440
Blesseau, 440
Blesser, 441
Blessing, 440
Blet, 376, 440
Bletel, 376, 440
Bletery, 376
Bleton, 376, 440
Blequier, 393
Bleu, 396
Blevanus, 184
Bleve, 184
Blin, 396
Bloc, 214
BlocaiUe, 215
Blomard, 465
Blome, 465
Blond, 397
Blonde, 397
Blondeau, 397
Blondel, 397
Blondin, 397
Bloquel, 215
Bloquiere, 215
Blou, 396
Blum, 465
Bobant, 422
Bobee, 421
Boblet, 422
Bobiere, 422
Bobin, 422
Boboeufif, 422
Bobot, 422
Boch, 224
Bochard, 225
Bochin, 225
Bochmer, 225
Bodard, 455
Bodart, 455
Bodasse, 454
Bodeau, 454
Boder, 455
Bodevin, 455
Bodichon, 454
Bodier, 455
Bodin, 454
Bodo, 454
Boffin, 422
Boeuf, 421
Bognard, 225
Bognier, 225
Bohard, 225
Bohne, 225
Boimer, 225
Boin, 225
Boiron, 314
Boisgarnier, 602
Boisgaultier, 502
Boisgelin, 502
Boisgontier, 502
Boisguilbert, 502
Boisguyon, 502
Boisrenaud, 502
Bola, 281
Boler, 281
BoU, 281
BoUack, 281
BoUe, 281
BoUey, 281
Bompart, 176
Bon, 175
Bonnafous, 176
Bonald, 176
Bonamy, 24, 177
Bonaparte, 55, 176
Bonardi, 176
Bonasseaux, 175
Bondeau, 235
Bondy, 235
Bonfils, 176
Bonheur, 176
Bonichon, 175
Boniface, 176
Bonier, 176
Boninc, 175
Bonnaire, 176
Bonnard, 176
Bonnardet, 176
Bonnaud, 175
Bonnay, 175
Bonne, 175
Bonneau, 175
Bonnefons, 176
BonneU, 175
Bonnelye, 175
Bonnemain, 176
Bonnement, 176
Bonnery, 176
Bonni, 175
Bonningue, 175
Bonnissent, 176
Bonno, 175
Bonny, 175
Bonnyaud, 175
Bonome, 177
Bonpard, 176
Bonte, 235
Bonys, 175
Bonze, 175, 235
Borda, 229
Borde, 229
Bordery, 229
Bordier, 229
Bordmann, 229
Bos, 408
BoseUi, 408
Bossard, 408
Bosse, 408
Bossuroy, 408
Bossy, 408
Bost, 409
Bottelin, 454
Bottemer, 455
Bothey, 454
Botti, 451
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
535
Bottler, 455
Bottin, 454
Boucard, 379
Boucart, 379
Boucasse, 379
Bouchard, 379
Bouche, 378
Boucheny, 379
Boucher, 379
Boucherie, 379
Boucheron, 379
Boucherot, 379
Bouchet, 379
Bouchez, 379
Bouchon, 379
Boucly, 379
Boucon, 379
Boucry, 379
Boudard, 455
Boudault, 455
Boudeau, 454
Boudevin, 455
Boudier, 455
Bougavdt, 379
Bougie, 379
Bouglon, 379
Bougon, 379
Bougrain, 379
Bougueret, 379
Bouhier, 379
Bouillac, 281
BouiUard, 281
BouiUe, 281
Bouillerie, 281
Bouillien, 281
Bouillier, 281
Bouilly, 281
Boulan, 281
Boulas, 281
Boulay, 281
BouHgaud, 281
BouUer, 281
Boullard, 281
BouUery, 281
BouUoche, 281
Boulmier, 281
Boulo, 281
Boulu, 281
Bouneau, 416
Bouquerot, 379
Bouquet, 379
BouquiUon, 379
Bout, 452
Bourard, 452
Bourdeau, 329
Bourdel, 329
Bourdelande, 330
Bourdelon, 329
Bourdet, 330
Boudier, 330
Bourdin, 329
Boure, 452
Boureau, 452
Bourg, 279
Bourges, 279
Bourgery, 279
Bourla, 452
Bourrel, 452
Bourrillon, 452
Bourquard, 279
Boussiere, 408
Bout, 454
Boutard, 455
Boutaric, 455
Boutel, 454
Boutelon, 454
Bouthey, 454
Boutier, 455
Boutrais, 455
Boutron, 455
Boutung, 454
Bouty, 454
Bouvard, 422
Bouvelet, 422
Bouvier, 422
BouviUe, 422
Bouvin, 422
Bouvry, 422
Boy, 313
Boyard, 313
Boye, 313
Boyer, 313
Boyreau, 313
Boyron, 314
Brachard, 185
Brafiher, 185
Brack, 185
Bracq, 184
Brag, 130
Brahy, 184
Brainne, 185
Brame, 371
Bramma, 371
Brand, 198
Brandao, 198
Brandau, 198
Brandely, 198
Brandes, 199
Brandy, 198
Braquelonne, 185
Braquemin, 185
Brasa, 443
Brassac, 443
Brassart, 443
Brasserie, 443
Brassier, 443
Braud, 218
Brault, 185
Bray, 184
Brayer, 185
Brayoud, 185
Brazier, 53
Brazy, 443
Breard, 185
Breau, 184
Brechard, 185
Brechemin, 185
Breck, 184
Bree, 184
Bregand, 185
Brcgeard, 185
Bregere, 185
Bregevin, 185
Breht, 370
Bremard, 371
Bremond, 371
Bremont, 371
Bresillon, 186
Bressand, 186
Bresse, 186
Bresseau, 186
Bressel, 186
Bresser, 186
Bressy, 186
Bret, 185
Bretar, 185
Breteau, 185
Bretel, 185
Bretocq, 185
Breucq, 193
Breyer, 185
Breysse, 186
Brezol, 186
Briant, 185
Briard, 185
Bricaire, 185
Bricard, 185
Brichard, 185
Bricon, 185
Bride, 185
Brideau, 185
Brigaud, 185
Brimeur, 371
Brimont, 371
Brioude, 185
Brique, 184
Brisac, 186
Brise, 186
Brissard, 186
Brissaud, 186
Brisay, 186
Brizard, 186
Broc, 193
Broca, 90
Brocard, 191
Brocq, 90
Brodin, 218
Brodu, 218
Broet, 218
Brondel, 198
Bronder, 199
Brossard, 480
Brosse, 480
Brossel, 480
Brossier, 480'
Brot, 218
Brousse, 186
Brucy, 186
Bruezier, 186
536
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Brugiere, 194
Bruhiere, 194
Brun, 399
Brunache, 399
Brunant, 400
Brunard, 400
Bruneau, 399
Brunei, 399
Bruner, 400
Brunet, 400
Brunnarius, 400
Brunner, 400
Bruno, 399
Bruny, 399
Bruzelin, 186
Bubeck, 422
Bucaille, 379
Bucker, 379
Buckle, 379
Buddicom, 455
BudiUon, 454
Budin, 454
Buffault, 422
Buffet, 422
Buffier, 422
Bufifon, 422
Buisman, 407
Bulard, 281
Bulla, 281
Bulle, 281
BuUeau, 281
BuUier, 281
BuUy, 281
Buloz, 281
Bunet, 416
Bunon, 416
Bunzel, 235
Burc, 279
Burchard, 279
Burckel, 279
Burde, 329
Burdet, 330
Burdin, 329
Burgal, 279
Burgard, 279
Burq, 279
Burt, 370
Burtard, 370
Burthe, 329
Burthe, 329
Burty, 370
Bui-vevin, 279
Bussard, 407
Busse, 407
Busser, 407
Bussiere, 407
Bussy, 407
Bustault, 409
Butheau, 454
Buttez, 454
Butti, 454
Buttin, 454
Cabe, 285
Cadeau, 525
Cadier, 525
Cadilhon, 525
Caffort, 248
Cagin, 174
Cagnard, 174
Cahen, 174
Caillant, 437
Caillard, 437
Caillault, 437
Caille, 436
CaiUeau, 436
CaiUebotte, 437
Caillelau, 437
CaiUer, 437
OaiUier, 437
CaiUiez, 437
CaiUon, 437
Caillouee, 437
Cain, 174
Calaret, 437
Callebaut, 437
Gallery, 437
CaUier, 437
CaUon, 437
Calvo, 83
Cam, 436
Camard, 436
Camaret, 436
Camier, 436
Camin, 436
Campy, 171
Canal, 444
Canard, 101, 444
Canault, 444
Cancalon, 518
Cance, 518
Cancy, 518
Cauda, 74
Candelle, 74
Candre, 74
Candy, 74
Canier, 444
Canivet, 201
Canneva, 201
Canon, 444
Cantel, 74
Cantier, 74
CantiUon, 74
Caraman, 203
Cardon, 277
Careau, 202
Carel, 202
Carey, 202
Carlin, 202
Carment, 203
Carnot, 203
Carod, 203
Carol, 59
Carraz, 202
Carre, 202
Carrette, 339
Carriere, 203
Cart, 276
Cartault, 277
Carteau, 276
Carteret, 277
Carthery, 277
Cartier, 53, 277
Carton, 277
Carquin, 202
Castaing, 296
Castaldi, 296
Castan, 296
Castel, 296
Casterat, 296
Castier, 296
Castrique, 296
Casty, 296]
Cat, 168
Catal, 168
Catala, 168
Catau, 168
CatiUon, 168
Catty, 168
Catu, 168
Cauchard, 307
Cauche, 307
Cauchy, 307
Caudron, 477
Causin, 309
Caussade, 309
Caussat, 309
Causse, 309
Cauzard, 309
Cauzique, 309
Cavel, 285
Cazalong, 205
Caze, 205
Cazel, 205
CeUard, 308
Cellerin, 308
Cellier, 308
Celesse, 308
Cels, 308
Cendre, 456
Cent, 456
Ceremonie, 230
Cesac, 272
Ceysson, 272
Cezard, 272
CeziUe, 272
Chabault, 168
Chabot, 168
Chabrand, 199
Chadinet, 168
Chadirac, 168
Chaft, 219
Chamel, 419
Champagne, 526
Champeau, 171
Chami^lon, 171
Champy, 171
Chancoau, 519
Chandel, 74
INDEX OF FRENCH MAMES.
537
Chanteau, 74
Chanterac, 75
Chautier, 74
Chantrot, 74
€hapt, 219
Charavay, 233
Charey, 231
Charfe, 356
Charier, 232
Chario, 231
Charle, 59
€liarmond, 50, 233
Charmont, 50, 233
Charmotte, 233
Charoin, 233
Charot, 339
€harpin, 357
Charpy, 356
Chartier, 250
Charton, 251
Charue, 231
Charvey, 233
Charvin, 233
Chassard, 307
Chastaing, 296
Chatel, 519
€hateliii, 168
Chaumer, 60
Chaussee, 307
Chaussier, 307
Chaussy, 307
Chefter, 219
Chely, 322
Chemery, 423
Cheneveau, 201
Chereau, 223
Cheri, 223
Chesneau, 459
Chesney, 459
Ohesse, 459
Chevy, 285
Chicard, 358
Chieze, 459
Chilman, 163
Chimay, 423
Chimel, 423
Chimene, 423
Chipier, 286
Chippard, 285
Chiquet, 358
ChobiUon, 227
Chocart, 341
Chochon, 340
Chocquet, 341
Chomeau, 59
Chon, 327
Chonez, 327
Chonneaux, 327
Chopard, 227
Choqier, 307
Choquart, 341
Choque, 307, 340
Choquet, 341
Choquier, 341
Chorey, 223
Chottard, 360
Chotteau, 360
Choupe, 227
Christ, 133, 484
Christel, 133
Christy, 133
Ciceri, 272
Cinna, 327
Cinquin, 327
Cintrat, 456
Ciza, 272
Clabaut, 183
Clabbeeck, 183
Cladung, 435
Clarenc, 374
Claret, 526
Clarey, 374
Clair, 374
Clairin, 374
Claparede, 183
Clapeyron, 183
Clapier, 183
Clapisson, 183
Clariat, 374
Classen, 392
Claude, 377
Claudel, 377
Claudin, 377
Clave, 183
Claveau, 183
Clavel, 183
Claverie, 183
Clavey, 183
Clavier, 183
Clavrot, 183
Claye, 352
Clayette, 352
Clech, 352
Clenchard, 199
Cler, 374
Clerambault, 374
Clerambourg, 374
Cleret, 374
Clerin, 374
Clerisse, 374
Clermont, 374
Clery, 374
CUver, 414
Clodomir, 46, 50, 377
Cloquemin, 352
Cloquet, 352
Clotilde, 46, 377
Clouet, 352
Clovis, 46, 378, 526
Cocard, 446
Coccoz, 446
Cochard, 446
Coche, 446
Cochelin, 446
Cochevy, 446
Cochin, 416
Cochinart, 446
Coclin, 446
Coderet, 116
Codini, 116
Codron, 116
Coffard, 248
Coffin, 249
Coffineau, 249
Coffy, 248
Cogez, 446
Cognard, 446
Cogny, 446
Coiffard, 248
Coindret, 328
Colbert, 226
Colere, 226
Coli, 226
CoUnard, 226
CoUange, 226
Collard, 226
CoUe, 226
CoUeau, 226
CoUery, 226
CoUichon, 226
Collier, 53, 226
CoUman, 226
Colombert, 226
Com, 59
Come, 296
Comont, 60
Commeny, 297
Commun, 297
Conard, 328
Conchan, 327
Congs, 329
Congy, 329
ConU, 327
Conilleau, 327
Coninx, 329
Conneau, 327
Connerat, 328
Connes, 327
Connier, 328
Conord, 328
Conort, 328
Conrad, 328
Conseil, 163
Conte, 163
Conti, 163
Conter, 164
Continant, 164
Contour, 164
Copeau, 248
Copel, 248
Coppez, 248
Coq, 446
Coqueau, 446
Coquelin, 446
Coquet, 446
Coquille, 446
Coquin, 44()
Cora, 202
Coram, 202
538
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES*
Corich, 202
Cornay, 433
Comely, 433
Cornichon, 433
Cornibert, 433
CorniUeau, 433
Comillon, 433
Corsain, 409
Corta, 409
Cortel, 409
Cortier, 409
Com, 202
Cosmene, 310
Cosne, 310
Cosnuau, 310
Cosquin, 309
Cosse, 309
Cosse, 309
Cosseret, 310
Cossin, 309
Costa, 360
Costard, 360
Costaz, 360
Coste, 360
Costel, 360
Costes, 360
Costey, 360
Costnie, 360
Cote, 115
Coteau, 115
Cotel, 115
Coteret, 116
Cothrune, 116
Cotta, 115
Cottance, 115
Cottard, 116
Cotte, 115
Cottey, 115
Couard, 336
Couardeau, 336
Coubart, 336
Couder, 116
Coudert, 116
Coudoin, 117
Coudy, 115
Cone, 336
Couenne, 336
Coiimon, 337
Coune, 327
Course, 409
Course!, 409
Courson, 409
Coursseraiit, 409
Coursy, 409
Court, 409
Courteau, 409
Courtier, 409
Courtin, 409
Courty, 409
Cousin, 309
(>>us8y, 309
CouHtard, 360
Cousteau, 360
Coutance, 115
Coutanseau, 115
Coutard, 116
Couteau, 52, 115
Coutem, 115
Coutier, 116
Coutin, 117
Coutray, 116
Coutrot, 116
Couty, 115
Coutz, 115
Couzineau, 309
CoviUe, 248
Coze, 309
Cozic, 309
Cozzi, 309
Cramm, 97
Crenier, 465
Crepe, 188
Crepeau, 188
CrepeUe, 188
Crepy, 188
Crespin, 404
Crespel, 404
Cresson, 401
Creucy, 404
Creusard, 404
Creuse, 404
Creuze, 404
Cria, 170
Cribier, 188
Crispin, 404
Croco, 253
Crobey, 425
Crochard, 253
Crochet, 253
Cron, 465
Croneau, 465
Cronier, 465
Croppi, 425
Croquart, 253
Crossard, 406
Crosse, 405
Crotte, 371
Croue, 253
Crousse, 404
Crousi, 404
Croutelle, 372
Crouts, 372
Croutsch, 372
Ci'oze, 405
Crozier, 406
Criiice, 404
Cruq, 253
Crussiere, 404
Crussy, 404
Cruz, 404
Cruzcl, 404
Cucu, 105
Cudey, 115
Cufay, 248
Cuit, 115
Cunicngo, 297
Cumon, 297
Cunault, 328
Cuny, 327
Cuqu, 105
Curnier, 433
Curtelin, 409
Curty, 409
Dabeau, 428
Dabee, 428
Dabert, 428
Dablin, 428
Dabrin, 428
Dacbert, 50, 391
Daces, 390
Dachery, 391
DacUn, 390
Dacquin, 391
Dado, 291
Daffy, 428
Dafrique, 428
Daga, 390
Dagand, 390
Dages, 390
Dagest, 391
Dagiu, 338
Dagneau, 338
Dagoin, 391
Dagomet, 391
Dagoury, 391
Dagrin, 391
Dagron, 391
Daguerre, 391
Dailly, 390
Dalbert, 375
Dalerac, 376
Dalger, 375
Dalibon, 375
Dalle, 375
Dallemagne, 376
Dallery, 375
Dalliard, 375
Dalloz, 375
Dally, 375
Dalon, 375
Dalvi, 376
Damas, 365
Damay, 364
Damazy, 365
Dame, 364
Dame, 364
Darnel, 365
Damelon, 365
Darner, 365
Dameron, 365
Damet, 365
Damez, 365
Damm, 364
Damotte, 365
Daniour, 365
Dan, 311
Dancoine, 359
Dancourt, 359
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
539
Dancla, 359
Dandou, 310
Danel, 311
Danelle, 311
Daney, 311
Dangla, 359
Dangouelle, 359
Danguis, 359
Daiiin, 311
Danne, 311
Danneberg, 311
Danquin, 359
Dansard, 310
Danse, 310
Dantier, 310
Danton, 310
Danty, 310
Danvin, 310
Danzel, 310
Dappe, 428
Dapy, 428
Darche, 397
Darclon, 397
Dard, 209
Dardenne, 209
Dardie, 209
Dardier, 209
Dargaud, 208
Dargenne, 208
Daridan, 209
Darier, 208
Darnay, 398
Darnet, 208
Darnis, 398
Darque, 397
Darquier, 397
Darralde, 208
Darru, 208
Darte, 209
Dary, 208 ^
Dasset, 385
Dassier, 385
Dassy, 385
Davach, 428
Davault, 428
Daval, 428
Daveron, 428
Davin, 428
DavT, 428
Dechard, 391
Dechaume, 391
DechiUy, 390
Decker, 391
Decla, 390
Decle, 390
Decline, 390
Decori, 391
Decq, 390
Decrand, 391
Decret, 391
Decuve, 391
Dedouve, 333
Dedron, 333
Degalle, 390
Degay, 390
Deglane, 390
Degobert, 50, 391
Degof, 391
Degola, 390
Degory, 391
Degrand, 391
Delabaud, 375
Delaire, 375
Delamothe, 376
Delaniotte, 376
Delamarre, 376
Delan, 375
Delanneau, 375
Delay, 375
Deleau, 375
Delemer, 376
Delery, 375
Delesse, 375
Delimiei', 376
Delinge, 375
Dellac, 375
DeUe, 375
Delmer, 376
Delmon, 376
Delmotte, 376
Deloffre, 375
Delocre, 375
Deloger, 375
Delouard, 376
Delrocq, 376
Demait, 457
Demanne, 457
Demar, 365
Demart, 365
Demante, 457
Demay, 364
Demelun, 365
Demey, 364
Dernier, 365
DemoUn, 365
Demolle, 365
Demoisy, 365
Demoque, 365
Demotte, 365
Demory, 365
Demoidin, 365
Denaigre, 311, 338
Denaiffe, 312
Denant, 311
Denard, 311
Denechau, 311
Denechaud, 311
Denecher, 311
Dencre, 311, 338
Denefif, 312
Denert, 311
Denier, 311
Denin, 311
Dennery, 311
Dentu, 310
DenuUein, 310
Derche, 397
Demi, 398
Derquenne, 397
Desaint, 385
Desert, 385
Desrat, 385
Dessant, 385
Dessollc, 385
Detang, 332 •
Detuncg, 332
Devay, 428
Devenne, 428
Devert, 428
Devicque, 428
DeviUe, 428
Devy, 428
Dewamin, 428
Dewulf, 428
Dhios, 457
Dhomet, 457
Diache, 457
Dianand, 457
Diard, 457
Diehard, 407
Dicharry, 407
Dida, 332
Didard, 333
DideUe, 332
D idler, 333
Didron, 333
Die, 457
Diebolt, 332
Diegot, 333
Diericks, 333
Diesch, 229
Dietrich, 333
Diette, 332
Dieu, 427
Dieudonne, 488
Dieulafait, 488
Dieuleveut, 488
Dieutegard, 333
Dieutegarde, 488
Diey, 457
Digard, 407
Dilhac, 189
Dille, 189
Dillery, 189
Dillet, 189
Dillon, 190
DiUy, 189
Dime, 364
Dimey, 364
Dimier, 365
Dinguel, 367
Disand, 352
Disant, 352
Discry, 229
Dissard, 352
Ditte, 332
Dittmer, 333
Dizain, 352
Dize, 351
540
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
i
Dizy, 351
Dobbe, 103
Dobel, 103
Dobeliii, 103
Doche, 427
Dodard, 273
Dode, 273
Dodeman, 273-
Dodin, 273
Dodo, 273
Doermer, 208
Domairon, 364
Domard, 364
Domart, 364
Dombey, 363
Dome, 363
Domecq, 364
Domer, 364
Doraez, 364
Dommel, 364
Dommey, 363
Domicile, 364
Donay, 129
Doncker, 130
Donne, 129
Donne, 129
Donnellan, 130
Dor, 208
Dorchies, 208
Dore, 208
Doreau, 208
Dorel, 208
Dorin, 208
Dorvault, 208
Dory, 208
Dothee, 273
Dotin, 273
Douaxe, 428
Douault, 428
Doubey, 103
Doudan, 274
Doudeau, 273
Doudelle, 274
Done, 427
Doiiet, 427
Douelle, 427
Donilly, 427
Doumet, 364
Douraic, 364
DourneL 190
Doussamy, 26
Doussan, 274
])oussarry, 332
Dousse, 273
Doussoulin, 274
Douiey, 273
Doziere, 273
Dozon, 273
Drach, 413
Drache, 100
Dracci, 100, 413
Drain, 413
Drege, 413
Dreo, 413
Dreyss, 242
Drevault, 196
Dreyfus, 413, 429
Drier, 429
Driou, 429
Dromery, 243
Drou, 195
Drouard, 196
Drouen, 1\96
Droulin, 195
Drouyn, 196
Droz, 249
Druault, 429
Drubay, 441
Drucquer, 196
Drude, 270
Druey, 195
Drugeon, 196
Drumond (note), 243
Druveau, 441
Dubeau, 103
Due, 427
Ducel, 427
Ducber, 427
Ducoing, 427
Ducoroy, 427
Dugard, 427
Dugelay, 427
Dugenne, 427
Dugland, 428
Duhomme, 363
Duick, 427
Dulong, 427
Dumain, 428
Dumaire, 364
Dumas, 364
Dumay, 363
Dumery, 364
Dumez, 364
Dumolin, 364
Dumoulin, 364
Duquet, 427
Duquin, 427
Durand, 197
Durandard, 197
Durandeau, 197
Durant, 197
Dureau, 208
Durel, 208
Durey, 208
Durney, 190
Durr, 208
Duru, 208
Dutacq, 332
Dutard, 333
Dutc, 332
Duthy, 332
Dutil, 332 ^
Duveau, 103
Plberli, 76
Eberlin, 76
Ebert, 61
Ebrard, 76
Ecbanbard, 211
Echement, 210
Ecbinard, 211
Echivard, 210
Edard, 288
Edel, 337
Edelin, 337
Edmond, 382
Edouard, 382
Egalin, 209
Egalon, 154
Egasse, 193
Egaze, 193
Egle, 154
Egly, 154
Egon, 211
Egrot, 210
Eisele, 475
Elambert, 23&, 502
Elcke, 142
EUies, 300
Elmerick, 143
Elmire, 299
EUouin, 299
Elluis, 299
Eloffe, 419
Embry, 312
Erne, 253
Emelin, 143
Emeric, 254
Emericque, 254
Emmel, 143
Emmery, 254
Emmon, 254
Empaire, 312
Emy, 253
Enault, 289
Enard, 289
Encelain, 213
Enfre, 289
Eng, 292
Engel, 213
Enguebard, 292
Enique, 289
Enne, 289
Enouf, 289
Enslen, 119
Entragues, 300
Erambert, 95
Erard, 95
Erckener, 432
Ernie, 95
Ernouf, 95
Ernoult, 95
Erouard, 95
Erouart, 95
Escalin, 216
Escarc, 217
Escayrac, 217
Esnault, 475
Esnouf, 475
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
541
Eiquille, 216
Esser, 119
Essique, 119
Estixvard, 21G
Este, 210
EsteUe, 216
Estocq, 216
Etey, 287
Ethee, 287
EttUng, 337
Eude, 282
EudeUne, 282
Eve, 3G6
Eveque, 366
Everickx, 76
Evrard, 76
Evratt, 76
Eyclienne, 211
Eymond, 210
Eyraud, 210
Eysen, 474
Fagard, 435
Fage, 435
Fagel, 435
Faget, 435
Fagnier, 435
Faguer, 435
Fahy, 435
Fain, 435
FaiUe, 307, 435
Fajon, 435
Falcimaigne, 334
FaUou, 307
Fandard, 417
Fane, 2M
Fanniere, 234
Fannoii, 234
Fano, 234
Fanton, 417
Faquet, 435
Farachon, 323
Faraguet, 324
Faral, 323
Farau, 323
Farcis, 324
Farcot, 324
Fare, 323
Farenc, 323
Farine, 323
Fame, 324
Farran, 323
Fary, 323
Fastier, 252
Fastou, 251
Fastre, 252
Fath, 62
Faubert, 333
Fauclie, 333
FauchiUe, 333
Faucille, 333
Faucillon, 333
Fauleau, 307
Faulle, 307
Faulou, 307
Fauciue, 333
Fayard, 435
Faye, 435
Fayet, 435
FayoUe, 435
Feche, 435
Fechner, 435
Fege, 435
Feiner, 435
Feinert, 435
Fenaille, 234
Fenelon, 234
Ferafiat, 323
Feragut, 324
Ferant, 323
Feray, 323
Ferdinand, 325
Ferdman, 325
Ferment, 50, 324
Fermery, 215
Fermin, 215
Fermond, 50, 324
Fernie, 324
Fernier, 324
FernH, 324
Ferning, 324
Fernique, 324
Feron, 323
Ferouelle, 324
Ferrand, 323
Ferrer, 324
Ferrier, 324
Ferry, 323
Fert, 325
Ferte, 325
Fessard, 247
Fessy, 246
Feste, 251
Fester, 252
Festu, 251
Feuillard, 518
Feuille, 517
Feydeau, 256
Feytou, 256
Fiaia, 517
Ficatier, 257
Ficlier, 249
Fidele, 430
Fideiy, 430
Fiesclii, 247
Figeau, 249
Figuier, 249
Filard, 518
Fillemin, 518
Filocque, 517
Finbert, 315
Fink, 104
Firmin, 324
Fissart, 247
Fisteberg, 251
Fisq, 247
Fitte, 430
Fity, 430
Fix, 247
Fixon, 247
Fixary, 247
Fizeau, 246
Fizel, 247
Flad, 393
Flachat, 411
Flambert, 220
Flammgar, 220
Flan, 220
Flanneau, 220
Flaton, 394
Flatraud, 394
Flaud, 393
Fie, 411
FlecheUe, 411
Fleck, 411
Fleig, 411
FUchy, 411
FKck, 411
FUcourt, 411
Fliquet, 411
Flocard, 411
Flohn, 220
Floquet, 411
Flosi, 412
FociUon, 93
Foissac, 246
Foissy, 246
Foncier, 246
Forget, 324
Forme, 215
Fornachon, 324
Forney, 324
Fort, 325
Forteau, 325
Fortel, 325
Fortier, 325
Fortin, 325
Fortune, 325
Fortune, 325
Fossard, 246
Fosse, 246
Fossier, 246
Fossy, 246
Foucart, 334
Foucault, 334
Fouclie, 333
Fouche, 333
Foucher, 334
Fouchet, 334
Fouchez, 333
Fouchy, 333
Foucron, 334
Foucrot, 334
FouUey, 93
Fouque, 333
Fouquere, 334
Fouquet, 334
Fouquier, 334
Fournel, 324
542
INDEX OF FREXCH NAMES.
Fonrny, 324
FoiissiU'd. 240
Fousse, 24o
Foiissier, 24(.i
Fraiuibaiilt, 215
Fi-auc, i>i>6
France, 30t3
Francey. 306
Fi-auche. 306
Fiancia, 306
Francillon. 306
Franco, 306
Frankaeit. 306
Franque, 306
Franqueliu, 306
Franqniu, 306
Fz-anz, 306
Frasey, 312
Frasier. 313 (note)
Fraysso, 312
Frebaiilt. 261
Frecal, 449
Freoault. 132
Freeh, 132
Fredeau, 261
Frederick, 261
Frediere. 261
Fredoille, 261
Frelou, 261
Freuiancour, 216
Fremeaux. 215
Fremery, 215
Freniier, 215
Freniin, 215
Freuiinean, 215
Fremont. 215
Fremiuiger, 216
Fremy, 215
Frepa't, 261
Fi-escal. 449
Fresco. 449
Fresier, 313 (note)
Fi-e$lon, 449
Fress;vrd, 449
Fresson, 313
Fi-ete. 261
Freteau, 261
Friand, 263
Friant. 263
Fricanlt. 132
Fricq. 132
Friede, 261
Friker. 132
Frioud. 350
Frise, 312
Frison, 313
Fritel, 261
Froger, 350
Froid. 350
Froidure, 350
Froidoval, 350
Frois&ud, 449
Fromain, 215
Fromeut, 215
Fromillou, 215
Fi-ouime, 215
Frot, i>50
Frotter. 350
Frottin. 350
Fruit, 350
Fruitier, 350
Fidclxirou. 334
Fnlcran. 334
Fusch. 247
Fusier. 246
Fusil. 246
Fusy, 246
Gabalda. 2S6
Gabaret. 286
Gabe. 285
Gabin, 285
Gade. 525
Gady, 525
Gagin. 174
Gaguard. 174
Gagne, 174
Gagne, 174
Gagneau. 174
G-agner, 174
Gagnery, 174
Gagniere, 174
Gagny, 174
Galde'. 206
Gaignaud. 174
Gailliabaud, 437
Gailtiraud. 437
Gaillard. 437
Gaimard. 436
Gaime. 436
Gain. 174
Gainard, 174
Gail-el. 202
Gaissard. 205
Gaitte. 206
G;Uabert. 4o7
Galand, 437
Galant. 437
GaUe, 4;^
Galle. 436
Gallibour, 437
Galibonrg. 437
Galicher, 437
Galichon. 437
Galino, 437
Galliss^int. 437
Galisse, 437
Galotfre, 437
Galon, 437
Gaily, 436
Ganiache, 436
Ganiard. 436
Ganibelon, 419
Ganie, 436
Giimeu, 436
Gamichon, 436
Ganard, 101, 444
Gand. 74
Gandell. 74
Gandillon. 74
Gan^iier. 74
Gandolphe. 72, 75
Gandoin. 75
Ganie, 444
Ganier, 444
Ganil, 444
Ganivet, 201
Ganne. 444
Ganuean. 444
Ganter, 74
Gantzeiv, 518
Gapv. 285
Garand, 203
Garavilt. 204
Garay. 202
Gaice. 4l>4
Garceau. 464
Gai-cia, 464
Giu-d, 276
Gi\rdey, 276
Gaxdere, 277
Gai-din, 277
Gareau, 202
Gtvrella, 202
Garev. 202
Garibal, 203
G;mel, 202
Gai-in, 204
Garliu, 202
Gai-nier, 502
Giu-not, 203
Givrre, 202
Gaxrel. 202
G;irrelon. 202
G.irrier. 203
Gar\in. 204
Garzend. 204
Ga5C, 205
Gasche. 205
Gaslonde, 296
Gass.vrt, 296
Gasselin, 296
Gastal. 296
Ga^te, 296
Gastier, 296
Giistine. 296
Gasty, 296
Gateau, 525
Gatechiiir. 206
Gatellier, 525
Gatillon. 525
Gathe, 525
Gattebon, 206
Gaudermen, 29, 117
Gaudib^rt, 115
Gaudiveau, 116
Gauduchon. 115
GaiUofret, 437
I Gault, 477
INDEX OF KIIKN(MI NAMKS.
d43
Oftultier, 477, 502
OausBon, MYi)
GausHiraii, MO
Gautrot, IIG
Guiut'V, 3()*J
Guvaliltt, UStt
(JaTuult, L'SG
liavuriii, 'JS5
Guvi'au, -85
Gavel, 2S5
Gavellc, 285
(Jayttf, 200
Gaze, 2(>r>
Gazel, 205
((uzeliutt, 205
(}ehel, 285
(Jelin, 502
Gelle, 436
Gelle, 43<)
Gellez, 437
Gellynck, 437
Gelpy, HH, 442
Gen, 444
Geimril, 444
Gendrot, 74
Geiulry, 75
Geneau, 444
Geuelle, 444
Generat, 444
Genctte, 444
Genevee, 444
Genin, 444
Genique, 444
GeHne<iuin, 444
Gente, 74
Gentil, 74
Gentilion, 74
Genty, 74
Geny, 444
(}eiaii»le, 203
(JemnI, 2(5, 203, 502
(iciftult, 204
Gei-uy, 202
(ieihMi.l, 203
(Jiihanlt, 30, 203
Gtrhuut. 203
Gerbet, 203
Gerhej t, 203
Gerdolle, 270
Geidy, 27<;
(feruiite, 203
Gerez, 202
Geriijuin, 203
German, 203
Geriuoiul, 203
Gerrier, 203
Gery, 202
Gervaise, 204
Geuhcrt, 459
GcHol, 458
Genii n, 458
Gesiiiauhae, 459
OeMiomrne, 459
Gosto, 296
Gentelli, 296
GeMtuii, 296
Gette, 525
Gheerbrant, 199, 203
Ghillet, 458
GtuHlaiii, 458
Ghy8, 458
Gihault, 286
Gibert, 285
(Jiblin, 285
GiV>oin, 286
(Jibon, 285
Gibory, 28 6
Gibou, 285
Giboz, 285
Gibuu, 285
Gide, 438
Gitlel, 438
Giduiii, 438
Gitlouart, 438
Giese, 458
Gieneler, 458
Gif, 285
Giffard, 285
Gilan, 458
Gilbault, 458
Gilbe, 442
Gilbert, 458
Gilblain, 442
Gillard, 458
Gille, 458
(}illeron, 458
Gillier, 458
Giliy, 458
Gilmer, 458
Gil<iuiii, 458
Gimbert, 444
Gin, 444
Ginaud, 419
(jinier, 444
Girard, 203
Girunlin, 26, 203
Girauld, 204
(fiibal, 203
Girier, 203
Girod, 203
Girou, 202
Girouard, 204
Girv, 202
Gi.Hbert, 459
GiMxieu, 459
Giteau, 4.38
Gittard, 4.38
Gitton, 438
Giverne, 285
Giverny, 28.5
Gbidunfi, i'.Vt
GlaeHer, .53, 392
Glaine, 392
GhiM, .3!)2
GluMHun, 392
Glatard, 4.35
Glatigny, 435
(J laze, 392
(Jluchet, :i52
(Jloux, ;iV2
Gluck, :i52
Gobert, .502
Guclul, 446
(Jod.le, 115
((odeau, 115
(}o<lefroid, 116
(Jodefroy, 116
(iodel, 115
(Jodelier, 29, 117
(iodfiin, 116
(ioddlon, 115
(iodJn, 117
Goduieau, 117
(jrodcjuin, 115
Godry, 116
Goer, 202
Goibault, 'SM't
Goldber, 477
Goltier, 502
Gom, 59
Gomant, 60
Gombault, .50, 164
Gombrich, 60
Gomer, (JO
Gomme, 59
Gon, l<i3
Gondal, 163
Gonde, l(i.3
Gondhard, 164
Goadolo, 163
Goiidouin, ICA
Gondret, 164
Gouelle, 163
GouMMe, 16,3
Gontard, 164
Gonthiei, 164
Gontier, 164, 502
Gorand, 203
(jforez, 202
(iorre, 202
GorriHMe, 202
(ioHMai'd, 309
(ioHHart, 309
GoHMo, .309
(ioHHeljji, 1(X), 309
(ioMHet, 309
GonHiu, 309
GoMMioine, 310
GoHt«;au, lU'tO
Gottuiig, 115
Gouuy, Xii't
Goudnl, 115
Goudaid, 116
Goudclmu, 115
Goudftau, 115
Goudemant, 116
Goudoin, 117
Goue, .336
Gouel, 336
544
INDEX OF FUENCH NAMES.
Gouellain, 336
Gouerre, 336
Gouet, 336
Gouliier, 336
Gouillon, 336
GouiUy, 336
Gouin, 336
Goulay, 478
Goulette, 479
Goumain, 337
Gousse, 99, 309
Goussery, 309
Gout, 115
Goute, 115
Goutliierre, 116
Goutmann, 116
Gouy, 336
Goy, 336
Goyard, 336
Goyer, 336
Goyet, 336
Goyon, 336
Graesle, 401
Gramain, 401
Grass, 464
Grassal, 464
Grassart, 464
Grasset, 464
Grassi, 464
Grasso, 464
Grau, 401
Grault, 401
Greel, 196
Grellier, 198
Gregy, 401
Grehier, 170
Greiling, 401
Greinn, 465
Greme, 125
Gremeau, 125
Grenard, 465
Grenier, 465
Grenuz, 465
Gresland, 401
Gresle, 401
Greslon, 401
Gressier, 401
Gresy, 401
Gresy, 401
Griere, 170
Griess, 401
Griessen, 401
Grigault, 170
Grigi, 170
Grill, 196
GriUy, 196
Grim, 125
Grimal, 125
Grimar, 125
Grimault, 50, 125
Griinbert, 125
Grimblot, 125
Grimoard, 125
Grimoin, 125
Grimont, 125
Grisard, 77, 401
Griselin, 401
Grisier, 401
Grisol, 77, 401
Grison, 401
Gronier, 465
Grossard, 406
Grosse, 405
Grosselin, 406
Groseille, 406
Grossier, 406
Grouvelle, 425
Grub, 425
Gruby, 425
Grumay, 59
Grune, 465
Grunelle, 465
Grusse, 405
Gruselle, 406
Guala, 298
Gude, 115
Gudin, 117
Guenard, 394
Guenault, 264, 395
Gueneau, 263
Gueneau, 394
Guenebault, 394
Guenee, 263
Guenerat, 264, 395
Guenu, 263
Gueniii, 264
Guerand, 203
Guerard, 203
Guerbet, 203
Guerico, 202
Guerin, 204
Guerin, 305
Guerineau, 204
Guermont, 203
Guerne, 305
Guernet, 203
Guernier, 305
Gueroult, 204
Guerre, 202
Guerrier, 203
Guerry, 202
Guersant, 204
Guessard, 244
Guestier, 296
Gueurel, 202
Guiard, 165
Guibald, 105
Guibaud, 165
Guibert, 165
Guichard, 165
Guiche, 164
Guichot, 165
Guide, 493
Guidez, 493
Guidon, 493
Guidou, 493
Guiet, 165
Guieu, 164
Guilaine, 123
Guilbaut, 123
Guilbert, 123, 502
Guiler, 124
Guilet, 124
Guilhem, 124
Guilhermy, 124
Guilhery, 124
Guillard, 124
Guillaume, 124
Guille, 123
Guillemain, 124
Guillemant, 124
Guillemont, 124
GuiUemot, 124
Guilles, 123
Guillie, 123
Guillochin, 123
Guillon, 123
Guillot, 26
Guillotin, 26
Guimbal, 264
Guindre, 316
Guinery, 264
Guinier, 264
Guitard, 494
Guitter, 494
Guitton, 493
Guitry, 494
Guizot, 47, 459
Gunckel, 419
Gutel, 115
Gutman, 116
Guttin, 117
Gutron, 116
Guy, 336
Guyard, 336
Guybert, 336
Guyon, 336, 502
Habay, 60
Habert, 61
Habdey, 61
Habez, 61
Habich, 60
Habit, 61
Haby, 60
Hache, 209
Hacq, 209
Hacquart, 210
Hacquin, 211
Hadamar, 168
Hadingue, 168
Hadol, 168, 337
Hadrot, 168
Hagard, 210
Hage, 209
Hagene, 211
Hagucnoer, 211
Hailig, 426
Ilaiin, 492
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
545
Hain, 211
Hainfray, 211
Haistault, 448
Halevy, 427
Halinbourg, 239
HaUberg, 480
HaUe, 480
Hallegrain, 480
HaUey, 426, 480
Hallu, 426
Haiiiger, 492
Hamelin, 492
Hamoir, 130
Handus, 417
Hanne, 289
Hannebert, 289
Hannequin, 289
Hannicque, 289
Hannier, 289
Hanno, 289
Hannong, 289
Hannz, 119
Hans, 119
Hany, 289
Happe, 60
Happert, 61
Happey, 60
Happich, 60
Harand, 232
Harang, 232
Harbez, 386
Haibly, 386
Hardele, 250
Hardi, 250
Hardier, 250
Hardoin, 251
Hardon, 251
Hardouin, 251
Hardy, 250
Harel, 231
Hariel, 231
Harlay, 231
Harle, 231
Harlet, 232
Harlez, 340
Harmand, 232
Harmant, 232
Harmier, 232
Harnault, 95
Haro, 231
Hart, 250
Hartard, 250
Hartmann, 251
Hany, 231
Hassan, 307
Hasse, 307
Hastier, 448
Hatte, 168
Haudebourg, 280
Haudibert, 280
Hault, 282
Haye, 209
Hazard, 169
Hebert, 61
Heckle, 209
Hector, 450
Hedelin, 168
Hedou, 168
Hedouin, 169
Hellion, 238
Hely, 426
Hemar, 492
Henard, 289
Henault, 289
Hendle, 417
Henique, 289
Henne, 289
Hennebert, 289
Hennecart, 289
Hennecy, 289
Hennel, 289
Hennequin, 289
Henning, 289
Henno, 289
Henoc, 289
Henrequet, 518 (note)
Henri, 493
Hem'iot, 26
Henriquet, 26
Herard, 232
Herbault, 39, 232
Herbecq, 386
Herbel, 386
Hei'belin, 386
Herber, 232
Herbert, 232
Herbette, 232
Herbin, 386
Herbut, 232
Herce, 79
Herczegy, 339
Herdevin, 251
Hereau, 231
Herel, 231
Heriche, 231
Heriez, 231
Herincq, 232
Hering, 232
Herlan, 231
Hermagis, 147
Hermain, 232
Herman, 232
Hermand, 232
Herme, 147
Herniel, 147
Hermeline, 147
Hermes, 147
Hermet, 233
Hermier, 147, 232
Hermy, 147
Herny, 95
Herody, 339
Herold, 233
Herot, 339
Herou, 231
Herouard, 233
Q 3
Herouin, 233
Heroult, 233
Herpin, 386
Heir, 231
Herrincq, 232
Herrisse, 231
Heriy, 231
Herse, 79
Hersent, 233
Herterich, 251
Hervier, 386
Hervieu, 233
Hervy, 233
Hesse, 307
Hesteau, 216, 448
Hesz, 307
Hetier, 519
Heude, 282
Heudebert, 282
Heudel, 282
Heudier, 282
Heudin, 282
Heure, 83
He\Te, 76
Heymen, 210
Hibert, 61
Hickell, 357
Hieckmann, 358
Hienne, 357
Higlin, 357
Hilaire, 162
Hilber, 162
Hildebrand, 162, 199
Kilger, 162
Hillairet, 163
Hiller, 162
Hilpert, 162
Himely, 140
Hine, 492
Hingue, 292
Hinque, 292
Hitier, 450
Hipp, 60
Hiver, 76
Hocart, 341
Hocde, 341
Hocede, 341
Hochard, 341
Hochart, 341
Hoche, 340
Hocher, 341
Hocheid, 341
Hocq, 340
Hocquart, 341
Hocquet, 341
Hocquigny, 340
Hogan, 357
Hognet, 358
Hoin, 357
Holacher, 282, 427
Hole, 282
HoUande, 282
HoUier, 282
546
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Honache, 314
Honfray, 314
Hongre, 314
Honacker, 314
Honnard, 314
Honorat, 315
Hontang, 84
Hordequin, 217
Horliac, 340
Home, 520
Horteloup, 218
Hortus, 217
Houard, 341
Hoube, 227
HoudaiUe, 280
Houdart, 280
Hoade, 280
Houdelin, 334
Houdemare, 280
Houdouin, 280
Houelleur, 53
Houlard, 106
Houlet, 105
Hoiilie, 105
HouUier, 106
Houplon, 227
Houppe, 227
Hour, 83
Hourlier, 340
Housard, 491
Houseau, 491
Housel, 491
Hotisse, 491
Houssemaine, 491
Housset, 491
Houssez, 491
Houze, 491
Houzeau, 491
Hozdez, 217
Hu, 357
Hua, 357
Huan, 357
Huard, 357
Huart, 357
Huault, 358
Hubac, 227
Hubard, 227
Hubault, 357
Hubel, 227
Hubert, 357
Hublin, 227
Hue, 357
Huchard, 357
HucViery, 358
Huchette, 358
Hudault, 280
Hudo, 280
Hud(!lo, 280
Hudibert, 280
Hue, 357
Huel, 357
FTuct, 358
Hug, 357
Hugard, 357
Huge, 357
Hugelin, 357
Hugla, 357
Hugnot, 358
Hugo, 357
Hugon, 357
Hugot, 358
Huguelin, 357
Hugues, 357
Hulbert, 105
Hulek, 358
Hulot, 105
Humann, 358
Humbert, 314
Humblot, 314
Hummel, 468
Hunault, 315
Huppe, 227
Hurard, 83
Hurault, 83
Hureau, 83
Hure, 83
Hurel, 83
Hurey, 83
Hurez, 83
Hurler, 83
Husbrocq, 491
Husch, 442
Husquin, 442
Hutteau, 280
Hux, 442
Hyacinthe, 468
Ibert, 61
Ignard, 211
Igouf, 210
Imard, 254
Imbault, 254
Imbert, 254
Imbs, 254
Imei', 254
Inemer, 492
Infroit, 492
Inge, 292
Ingel, 213
Inger, 292
Inghelbrecht, 213
Ingisch, 292
Ingold, 293
Ingouf, 293
Ingrain, 292
Ingray, 292
I lie, 339
Isambert, 50
Tsar, 475
T.sl)crt, 475
Iscai-iot, 483
Iselin, 475
Isnard, 475
I Hoard, 475
Itaquc, 449
ItasHC, 449
Iteney, 449
Ivorel, 76
Ivry, 76
Izambert, 474
Izard, 475
Jaccaz, 452
Jacquart, 452
Jacquault, 453
Jacque, 452
Jacquee, 452
Jacqueau, 452
Jacquelin, 452
Jacquemain, 453
Jacquemar, 453
Jacquemier, 453
Jacquemin, 453
Jacquier, 452
Jacqx, 452
Jaffa, 285
Jager, 452
Jahyer, 452
Jaillant, 437
JaiUard, 437
JaiUon, 437
Jal, 436
Jaley, 436
Jallerat, 437
Jallibert, 437
Jalvy, 437
Jam, 436
Jamault, 436
Jame, 436
Jameau, 436
Jamin, 436
Jan, 444
Janac, 444
Janin, 444
Janliu, 444
Jannair, 444
Janny, 444
Janquin, 444
Janus, 143
Japy, 285
Jaquiery, 452
Jaquin, 452
Jarlan.l, 203
Jarrier, 203
Jarry, 202
Jauge, 244
Jaugeard, 245
Jaugey, 244
Javel, 285
Jayr, 202, 452
Jazeraud, 205
Jeanpot, 444
Jeanray, 444
Jegon, 452
Jokel, 452
Jennecpiin, 444
Jeoffry, 437
Jerusalem, 487
Jezc, 205
INDEX OF FRENCH NAME8.
547
Job, 4a")
Jobbe, 48;")
Jokin, 45*2
Jonchery, 419
Joniere, 420
Jounard, 420
Jonnart, 420
Jordery, 139
Jordy, 139
Josse, 309
Josseau, 309
Josseaume, 310
Josselin, 309
Josseiand, 310
Josset, 309
Jossier, 309
Jossu, 309
Jotrat, 306
Joualt, 367
Jouard, 245
Jouault, 245
Joubert, 245
Jouet, 245
Jougaud, 245
Jouhaud, 245
Jouisse, 244
Joumar, 245
Jovinault, 420
Jounneaux, 420
Jourdan, 140
Jourde, 139
Jourdier, 139
Jourdy, 139
Jouruaiilt, 433
Jouine, 433
Jousse, 309
Jousselin, 309
Jousserand, 310
Jouve, 485
Jouvin, 306
Jovart, 485
Jovel, 485
Jozan, 309
Jozeau, 309
Jube, 485
Jubelin, 485
Jublin, 485
Jude, 305
Judeau, 305
Judice, 483
Judisse, 483
Judlin. 305
Jue, 244
Jue, 244
Juery, 245
Juge, 244
Jugier, 245
Jugla, 244
Jui, 244
Juigne, 245
Juin, 245
Julia, 244
Juncal, 419
Jung, 419
Juny, 420
Juquin, 245
Justault, 429
Juste, 429
Juteau, 305
Juticr, 306
Juttel, 305
JuviUe, 485
Kennebei-t, 328
Kilbc, 442
Kleber, 183
Krier, 53, 170
Kunemann, 328
Kunrath, 328
Kuntzle, 163
Kunze, 163
Labe, 387
LabeUe, 387
Labiche, 387
Labie, 387
Labitte, 387
Laborie, 387
Labour, 387
Labric, 387
Lac, 366
Lachelin, 366
Lack, 366
Lacquet, 366
Lade, 195
Ladret, 195
Laduron, 195
Laederich, 195
Lafitte, 387
Lafou, 387
Lagesse, 366
Laget, 366
Lagier, 366
Lagueau, 366
Lagny, 366
Lague, 366
Laguerre, 366
Laine, 366
Laine, 366
Laitie, 194
Laity, 194
Lamart, 26
Lamartine, 26
Lamballe, 86
Lambelin, 86
Lambert, 335
Lambie, 86
Lambla, 86
Lamblin, 86
Lambret, 335
Larofroy, 86
Lampy, 86
Lamqum, 86
Lamy, 86
Lance, 335
Lancel, 335
Lancelin, 335
La 111 la, 335
Laudard, 335
LiUuUlle, 335
Landeniar, 336
Landier, 335
Landon, 335
Landron, 335
Landry, 336
Lanfray, 335
Lanier, 335
Laniesse, 335
Lanne, 335
Lanneau, 335
Lansard, 335
Lantat, 335
Lante, 335
Lantheaume, 335
Lantier, 335
Lautiez, 335
Lantin, 335
Lanty, 335
Lanvin, 336
Lanzac, 335
Lanzarick, 336
Lanzberg, 335
Lanzi, 335
Larivay, 356
Larmier, 356
Laroque, 356
Larouy, 356
Larra, 356
Larre, 356
Larrieu, 356
Lars, 356
Larue, 356
Laruelle, 356
Las, 353
Laseque, 353
Lasne, 353
Lassaigne, 353
Lassalie, 353
Lassarat, 353
Lassay, 353
Lasseive, 353
Lassenay, 353
Lasseray, 353
Lassier, 353
Lassimonne, 353
Lassuere, 353
Lasteyi'ie, 355
Lastret, 355
Latard, 195
Laterrade, 195
Latour, 195
Latry, 195
Latte, 195
Laude, 377
Laudier, 377
Laudon, 377
Laudy, 377
Laullie, 284
LauU, 284
548
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Laumain, 366
Laur, 356
Laureau, 356
Laurey, 356
Lautemann, 378
Lautier, 377
Lautten, 377
Lavalle, 387
Lavalley, 387
Lavault, 387
Lavenay, 387
Laverne, 387
Lavier, 387
Laviron, 387
Lazard, 353
Laze, 353
Leban, 387
Lebeau, 387
Lebeault, 387
Lebel, 387
Lebey, 387
Lebiez, 387
Lebocq, 387
Leboeuf, 387
Lebreck, 387
Lebret, 387
Lebuffe, 387
Ledagre, 195
Lede, 194
Ledier, 195
Ledieu, 194, 484
Ledo, 194
Ledoux, 194
Leduc, 194
• Leflon, 387
Legal, 366
Legat, 366
Legault, 366
Legay, 366
Lege, 366
Legeley, 366
Legier, 366
Lehman, 366
LeUv, 470
Leiy, 470
Lender, 110
Lendormi, 100, 110
Lene, 274
Lenegre, 274
Lenique, 274
Lente, 110
Leo, 87
Leonard, 87
Leotard, 331
Lepi^e, 205
Leppich, 265
Lereux, 356
Lerrc, 356
Lesacq, 353
Lesaec, 353
Lesenne, 353
Lesne, 353
Lestello, 355
Lesteur, 355
Lestienne, 355
Lestoing, 355
Lestrade, 355
Letac, 194
Letaille, 194
Letalle, 194
Letang, 194
Le Thiere, 195
Letho, 194
Letocq, 194
Letoile, 194
Letteron, 195
Lettu, 194
Leutert, 331
Levard, 387
Leve, 387
Leveau, 387
Leveque, 265
Levick, 265
Levier, 265
Levite, 387
Levrat, 387
Lewy, 87
Leys, 353
Leysard, 353
Lezard, 353
Leze, 353
Lezer, 353
Lezeret, 353
Libault, 265
Libec, 265
Libert, 265
Liboz, 265
Liebherre, 265
Liefquin, 265
Liepi^e, 265
Lieutaut, 331
Lillo, 470
Linard, 274
Lindemann, 110
Linder, 110
Linet, 104
Linge, 109
Linge, 109
Linget, 109
Link, 87
Linnee, 274
Linotte, 104, 274
Lion, 87
Liontz, 87
Liot, 330
Liotard, 331
Loittet, 331
Loittier, 331
Lioult, 87
Lippei-t, 265
Lip.s, 265
Lire, 356
Lisse, 353
Lister, 355
Litteau, 330
Livio, 265
Liza, 353
Lize, 353
Lizeray, 353
Lizon, 353
Locard, 446
Loch, 131
Lochart, 446
Loche, 446
Locque, 131, 446
Locquet, 446
Locret, 446
Lodde, 377
Loeder, 377
Lolly, 284
Loque, 131
Lora, 356
Lore, 356
Loreal, 356
Loreau, 356
Loreille, 356
Loremy, 356
Lorez, 356
Lorichon, 356
Lorimier, 356
Lorique, 356
Lormier, 356
Lorsa, 356
Lory, 356
Louauld, 87
Loue, 87
Loudun, 377
Louin, 87
Louis, 331
Loup, 265
Louva, 265
Louveau, 265
Louvel, 265
Louvier, 265
Lovy, 265
Loysel, 335
Lubac, 2G5
Lucard, 331
Lucas, 331
Luce, 331
Lucy, 331
Ludet, 331
Ludger, 331
Ludon, 330
Ludovic, 331
Ludwig, 331
Luez, 331
Luling, 284
Lully, 284
Lunardi, 139
Lunaud, 139
Lundy, 495
Luneau, 139
Lunel, 139
Luneteau, 495
Luona, 495
Luppe, 265
Lusquin, 331
Lussy, 331
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
549
Luthe, 330
Luton, 330
Lutteroth, 331
Lutz, 3;U
Luyt, 330
- Luzier, 331
* MabiUon, 471
Machu, 410
»Macquaid, 410
Macquart, 410
Macquin, 410
Macron, 410
Mactier, 411
Madamon, 342
Madin, 341
Madoulaud, 361
Madron, 342
Mady, 341
Magnabal, 410
Magnard, 410
Magne, 410
Magney, 410
Magnier, 410
Magron, 410
Mahault, 410
Maheu, 410
Mahier, 410
MaiUey, 410
Mainboui-g, 410
Mainfroy, 410
Maingault, 410
Maingot, 410
Malamy, 179
Malapert, 179
Malaquin, 178
Malaret, 179
Malbot, 179
Maleco, 178
Malingue, 178
Mallac, 178
MaUard, 179
; MaUe, 178
MaUe, 178
Malo, 178
Malory, 179
: Malrait, 179
Malsang, 180
Maltaire, 1^0
Malteaux, 180
Malzac, 180
Malzar, 180
Manalt, 58
Manceau, 434
Mancel, 434
MandeU, 434
Mandon, 434
Mandouce, 434
Maneau, 58
Manec, 58
Manfray, 58
Mangal, 58
Maningne, 58
l\Ianley, 58
Maun, 58
JMannier, 58
]\Iansard, 434
Mansey, 434
Mansion, 434
Mansou, 434
Mansoz, 434
Manteau, 434
Mantion, 434
Many, 58
Marbot, 369
Marc, 80
Marclie, 80
Marchire, 80
Marcillon. 80
Marcol, 80
Maiicot, 369
Marcq, 80
Marcuard, 80
Marcus, 80
Margot, 369
Marielle, 368
Marin, 369
Marinie, 369
Marinier, 369
Alarion, 369
Maris, 368
Marizy, 368
Marland, 369
Marie, 368
Marlin, 368
Marne, 369
Marneuf, 369
Marnier, 369
Maroger, 369
Marolla, 368
Marquery, 80
Mars, 143
Marvy, 369
Mascar, 448
Masimbert, 48, 523
Massart, 522
Masse, 522
Masse, 522
Masseau, 522
Massemin, 523
Massena, 522
Massillon, 522
Masson, 522
Matagrin, 342
Materne, 342
Matban, 342
Matbe, 341
Matberet, 342
Matberon, 342
Matbey, 341
Matbie, 341
Matbis, 341
Matblin, 341, 361
Matisse, 341
Maton, 342
Matraud, 342
Matre, 342
Matrod, 342
Matry, 342
Mats, 341
Mattar, 342
Matte, 341
Mattelain, 341
Mattrat, 342
lyiaturin, 342
Maty, 341
Maubert, 180
Maudemain, 181
Mauduit, 181
JMauger, 181
Maulde, 180
Maull, 178
JMaur, 402
Maurel, 402
Maurenque, 402
Maurey, 402
]\laurier, 402
Maurin, 402
May, 410
Mayer, 410
Maylin, 410
Maynard, 410
Maynier, 410
Mayran, 410
Mazelin, 522
Mazier, 522
Medard, 342
Meder, 342
Melaye, 179
MeUck, 179
MeHer, 180
Melique, 179
Melle, 179
Menault, 58
Mendez, 434
Meueau, 58
Menel, 58
Menier, 58
Menne, 58
Mentel, 434
Mention, 434
Meny, 58
Mera, 368
Merard, 369
Merault, 369
Mereau, 368
Merelle, 368
Merey, 368
Merger, 369
Merigot, 369
Merigout, 369
Meriq, 368
Merland, 369
Merly, 368
Merman, 369
Mesenge, 522
Messier, 522
Metay, 341
Metge, 341
550
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Methlin, 361
Methorie, 342
Metman, 342
Metton, 342
Mezia, 485
Meziere, 523
Micard, 406
Micault, 406
Michault, 406
Miche, 406
Michy, 406
Micol, 406
MicoUier, 406
Micquelard, 406
IMicouin, 406
Midi, 379
Midiere, 380
Midocq, 379
Midol, 379
INIieton, 380
Miette, 379
mide, 283
Miley, 179
Milhomme, 179
Milisch, 179
IVmi, 179
MiUange, 179
IMiUard, 179
MiUaux, 179
MiUe, 179
MiUer, 53, 180
MiUery, 180
Milly, 179
IVIilord, 180, 526
Milsent, 180
Minaclion, 266
Minard, 266
Minart, 266
Mine, 266
Minel, 266
Minerve, 143, 144, 526
Mineret, 206
Miueur, 266
Minich, 266
Minier, 266
Miime, 266
Minnette, 266
IVIii-ambaut, 369
Miramon, 369
Misard, 380
Missier, 380
Miton, 380
Mizery, 380, 526
Modelonde, 237
Molay, 178
Moitie, 237
Moitier, 237
Moitry, 237
Mole, 92, 178
Molique, 178
Moll, 92, 178
Mollard, 179
MoUe, 178
Monard, 58
Monde, 276
Mondehard, 276
Mondiere, 276
MoncUn, 276
Mondo, 276
Monfrat, 58
Monneau, 58
Monnier, 58
l\lonny, 58
Montagne, 276
Montagny, 276
Montalembert, 502
Montangerand, 502
Montaufray, 502
Montault, 276
Montauriol, 502
Montee, 276
Montel, 276
Montgerard, 502
Montgobert, 502
Montgolfier, 502
Montier, 276
Montmorency, 502
Morard, 402
Morda, 258
Mordaque, 258
Mordret, 258
More, 402
INIoreau, 402
Morel, 402
Morenzo, 502
Moriame, 402
Morihalm, 403
Morillon, 402
Morsaline, 258
Mort, 258
Mortemard, 259
Mortemart, 259
Mortier, 258
Mortieu, 258
Morziere, 258
Mosson, 238
Mossy, 237
Motard, 237
Moteau, 237
MoteUe, 237
Motheron, 237
Mothu, 237
Motte, 237
Motte, 237
Mouge, 406
Mouillard, 179
Mounie, 359
Mounier, 359
Mourceau, 258
Monrlaque, 402
Mourlon, 402^^
Mourzelas, 258
Mousac, 237
Mouson, 238
Mousse, 92, 237
MouBBel, 237
Mousseron, 237
Moussey, 237
Mossu, 237
Moussy, 237
Moustier, 238
Mousty, 238
Moutard, 237
]\Ioutie, 237
Moutier, 237
Moutiy, 237
IMoiizard, 237
Mozin, 238
Mukleman, 406
Mundel, 276
Munie, 359
Munier, 359
Musard, 237
IMussey, 237
Musson, 238
Mustel, 238
INlutel, 237
Naba, 422
Nadaud, 275
Nadault, 275
Naef, 420, 422
Nagel, 220
Nalbert, 220
NaUard, 220
Nancy, 239
Nant, 239
Nanta, 239
Nanteau, 239
Nanteuil, 239
Nantier, 239
Nantiez, 275
Natier, 275
Natte, 275
Natter, 275
Naud, 240
Naudeau, 240
Naudier, 240
Naudy, 240
Naury, 300
Navault, 421
Naveau, 420
Navier, 421
Navry, 421
Nebout, 255
Nee, 420
Neel, 220
Negre, 421
Nely, 220
Nenard, 239
Nenning, 239
NeoUier, 220
Nesseler, 256
Nestle, 256
Nestlen, 256
Netter, 255
Neu, 420
N6ve, 420
Newiger, 421
I
INDEX OF FRENC H NAMES.
551
Key, 420
Neyman, 297, 421
Neyret, 421
Neyrey, 421
Niard, 255, 421
Nibart, 255, 421
Nibault, 255, 421
Nibelle, 151
Nicaise, 126
Nicard, 126
Nicaud, 126
Nick, 126
Nicour, 126
Nidelay, 256
Niedre, 255
Nisard, 255
Nitot, 255
Nivard, 421
Niveau, 420^
Nivelleau, 151
Nivert, 421
Niviere, 421
Nizard, 255
Nizey, 255
Nizolle, 256
Node, 240
Nodier, 240
Nodler, 240
Noel, 487
Nony, 439
Norbert, 301
Norest, 301
Nourigat, 301
Nortier, 301
Nory, 300
Notaire, 54, 240
Notre, 240
Notte, 240
NotteUe, 240
Noulin, 420
Novel, 151
Noziere, 240
Oberle, 76
Obry, 76
Ochin, 524
Ode, 381
Odelin, 334
Odigier, 382
Odilon, 334
OdiUard, 334
Odin, 52, 121, 526
Odoul, 334
Ofin, 385
Offman, 385
Ofifny, 385
Og, 193
Oge, 193
Oger, 193
Ogier, 193
Olacher, 418
Olbei-t, 418
Olding, 418
Olefia, 471
Oliffe, 471
Oliva, 471
Olive, 471
Olivert, 471
Omer. 492
Omond, 492
Oriolle, 524
Orsay, 79
Orsel, 79
Orth, 217
Ortiguier, 217
Ortolan, 217
Osmont, 120
Osselin, 119
Ostard, 302
Ouachee, 362
OuaUe, 298
Ouamier, 305
Oudard, 382
Oudin, 381
Ouellard, 383
Oulif, 71
Oulnian, 106
Oury, 83
Oustria, 302
Outi, 381
Ouvrard, 76
Ouvre, 76
Ozouf, 120
Pacaud, 172
Pacault, 172
Paccard, 172
PaciUy, 172
Pacquement, 172
Pacquier, 53, 172
Pader, 166
Pagelle, 172
Paillard, 192
PaiUe, 192
PaiUerie, 192
Pailleur, 192
PaiUey, 192
PaiUiart, 192
Palisse, 521
PaUanque, 192
Pallu, 192
Pabiiier, 192
Panart, 175
Panay, 175
Panchaud, 182
Panckouke, 182
Panel, 175
Panhard, 175
Panisse, 175
Pannier, 175
Pansin, 236
Pansu, 235
Pantel, 235
Panthou, 235
Pantiche, 235
Pantoii, 235
Papau, 291
Papault, 291
Pape, 291
Paper, 291 ,
Papillon, 291
Papin, 291
Pappert, 291
Papy, 291
Paquel, 172
Pai-ade, 62
Paradis, 62
Pardaillon, 222
Pardon, 222
Pariseau, 61
Parisse, 61
Parly, 61
Parra, 61
Parrette, 62
Parseval, 453
Party, 222
Pascard, 487
Pascault, 487
Pasche, 487
Passard, 181
Passe, 181
Passy, 181
Paste, 183
Pasteau, 183
Pastier, 183
Pastre, 183
Pasty, 183
Pataille, 166
Patard, 167
Patay, 166
Pate, 166
Pathe, 166
Patlii, 166
Pathier, 167
Patoche, 166
Patry, 167
Patte, 166
Pattu, 166
Paty, 166
Paultre, 241
Pautrat, 241
Pavard, 291
Pavin, 291
Pavy, 291
Pech, 222
Pecquery, 222
Pecquet, 222
Pelabon, 219
Pelcot, 269
Pelez, 269
PeUgri, 269
Pelissier, 521
PeUagot, 269
PeUard, 269
PeUe, 192
PeUe, 192
Pellecat, 269
PeUegrin, 269
Pellenc, 192
552
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
PeUeteret, 219
Pellin, 270
Pellier, 269
Pellu, 192 .
Pelman, 269
Pelosse, 521
Pelte, 219
Peltier, 219
Peltiet, 219
Peltzer, 219
Pelvey, 270
Penabei-t, 177
Penant, 177
Penaud, 177
Pence, 177
Penel, 177
Penicaud, 177
Peniere, 177
Penigot, 177
Pennequin, 177
Penquier, 182
Pensard, 236
Pense, 235
Peny, 176
Pepin, 414
Perard, 69
Perault, 69
Pere, 68
Periche, 69
Perichon, 69
Perigault, 69
PeriUa, 69
Perjeaux, 279
Perlin, 69
Pernelle, 70
Perny, 70
Perocheau, 69
Perody, 69
Perol, 69
Perreau, 68
Perrelle, 69
Perrier, 69
Perrin, 70
Perronin, 69
Perrot, 69
Peis, 453
Perseval, 453
Persil, 453
Persoz, 453
Pestel, 183
Pestre, 183
Pesty, 183
Pertat, 370
Petard, 167
Petel, 167
Petry, 167
Pettex, 166
Pettier, 167
Peuvrelle, 91
Peyre, 68
Peyredicu, 69
Philibert, 518
Philery, 518
Philippot, 518
Philippoteaux, 518
Phily, 517
Pical, 177
Picaud, 178
Picault, 178
Pichard, 178
Pichaud, 178
Picher, 178
Piciiery, 178
Pichi, 177
Pichou, 177
Pick, 177
Pickard, 178
Picory, 178
Picque, 177
Picquet, 178
Pidault, 167
Piefer, 91
Pielard, 291
Piella, 219
PieUe, 219
Piffault, 414
Pigault, 178
Pigeard, 178
Pigeat, 178
Pigeau, 178
Pigeory, 178
Pigeron, 178
Pilate, 269
PiUard, 269
Pillas, 269
Pille, 269
Pillette, 269
Pilley, 269
Pillien, 270
Pilot, 269
Piole, 219
Piolenc, 219
Pilte, 219
Pin, 176
Pinau, 176
Pinaud, 177
Pinault, 177
Pinchon, 178
Pineau, 176
Pinel, 177
Pingard, 178
Pingeon, 178
Pinhard, 177
Pinsard, 236
Pinseau, 177, 235
Pinsonncau, 236
Pinson, 236
I'ipard, 414
Pipre, 91
Pirnier, 71
Piron, 70
Pissard, 181
Pissin, 181
l*iver, 91
Pi vert, 414
Plaideur, 376
Plain, 396
Plait, 376
Planchard, 393
Planche, 392
Plancher, 393
Planer, 396
Planier, 396
Planker, 393
Planque, 392
Planquet, 393
Planry, 396
Plantard, 397
Plantier, 397
Plantin, 397
Platret, 376
Plaity, 397
Planus, 396
Platard, 376
Plateau, 376
Platel, 376
Platret, 376
Platte, 376
Plattel, 376
Plessier, 441
Plet, 376
Plivard, 184
Plocque, 214
Ploquin, 215
Plou, 214
Plougoulm, 215
Plouin, 215
Plouvier, 184
Ployer, 215
Plu martin, 465
Plumeray, 465
Plumier, 465
Pluquin, 215
Pochard, 225
Podevin, 455
Poge, 224
Poggiale, 224
Poignard, 225
Pol, 281
Polac, 281
Polart, 281
Pold, 241
Poltfer, 281
Polleau, 281
Pollisse, 281
Poly, 281
Pon, 175
Ponceau, 235
Poncel, 235
Pond, 235
Ponnelle, 175
Ponsard, 236
Ponsery, 236
Ponson, 236
Pont, 235
Ponteau, 235
I»onthieu, 235
Ponti, 235
Pontier, 236
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
553
Popnrd, 422
Popelin, 422
Popet, 422
Popuii, 422
Popvilus, 422
Port, 229
Porta, 229
Porte, 526
Portevin, 229
Posez, 408
Possac, 408
Posselt, 408
Possesse, 408
Posso, 408
Postel, 409
Poitrat, 455
Potage, 454
Potard, 455
Poteau, 454
Potefer, 455
Potel, 454
Potemont, 455
Poterie, 54, 455
Potevin, 455
Potey, 454
Pothe, 454
Pothier, 455
Potier, 455
Potin, 454
Potonie, 455
Potron, 455
Pettier, 53, 54
Potvin, 455
Poucha, 378
Pouchard, 379
Pouchet, 379
Pougeault 379
Pougin, 379
Fougny, 379
roulain, 281
louUn, 281
louUard, 281
PouUe, 281
Poure, 452
Pourreau, 452
Poussard, 408
Poussif, 408
Povel, 422
Poy, 313
Poyard, 313
Poyart, 313
Poye, 313
Poyer, 313
Prand, 198
Pray, 181
Prax, 185
Preau, 184
Preault, 185
PrecUn, 185
Pregniard, 185
Premier, 371
Premy, 371
Presne, 453
Pr6tard, 185
Prete, 185
Pretre, 185
Prcyer, 185
Priiuard, 371
Primault, 371
Prodin, 218
Prot, 218
Proteau, 218
Prothaut, 218
Prout, 447
Prouteau, 447
Pruce, 447
Pruede, 447
Prunel, 399
Prunet, 400
Prunier, 400
Prunzelle, 186
Pulin, 281
Pulle, 281
Puniet, 416
Pupier, 422
Pupil, 422
Pussy, 407
Puteau, 454
Quandelle, 317
Quantier, 316
Quantin, 316
Queck, 164
Quenard, 264
Quenault, 264
Quenay, 263
Queneau, 263
QueneUe, 263
Quenemer, 264
Quenessen, 263
Quentin, 316
Querrey, 278
Quetil, 128 (note)
Quezin, 244
Quickerat, 165
Quierot, 165
Quillac, 123
QuiUard, 124
Quille, 123
Quillier, 124
Quilleiet, 124
Quilleri, 124
QuQlet, 124
Quin, 263
Quinard, 264
Quinavdt, 264
Quincey, 263
Qui eau, 263
Quinier, 264
Quinty, 316
Quyo, 164
Kaba, 187
Raban, 97
Rabeau, 187
Rabeuf, 187
Rabier, 187
Rabigot, 187
Rabillon, 187
Rabiueau, 97
Rabon, 97
Rabot, 89
Rabotte, 89
Riibou, 187
Rabouin, 187
Raby, 187
Racle, 362
Raccurt, 363
Radanne, 348
Rade, 347
Radsl, 348
Radet, 348
Radez, 348
Radi, 347
Radigue, 347
Radouan, 349
Radoult, 348
Radulphe, 349
Raffard, 187
Raffin, 97
Rafflin, 187
Rafiford, 187
Raftier, 228
Raffy, 187
Ragan, 349
Ragaiie, 363
Rager, 363
Ragneau, 349
Ragoin, 363
Ragon, 349
Ragonneau, 349
Ragot, 363
Rainal, 349
Rainaud, 350
Rainbeaux, 137
Raine, 349
Rain fray, 349
Rain go, 349
Rainot, 350
Rambert, 97
Randier, 228
Randouin, 228
Rangheard, 230
Ranoe, 189
Raoul, 52
Rape, 187
Raphel, 187
RapiUy, 187
Rapin, 97
Rapineau, 97
Rapp, 187
Rat, 347
Rataboul, 348
Rateau, 347
Ratel, 348
Ratheau, 347
Rathery, 348
Rathier, 348
Ratie, 347
R
554
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Raton, 348
Eatott, 348
Eatouin, 349
Eatouis, 349
Eatte, 92, 347
Eatter, 348
Eattier, 348
Eattisseau, 348
Eaucour, 253
Eavanne, 97
Eavard, 187
Ravault, 187
Eaveau, 187
Eaveaud, 187
Eavel, 187
Eaveneaix, 97
Eavier, 187
Eavon, 97
Eavou, 187
Eay, 362
Eayard, 363
Eaybaud, 362
Eayer, 363
Eaymbault, 349
Eaymond, 363
Eayna, 349
Eaynard, 349
Eayner, 350
Eead, 347
Eebard, 188
Eebel, 188
Eebillon, 188
Eebold, 188
Eecamier, 344
Eeclus, 344
Recurat, 344
Eedaut, 254
Eeder, 348
Eedet, 348
Redier, 348
Redmer, 348
Redon, 348
Regimbeau, 137
Regnard, 349
Regnart, 349
Regnauld, 350
Regnault, 350
Regner, 350
Regnie, 349
Regnier, 350
Reine, 349
Reinert, 349
Renard, 349
Renauld, 350
Renault, 350
Rene, 104, 189
Reneaume, 350
Renel, 189
Renesson, 189
Rcnnecon, 189
Renny, 189
Renom, 350
Renouard, 350
Renouf, 350
Reston, 448
Rety. 347
Reveil, 188
Revel, 188
Revelin, 188
Eeverd, 188
Ee\Ti, 188
Eeynier, 350
Eeyneval, 350
Eibail, 188
Eibault, 188
Eibier, 188
Eibiere, 188
Eible, 188
Eiboni, 188
Eibou, 188
Eibun, 188
Ricard, 343
Ricci, 343
Richard, 343
Richault, 344
Riche, 343
Riche, 343
Richebourg, 343
Eicheme, 343
Eichemont, 344
Eicher, 343
Eichez, 343
Eichier, 343
Eichin, 343
Eichomme, 343
Eichy, 343
Eicque, 343
Eicquier, 343
Eidde, 254
Eideau, 254
Eidel, 254
Eidiere, 254
Eiette, 254
Eiedle, 354
Eiedling, 254
Eif, 188
Eiffaud, 188
Eiffault, 188
Eigal, 343
Eigaubert, 343
Eigault, 344
Eingard, 230
Eingel, 230
Eingier, 53, 230
Eipard, 188
Eipault, 188
Eipaut, 188
Eicjuet, 343
Eifjiiic/, 343
Eist, 193
Eitaud, 254
Rivain, 188
Rivaid, 188
Rivau, 188
Rivaud, 188
Eivay, 18H
Rive, 188
Rivelin, 188
Riviere, 188
Robbe, 187
Ro^ ert, 372
Robertet, 518 (note)
Roberge, 372
Robi, 187
Eobichon, 187
Eobier, 187
Eobiquet, 187
Eoblin, 187
Eobquin, 187
Eocauld, 253
Eocaiilt, 253
Eochard, 253
Eoche, 252
Eocher, 253
Eocque, 253
Eocquelin, 253
Eode, 371
Eodde, 371
Eodel, 372
Eodier, 373
Eodiez, 372
Eodin, 372
Eodolplie, 373
Eodron, 373
Eoduwart, 373
Eoge, 253
Eogeau, 253
Eoger, 372
Eoget, 253
Eogez, 253
Eogue, 253
Eoguelin, 253
Eohard, 253, 372
Eohart, 372
Eohault, 253
Eoland, 373
Eollin, 372
Eomeo, 373
Eomeuf, 374
Eomieu, 373
Eommel, 374
Eommy, 373
Eonce, 228
Ronceray, 228
Rond, 228
Rondeau, 228
Eondelle, 228
Eondy, 228
Eonze, 228
Ronzier, 228
Roqiiebcrt, 253
Roqucs, 253
Rofiuctte, 253
Roscher, 79
Roscnion, 79
Roslin, 79
Rosly, 79
EoBsel, 79
Rosaclin, 79
INDEX OF FllENCll NAMES.
555
RoBser, 79
Rossi, 79
Rost, 448
Rostaii, 448
Rostang, 448
Rosteau, 440
Rostolan, 448
Rosty, 448
Rota, 371
Roth, 371
Rotta, 371
Rotte, 371
Rotti, 371
Rotival, 373
Roualt, 373
Roubaud, 372
Roucolle, 252
Rouchou, 372
Roudiere, 373
Roudil, 372
Roudillon, 372
RouUin, 372
Roumier, 374
Roumilly, 374
Rouvier, 187
Roubo, 187
Rouffe, 187
Rouher, 253
Rouveau, 187
Rouvel, 187
Rovillain, 187
Rube, 187
RubeUe, 187
Rubier, 187
Rubio, 187
Ruby, 187
Rudder, 373
Rude, 371
Rudeau, 371
Rudelle, 372
Rudemare, 373
Rummel, 374
Rupp, 187
Ruprich, 187
Ruteau, 371
Rutten, 372
Rutter, 373
Sabart, 424
Sabaud, 424
Sabbini, 424
Sablon, 424
Sabot, 424
Sabran, 424
Sacareau, 171
Sacquin, 171
Sacre, 171
Saffray, 424
Saillard, 308
SaiUenfest, 308
Saillofest, 308
Sailly, 308
Sala, 308
Saladin, 526
Salard, 308
Salathe, 308
Salcssc, 308
Sal fray, 308
Saligny, 308
Saligot, 308
Sal in, 308
Salle, 308
Salle, 308
Salleron, 308
Sallier, 308
Salmon, 308
Salsac, 443
Salvaing, 346
Salvan, 346
Salverte, 346
Salvy, 346
Salzai^, 443
Salzard, 443
Salze, 443
Sance, 430
Sanchez, 438
Sandeau, 430
Sandelion, 430
Sandoz, 430
Sandre, 430
Sandrier, 431
Sanegon, 170
Sangouard, 438
Sangouin, 438
Sannier, 170
Santerre, 430
Santi, 430
Santry, 431
Sanzel, 430
Sapia, 423
Sapicha, 424
Sapin, 424
Sapy, 423
Saqui, 171
Sar, 230
Saramon, 230
Sarasin, 487
Sarger, 230
Sari, 230
Sarra, 230
Sarrault, 230
Sarre, 230
Sarrette, 230
Sarrion, 230
Sasse, 451
Sassere, 451
Sassier, 451
Sassy, 451
Satoiy, 451
Sauffroy, 424
Saul, 138
Sault, 443
Saunac, 99
Sauphar, 424
Saupique, 424
Sauvage, 424
( Sauve, 423
Sauvc, 423
Sauvel, 424
Sauveur, 424
Sauvey, 423
Sauvicr, 424
Savard, 424
Savart, 424
Savarin, 424
Savary, 424
Savelon, 424
Savigny, 424
Savin, 424
Savit, 424
Savy, 423
Sax, 200
Say, 171
Sayer, 171
Sazerac, 451
Sazerat, 451
Scat, 191
Scatti, 191
Scellier, 361
SchaU, 456
Schefter, 219
Schener, 389
SchUte, 227
Scholder, 457
Schone, 389
Scoffier, 442
Sebault, 172
Sebillon, 262
Sebii-e, 321
Sebron, 321
Secret, 173
Sedille, 431
SediUon, 431
See, 172
Seeber, 321
Seeger, 173
Segard, 173
Segaut, 172
Sege, 172
Seguier, 173
Seguin, 173
Segur, 173
Seguret, 173
Selabelle, 308
SeHn, 308
Selle, 308
SeUerin, 308
Sellier, 308
Seltier, 443
Selzer, 443
Sem, 262
Seme, 75, 262
Semel, 262
Semele, 262
Semey, 75, 262
Semichon, 75, 262
Senac, 170
Senard, 170
Sene, 170
j56
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Seneca, 170
Seuelle, 170
Sengel, 438
Semllou, 170
Senuegon, 170
Seiiocq, 170
Seiituberv, 456
SeraQ, 230
Serard, 230
Serdou, 198
Sere. 230
Seiieu, 230
Seroin, 230
Serra, 230
Serre, 230
SeiTier. 230
Seit, 198
Seiy, 230
Sester, 293
Sestier, 293
Seui-iot, 322
Sevelinges (De), 262
Sevilla, 262
Sevry, 262
Sej-ffert, 173
Seyssel, 272
Sezeiie, 451
Shoenberg, 389
Sibert, 173, 321
Sibot, 173
Sibourc, 322
Sicard, 173
Sicbel, 172
Sichel, 172
Sidney, 431
Sidoli, 431
Siegel, 172
Siegrist, 173
Siemers, 173
Siess, 272
^iever. 262
Sigle, 172
Signet, 173
biiva, 346
Silve, 346
Sdvy, 346
Simard. 262
Siniait, 262
Simier, 262
Sinni, 262
feiniond, 173
Sihius, 262
Singer, 438
Singery, 438
Singes, 438
Singly, 4-38
Sine, 456
iSintard, 456
Sipie.e, ^^>2
SifKUey, 441
Smco, 272
S)8t.er, 1J93
Sitt, 431
SitteU, 431
Sive, 261
Six, 200
Smj-ttere, 461
Sobbel 304
Soinard, 99
Soinoui-y, 99
Sol, 138
Solai-d, 138
Sole, 138
Soleret, 138
Solier, 138
Sombert, 99
Sommaire, 141
Sommerard, 141
Sommervogel, 94
Sonder, 302
Sorbet, 230
Soreau, 441
Sorel, 230
Sorieu, 230
Sorre, 230
Soto, 266
SouaUe, 322
Soucliard, 267
Souchay, 267
Soucherad, 267
Soucherard, 268
Soucheret, 267
Souclierre, 268
Souday, 301
Souden, 301
Soudier, 301
Sougere, 268
Sougit, 267
Souin, 99
Soule, 138
Soule, 138
Soulery, 138
Soult. 443
Soupault, 304
Soupe, 304
Soupe, 304
Soupeau, 304
Soupir, 304
Souply, 304
Souid, 198
Sourdeau, 198
Sourdeval, 198
Sourdiere, 198
Sourg, 441
Soury, 441
Soussi, 266
Soutif, 301
Souty, 301
Souvemin, 424
Spada, 199
Spenner, 445
Spicq, 207
Si»ill, 434
Spiller, 4^34
Spinn. 445
Spire, 206
Spiro, 206
Sponi, 445
Staar, 245
Stach, 213
Stal, 476
Stalin, 81, 476
Steffen, 476
Stein, 479
Steinacher, 476
Sterckeman, 245
Steuben, 469
Stevart, 469
Stival, 469
Stobin, 469
Stocq, 213
Stoffe, 469
Stoflfell, 469
Stoffer, 469
Stokier, 345
Storelli, 345
Storez. 345
Stouf,'469
Stourza, 345
Strieker, 245
Stuppy, 469
Stui-baut, 345
Stuve, 469
Suasso, 266
Suaid, 322
Succaud, 267
Suciiel, 267
Sue, 267
Suet, 266
Suin, 99
Summer, 141
Supply, 304
Suquet, 267
Surcouf, 441
Susse, 266
Sybille, 262
Sylvert, 346
Syndic, 456
Systermann, 293
Tacbard, 391
Taffin, 428
Tagniard, 391
Tailier, 375
TaiUefer, 375
Tainne, 311, 338
Tains, 338
Talabot, 375
Talbert, 375
Talbot, 375
Tallard, 375
Tallon, 375
Talle, 375
Talleman, 376
Talleyrand, 376
Talma, 24, 375
Tama, 364
Tami, 364
Tauc, 359
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
557
Tandon, 310
Taudou, 310
Tangre, 311
Taniere, 311
Taiilay, 311
Tanneur, 311
Taiiniere, 53, 311
Tanrade, 311
Tan ton, 310
Tapin, 428
Taquo, 390
Tarabou, 208
Taragon, 208
Taratre, 209
Tard, 209
Tardu, 209
Tardy, 209
Tare, 208
Targant, 208
Taride, 209
Tarlay, 208
Tarnaud, 208, 398
Tarratte, 209
Tartary, 209
Tartter, 209
Tascher, 53, 385
Tassel, 385
Tasselin, 385
Tassert, 385
Tassily, 385
Tassot, 385
Tassy, 385
Tate, 271
Tavard, 428
Taveau, 428
Tavel, 428
Taze, 291
Teigne, 338
Teigny, 338
TeiUart, 375
Tel, 375
Tellier, 375
Tenaillon, 310
Tenard, 311
Tence, 310
Tennesou, 311
Tennevin, 310
Tenret, 312
Terray, 208
Terre, 208
Terreur, 208
Terrier, 208
Terseur, 242
Tetard, 291
Tfete, 271
Thais, 526
Thenadey, 338
Thenard, 339
Thenier, 339
Theodor, 333
Theot, 332
Thiac, 457
Thibault, 332
Thibaut, 332
Thil)ergc, 333
Thibert, 332
Thieblot, 332
Thiedy, 332
Thiccon, 332
Thierre, 208
Thierry, 268
Thimel, 365
Thiodon, 332
Thirault, 268
Thirouin, 268
Thiry, 268
This, 351
Thisse, 351
Thorn, 363
Thome, 363
Thomel, 364
Thomet, 364
Thommeret, 364
Tieffin, 488
Tille, 189
Tilliard, 189
TiUier, 189
Tilman, 190
Tilmant, 190
Tillon, 190
Tillot, 190
Tilly, 189
Timel, 365
Tine, 129
Tinel, 130
Tingay, 367
Tiphaine, 488
Tireau, 268
Tisci, 229
Tison, 352
Tissaire, 352
Tisselin, 352
Tisserand, 352
Tissier, 352
Titard, 333
Tittel, 332
Tixier, 229
Toche, 427
Tombe, 363
Tombel, 364
Tonne, 129
TonneUe, 130
Torin, 208
Toty, 273
Toucart, 427
Tougart, 427
Tourault, 129
Tournachon, 190
Tournaillon, 190
Tournaire, 190
Tournal, 190
Toumay, 190
Tourne, 190
Tourneur, 190
Tournery, 190
Tousac, 274
Tout, 273
Toutan, 274
Toutay, 273
Touvce, 103
Touvy, 103
Touzeau, 273
Touze, 273
Touzel, 274
Touzelin, 274
Touzin, 274
Trabold, 196
Tracy, 242
Trager, 413
Tragin, 413
Trajin, 413
Trappe, 196
Trassard, 242
Traube, 441
Trayer, 413
Trays, 242
Treboul, 196
Trecolle, 413
Treffil, 196
Tregont, 413
Trehard, 413
Treifous, 413
Trens, 242
Tress, 242
Tressan, 242
Tressard, 242
Triau, 429
Tribou, 196
Tricard, 429
Triche, 429
Tricot, 429
Triebert, 429
Triefus, 429
Triger, 429
Triquet, 429
Troly, 141
Troplong, 441
Tross, 249
Trote, 270
Trotte, 270
Trottier, 271
Trotrot, 271
Trou, 195
Trouble, 441
Troude, 270
Troupeau, 441
Troupier, 441
Trouplin, 441
Trousseau, 249
Trousel, 249
Trouve, 441
Trubert, 196, 429
True, 195
Trudon, 271
TrueUe, 195
Truffier, 441
Ti-ufy, 441
Trupel, 441
Trusson, 249
558
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
Trutey, 270
Trutiu, 271
Try, 429
Tudey, 332
Tudor, 333
Tugault, 428
Tugot, 427
Tunna, 129
Tungnand, 362
Turc, 487
TureU, 208
Turgis, 208
Turquetil, 129
Turgot, 128
Tutuny, 332
Tytgat, 333
Ude, 282
Ulliac, 105
Ulman, 106
Urier, 83
Usse, 524
Vachy, 362
Vade, 412
Vaganay, 523
Vaghi, 523
Vagney, 523
Valant, 298
Valci, 298
Vald, 344
Valdeiron, 345
Valdin, 345
Valerand, 298
Valerant, 298
Valet, 298
Valfort, 88
Valfroy, 298
Valhere, 298
Valie, 298
VaUee, 298
Valleran, 298
Vallery, 298
Vallez, 298
Valuer, 298
Vails, 298
Valmer, 298
Valtat, 345
Valton, 345
Vanackere, 394
Vanard, 394
Vancy, 316
Vandale, 317
Vanden, 316
Vaneguc, 394
Vanelli, 394
Vaiietti, 394
Vancy, 394
Van in, 394
Vannier, 394
Vauoni, 394
Vauthielen, 317
Vantier 316
( VantUlard, 317
Vanutelle, 317
Vaquez, 362
Vaquier, 362
Varache, 278
Varagniac, 305
Varaine, 279
Varangot, 305
Varangue, 278
Varay, 278
Vare, 278
Varichon, 278'
Variii, 305
Varinay, 305
Varinont, 278
Varnier, 305
Varrall, 278
Vart, 277
Vassal, 244
Vassard, 244
Vasse, 244
Vasselin, 244
Vasseur, 244
Vasson, 244
Vassy, 244
Vatard, 413
Vatel, 413
Vattemare, 413
Vatier, 413
Vatton, 413
Vatry, 413
Vaude, 344
Vaudescal, 345
Vaudin, 345
Vaudrand, 345
Vaudron, 345
Vaudry, 345
Vaultier, 345
Vaury, 325
Vaute, 344
Vauthier, 345
Vautrot, 345
Vedel, 413
Vedy, 412
Vee, 523
Vege, 523
Veil, 383
Veillard, 383
Veiller, 383
Veillon, 383
Velic, 383
Vellard, 383
Velly, 383
Velpeau, 88
Velter, 345
Veltnian, 345
Venaut, 304
Venard, 394
Venault, 395
Venelle, 394
Vendrin, 316
Ventre, 316
Verbrugge, 278
Verchere, 74
Verdel, 277
Verdery, 277
Verdie, 277
Verdier, 277
Verge, 73
Verge, 73
Vergeon, 74
Vergnaud, 74
Vergne, 74
Vergnot, 74
Veriere, 278
VeriUon, 278
Verite, 257
Verjus, 526
Vermon, 278
Vernaud, 305
Vera ay, 305
Vernaz, 305
Verneau, 305
Vernel, 305
Verneret, 305
Vernert, 305
Vernet, 305
Verney, 305
Vernier, 305
Vero, 278
Verry, 278
Vertu, 257
Vessier, 244
Vestier, 303
Vestraete, 303
Viard, 165
Viareingue, 278
Viault, 165
Vibert, 165
Vicart, 165
Vicaire, 165
Vicel, 165
Vichard, 165
Viclierat, 165
Viclin, 165
Vicq, 164
Vidalenc, 493
Vidalon, 493
Vidard, 494
Videcocq, 27
Vide, 493
Videau, 493
Videl, 493
Vidocq, 493
Vidon, 493
Vidron, 494
Vidus, 493
Viel, 383
Vient, 316
Viette, 165
Viey, 164
Vige, 164
Vigerio, 165
Vigier, 165
Vigla, 165
Vilbaut, 123
INDEX OF FRENCH NAMES.
559
Vilcere, 123
Vilcocq, 27
Vildc, 447
Villachon, 123
Villain, 123
Villard, 124
Ville, 123
Ville, 123
Villegri, 123
Villemain, 124
Villeinont, 124
ViUemot, 124
Viller, 124
ViUerie, 124
Villerm, 124
ViUeret, 124
Villette, 124
ViUetard, 447
ViUiame, 124
Villiaume, 124
Villmar, 124
ViUy, 123
Vntard, 447
Vimar, 165
Vinay, 263
Vinbourg, 264
Vincey, 263
Vinche, 263
Vincke, 263
Vincq, 412
Vinit, 316
Vinson, 263
Vintin, 316
Vintz, 316
Violard, 383
Violete, 468
Violleau, 383
Viollier, 383
VirgiUe, 526
Virot, 257
Virquin, 74
Visier, 351
Visonneau, 351
Vissac, 351
Visse, 351
Visser, 351
Vissier, 351
Visto, 303
VitaHs, 494
Vite, 493
Viteau, 493
Vitel, 493
Vitococq, 494
Viton, 493
Vitrac, 494
Vitry, 4i>5
Vitte, 493
Vittier, 494
Vittiz, 493
Vittu, 493
Voilin, 384
Voillemier, 384
Voilleniont, 384
Voilquin, 384
Voiiy, 325
Vol, 383
Volf, 71
VoUee, 383
Vollet, 384
Vollier, 384
Voltier, 378
Voulquin, 93
Vuillaume, 384
VuiUefroy, 384
VuiUemot, 384
Wal, 298
Walder, 345
Walferdin, 88
Wallart, 298
WaUes, 298
Walter, 345
Walz, 298
Wanner, 394
Waree, 278
Warengue, 278
Warin, 305
Warinier, 305
Warme, 108
Warnet, 305
Waro, 278
Waroquier, 278
Warre, 278
Watel, 413
WateKn, 413
Watin, 413
Watteau, 412
Wauthier, 435
WegeUn, 523
Wegman, 523
Weisse, 351
Weil, 383
Wei, 383
Weld, 344
Weldell, 344
Wcldon, 345
Welling, 383
Welhoff, 383
Wenk, 412
Werle, 325
Wernle, 305
Wey, 523
Weyn, 523
Wiart, 165
Wibaille, 63
Wicart, 165
Wicot, 165
Wideman, 494
Widmer, 494
Wigy, 164
Wilbrod, 123
Willard, 124
SViUaume, 124
WiUerme, 124
Willemin, 124
WiUemot, 124
Winnen, 264
Wissocq, 351
Witier, 494
Witlich, 494
Wizemann, 351
Woillaume, 72, 384
Woillez, 384
WoiUot, 72
Wolter, 378
Wulveryck, 72
Yoxif, 367
Yslin, 475
Ytasse, 449
Ytier, 450
Yunc, 419
Yve, 366
Yvose, 366
Yvert, 367
Yzard, 475
Zeiller, 433
Zelger, 433
ZeUe, 433
ZeUer, 433
Zircher, 441
Zorgo, 441
Zurcher, 441
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Abba, 60
Abbe, 60
Abbey, 60
Abbiss, 61
Abbott, 61
Abdy, 39, 61
Abson, 61
Achard, 209
Ache, 209
AchHn, 209
Acken, 211
Acorn, 210
Acre, 210
Acron, 210
Acroyd, 210
Addicott, 288
Addiss, 288
Addy, 287
Addlehead, 337
Ade, 519
Adie, 519
Adier, 288
Adkin, 288
Adlam, 337
Adlan, 337
Adlard, 337
Ad^er, 96
Ad nans, 288
Adolph, 72, 288
Adolphus, 338
Agan, 211
Agar, 210
Agg, 209
Aggas, 193
Aggis, 193
Aglin, 154
Agombar, 211
Ague, 209
Aguilar, 154
Aikin, 211, 471
Aikman, 210, 471
Ailger, 154
Ailman, 154
Air, 89, 94
Airey, 94
Airy, 89
Akass, 193
Ake, 209
Akey, 209
Alban, 134
Albany, 134
Albert, 516
Albery, 135
Aldebert, 418
Alden, 28, 418
Alder, 418
Alderdice, 419
Alderman, 338, 462
Aldham, 418
Aldis, 418
Aldiss, 64, 65
Aldred, 418
Aldrich, 41, 418
Aldridge, 41, 419
Aldritt, 418
Ale, 154
Aleman, 154, 461
Alfred, 41, 135
Alger, 516
Alice, 300
Alker, 142
Allain, 238
Allan, 238
AUard, 516
Allaway, 517
Allbright, 516
Allbut, 299
AUcard, 142
Allchin, 299
Allday, 418
Alley, 516
Allfrey, 516
AUgood, 299
AUick, 142
AlUes, 300
AUix, 142
AUmack, 517
Ailman, 517
Allnutt, 517
Alio, 516
AUt, 418
Allty, 418
Allvey, 517
Allward, 517
AUwood, 517
AUwright, 460
Almar, 517
Almiger, 143, 225
Almond, 473, 517
Aloe, 516
Alp, 134
Alpenny, 134
Alpha, 134
Alsager, 300
Altman, 418
Alton, 418
Altree, 419
Alvary, 135
Alvert, 135
Alvey, 134
Alvis, 134
Alwin, 517
Amber, 312
Ambleman, 143
Ambler, 143
Ambridge, 312
Ames, 492
Amett, 284
Amey, 492
Amiss, 284
Amor, 130
Amory, 130
Ampleman, 143
Ancrum, 289
And, 100, 432
Anderson, 32
Andlan, 432
Andoe, 100, 432
Andrade, 432
Ang, 212
Angel, 213
Angelo, 213
Angleman, 213
Angler, 213, 460
Angley, 213
Anghn, 213
Anguish, 293
Angwin, 212
Anhault, 289
Anne, 65, 289
Anning, 289
Anniss, 289
Anns, 119
Ansell, 119
Ansekne, 119
Anser, 119
Anslow, 119
Anster, 274
Anstey, 274
Anthem, 432
Antill, 432
Antley, 432
Antridge, 432
App, 60
Appach, 60
Applin, 61
Appold, 61
Apsey, 61
Arabella, 486
Arber, 386
Arbery, 386
Arbon, 386
Arch, 387
Archambaud, 11, 432
Archard, 388
Archbell, 388
Archbold, 388
Archbutt, 388
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
561
Archer, 388
Arculus, 387
Arden, 251
Arding, 250
Ardouin, 251
Argent, 388
Argue, 387
Argument, 276, 388
Ariell, 95
ArkeU, 387
Arkwright, 41, 388, 400
Arle, 95, 339
Arliss, 340
Arm, 418
Armat, 147
Armeny, 146
Armgold, 147
Armiger, 147
Arminger, 8, 146
Armine, 146
Armor)', 147
Armour, 147
Arms, 147
Am, 95
Arnaman, 95
Arney, 95
Arno, 95
Arnold, 95
Arnulphe, 95
Amum, 95
Arpin, 386
Arreud, 96
Arrowsmith, 462
Arter, 250
Arundel, 152
Asay, 119
Asberry, 119
Asbridge, 119
Ascough, 217
Ash, 142, 216
Ashbold, 217
Asher, 217
Ashkettle, 11, 128,
(note,) 512
Ashlin, 216
Ashman, 217
Ashmore, 217
Ashpart, 217
Ashwin, 217
Ashwith, 217
Ashwood, 217
Aslin, 119
Aslock, 120
Ask, 142, 216
Askey, 216
Askwith, 42
Asman, 120
Aspern, 119
Asperne, 39
Aaqwith, 37, 217, 223
Ass, 89, 119
Assey, 119
Aste, 216
Astle, 216
Astor, 216
Astray, 216
Astwood, 216, 223
Atack, 288
Atkey, 288
Atkin, 288
Atkiss, 40, 288
Atley, 288
Atmore, 288
Attey, 19
Attle, 288
Attoe, 287
Attride, 288
Attridge, 288
Atts, 288
Attwood, 288
Atty, 287
Aubery, 135
Audritt, 382
Auger, 382
Aught, 381
Aughtie, 381
Aukward, 142
Avdeef, 514
Auriol, 524
AusteU, 302
Auth, 381
Auther, 382
Auton, 381
Autram, 382
Aveline, 290
Avehng, 290
Aver, 290
Avery, 290
Avila, 290
Avill, 290
Avis, 290
Aviz, 290
Awl, 516
Ayer, 210
Aylard, 154
Ayle, 154
Ayley, 154
AyUffe, 210, 419
AyKng, 154
Aylmer, 154
Aylward, 154
Aylwin, 154
Ayscough, 39
Babb, 291
Babbage, 291
Babe, 291
BabeU, 291
Baber, 291
Babin, 291
Baby, 291
Bacchus, 143
Back, 172
Backer, 172
Backhouse, 144
Bad, 166
s 3
Badder, 166
Baddeley, 166
Badge, 378
Badger, 89
Badgery, 90
Badock, ICQ
Badkin, 1G6
Badman, 167
Bagg, 172
Baggett, 172
Bagley, 48, 172
Baghn, 172
Baguley, 172
Bail, 192
Bailey, 48, 172, 192
Balaam, 192, 482
Balcliin, 241
Balder, 131, 241
Baldey, 240
Baldhead, 241
Baldick, 241
Baldridge, 241
Baldry, 41, 241
Baldwin, 42, 242
Balfe, 73, 379
Ball, 192
BaUard, 192
BaUer, 192
BaUey, 192
Balling, 192
BaUock, 192
BaUs, 241
Babner, 192
Balsam, 26, 241, 470
Baltic, 241
Balyer, 192
Bance, 235
Bancker, 182
Band, 235
Bander, 236
Banderet, 236
Bang, 182
Banger, 175
Banghart, 182
Bank, 182, 490
Bankart, 182
Bankier, 182
Bann, 175
Banner, 175, 234
Bannick, 175
Banny, 175
Banter, 87
Banting, 236
Bantock, 235
Banton, 236
Banyard, 175
Bard, 222
BardeUe, 222
Bardin, 222
Barding, 222
Bardolf, 72
Bardolph, 222
Bardouleau, 222
562
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Bardy, 222
Barebone, 70
Barefoot, 158
Barehard, 69
Barlas, 354
Barlass, 353
Barley, 22, 61
Barling, 61
Barlow, 22, 61
Barmore, 69
Barnacle, 158
Barnard, 423
Barnett, 423
Barney, 423
Barr, 22, 61
Barrass, 61
BarreU, 22
Barrett, 61, 62
Barreyman, 62
Barrow, 22, 61
Barry, 22, 61
Barter, 222
Bartie, 222
Bartlett, 222 (note)
Bartman, 222
Bartram, 222 (note)
Barwise, 68, 69, 355
Baseke, 181
BasH, 181
Basin, 181
Bask, 181
Bass, 181
Bastard, 12, 183
Baste, 183
Bastick, 183
Basting, 183
Baster, 183
Bastow, 183
Basti-ay, 183
Bath, 166
Batho, 166
Bather, 166
Batkin, 166
Batley, 166
Batt, 166
Batting, 166
Battle, 166
Batty, 166
Baud, 240
Baugh, 291
Bavarian, 314
Bavin, 291
Beacall, 222
Beach, 222
Beachman, 222
Beadle, 166
Beadman, 167
Beagle, 48
Beakem, 222
Bcalo, 48
Bear, 68
Boarbcnn, 70
lieater, 166
Beath, 166
Beatley, 166
Beatty, 166
Beau, 224
Beautyman, 455
Beaver, 90, 91
Bebb, 414
Beck, 222, 490
Beckett, 222
Beckman, 222
Bed, 166
Beddard, 167
Bedding, 166
Beddoe, 166
Bede, 166
Bee, 47, 378
Beecher, 222
Beechey, 222
Beer, 68
Begg, 47, 64, 222
Beetle, 166
Befford, 414
Beldam, 241
Belfry, 269
Bell, 192
Bellamy, 192
Beller, 269
Bellett, 269
Bellew, 192
Bellies, 521
Belliss, 269, 521
Bellman, 269, 461
BeUmain, 269
Bellment, 269
Bellmore, 192, 269
Belly, 192
Bellord, 269
Bellow, 192
BeUows, 521
Belser, 521
Belsey, 269
Belt, 240
Beltram, 241
Belward, 270
Ben, 484
Bence, 235
Bench, 182
Bender, 236
Bendelow, 235
Bending, 236
Bendlo, 235
Bendy, 235
Benger, 177
Benjamin, 484
Benkin, 22, 177
Benmore, 177
Bonn, 21, 22, 176
Bennell, 21, 176
Banner, 177
]ienney, 176
Bcnnickc, 176
Benning, 177
Bennocli, 176
Benns, 177
Bense, 177
Benson, 236
Bent, 235
Bentall, 235
Bentinck, 236
Benton, 236
Bentwright, 236
Berger, 69
Beringer, 70
Bernard, 40, 70
Bernhard, 40
Bernold, 71
Berrett, 69
Berridge, 69
Berrier, 69
Berrill, 69
Berringer, 70
Bertham, 370
Berbie, 370
Bertin, 370
Bertram, 41, 370
Bei-trand, 41, 370
Berward, 69
Besley, 181
Bessel, 181
Bessemer, 181
Bessett, 181
Best, 183
Bethell, 166
Bethray, 167
Betkin, 166
Betteley, 166
Bettell, 166
Betteridge, 167
Betty, 65, 166, 484
Beugo, 378
Bevan, 414
BeviUe, 414
Bew, 47, 378
Bewley, 48
Bewly, 379
Beyerman, 313
Bibb, 414
Bibby, 414
Biber, 91
Bible, 414
]5ick, 77, 84, 177
Bicker, 178
Bickle, 177
Bickley, 177
Bid dick, 166
Biddulph, 42, 72, 167
Bidgood, 40
Biffin, 414
Bigelow, 177
Bigg, 47, 64, 77, 177
]}iggar, 178
Bigman, 178
Bilke, 13, 269
Bill, 17, 269, 484
Billamorc, 269
Billet, 13, 269
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
r)63
Billeter, 219
IJillliam, 209
Milliard, 13, 209
Billin, 270
Billing, 209
Billingay, 209
Billis, 209
Billnian, 209
Billow, 13, 17, 209
BUly, 17, 209
BiUyeald, 270
Biiulen, 230
Binder, 2:^0
Bingey, 178
Binney, 176
Biuns, 177
Birch, 106
Bird, 92, 329
Birdlock, 370
Birdmore, 370
Birdseye, 370
Birne, 70
Birnei% 70
Birney, 70
Birt, 370
Birtle, 370
Birtles, 370
Biscoe, 181
Bisgood, 181
Bishop, 182, 463
Bisney, 181
Biss, 181
BisseU, 181
Bissmii-e, 181
Bitch, 84, 177
Bithrey, 167
Black, 395
Blacker, 395
Blackie, 395
Blackman, 395
Blacow, 393
Blade, 370
Blain, 396
Blake, 393
Blakeman, 393
Blaker, 393
Blakey, 393
Blanch, 392
Blanchard, 393
Blanchett, 393
Blancliflower, 468
Blancker, 393
Bland, 390
Blanden, 397
t Blaney, 390
Blank, 392
Blankman, 393
Blate, 376
Bleach, 393
Bleacher, 393
Bleak, 393
Bleay, 396
Bledy, 440
Blenky, 392
BUnkin, 392
Blciikinsop, 392 (note)
Blenkiron, 393
Blessed, 441
lilosslcy, 440
Blethyn, 440
Blevin, 184
Blew, 390
Blewer, 396
Blick, 393
]51igh, 393
Blight, 440
Blinckhorn, 393
Blinco, 392
Blindell, 397
Bliss, 440
Blissett, 441
Blizzard, 441
Block, 214
Blockey, 214
Blogg, 214
Blomeley, 465
BlondeU, 397
Bloodgood, 440
Bloom, 465
Bloomer, 465
Bloomy, 465
Bloss, 466
Blossett, 466
Blossom, 465
Blow, 214, 396
Blowen, 215, 396
Blower, 215, 396
Bluck, 214
Blunkell, 513
Blyth, 440
Boadella, 454
Boag, 224
Board, 229
Boarder, 229
Boardman, 229
Boardwine, 229
Boast, 409
Boatwright, 455, 460
Boaz, 482
Bobart, 422
Bobbin, 422
Bobbitt, 422
Bobby, 484
Bobkin, 422
Bock, 224
Bodda, 454
Bodell, 454
Boden, 454
Bodgener, 225
Bodger, 455
Bodily, 454
Bodicker, 455
Bodkin, 454
Bodley, 454
Bodman, 455
Bodmer, 455
Body, 454
Boctofcur, 455
Botr, 421
BofTey, 421
Bogard, 225
Bogg, 224
Boggis, 455
Boggon, 225
Bogie, 224
Bogle, 224
Bogman, 225
Bogue, 47
Bold, 240
Bolden, 29, 242
Boldero, 131, 242
Boldery, 241
Bolding, 241
Boling, 281
Bollin, 281
Bollman, 281
Bolt, 240
Bolter, 241
Boltwood, 242
Bomgarson, 176
Bonar, 176
Bonbright, 176
Bond, 225
Boney, 175
Boniger, 37, 170
Bonken, 175
Bonnell, 175
Bonner, 176
Bonnick, 175
Bonning, 175
Bonny, 175
Bonnyman, 176
Bonser, 236
Bonsey, 175, 235
Bonter, 236
Boodle, 454
Bookless, 353. 354
Bool, 280
Boore, 452
Boorman, 452
Boot, 454
Booth, 454
Booty, 454
Border, 229
Bosher, 408
Bosley, 408
Bosnian, 408
Boss, 408
Bossard, 408
Bossey, 408
Bossom, 408
Bostel, 409
Bostock, 409
Bostridge, 409
Bothy, 224
Botly, 454
Bott, 454
Botten, 454
Botting, 454-
564
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Bottle, 454
Botwright, 455
Bouch, 378
Boucliey, 378
Boucher, 379
Boucherett, 379
Boudrow, 242
Boughtwhore, 241
Boully, 280
Boulting, 241
Boutflower, 455 (note)
Bouverie, 422
Bouvier, 422
Bovay, 421
Bovey, 421
BoviUe, 421
Bow, 224
Bowdry, 241
Bowe, 47
BoweU, 224
Bowen, 225
Bower, 452, 490
Bowerman, 452
Bowker, 379
Bowkett, 379
Bowl, 280
Bowler, 281
Bowman, 225
Bowmer, 225
Box, 32
Boy, 313
Boyer, 313
Boyman, 313
Bracher, 185
Brack, 184
BradneU, 221
Bradshaw, 501
Bragan, 185
Bragg, 130
Bragger, 130
Braham, 371
Brain, 185
Brainard, 185
Brake, 184
Brakeman, 185
Bramble, 371
Brame, 371
Bramer, 371
Bramley, 371
Brammell, 371
Brand, 198
Brandard, 199
Brander, 199
Brandis, 199
Brandish, 199
Brandlc, 198
Brandling, 199
Brandram, 199
Brandreth, 199
Braiulrick, 199
Brandy, 19, 198
Biant, 198
Branier, 443
Brass, 443, 476
Brassbridge, 495
Brassell, 443
Brassey, 443
Bray, 184
Brayer, 185
Brayman, 185
Brazier, 53, 443
Brazill, 443
Braznell, 221
Breach, 184
Breakell, 185
Breaker, 185
Bream, 106
Breazard, 186
Breecher, 185
Breem, 371
Breeze, 185
Bremer, 371
Bremond, 371
Bremridge, 371
Brent, 198
Breslin, 186
Bressey, 185
Brett, 185
Brettell, 185
Brew, 193
Brewer, 194
Brewes, 185
Breysic, 186
Briand, 185
Briant, 185
Brick, 184
BrickeU, 185
Bricker, 185
Brickman, 185
Bridge, 184
Bridgeman, 185
Bridgen, 185
Bridger, 185
Bridges, 185
Brier, 185
Brigg, 184
Briggs, 185
Bright, 106, 370
Brighting, 370
Brightland, 370
Brightly, 370
Brightman, 370
Brightmore, 370
Brightwine, 42
Brighty, 370
Brigman, 185
Brim, 371
Brimble, 371
Brimelow, 371
Brimiley, 371
Brisco, 186
Brise, 185
Brisk, 188
Brisley, 186
Brisman, 186
Brissey, 185
Brittell, 185
Britnen, 221
Britter, 185
Brix, 185
Brixey, 23, 185
Broad, 218
Broadwood, 501
Brocard, „194
Brock, 90, 193
Brockmann, 194
Broderick, 218
Brodie, 218
Brodhead, 218
Broke, 193
Broker, '194
Brond, 198
Brook, 193
Brooker, 194
Brooking, 193
Brookman, 194
Brookson, 193
Bros, 480
Brother, 218, 293, 513
Brotherson, 293
Brown, 126, 398. 400
Brownell, 399
Browning, 400
Brownlow, 399
Brownett, 400
Brownrigg, 400
Brownsmith, 462
Brownsword, 462 (note)
Bruce, 185
Brane, 399
Brunker, 400
Brunner, 400
Bruzand, 186
Bruzaud, 186
Buba, 421
Bubb, 421
Buck, 85, 378
Bucket, 379
Buckie, 378
Buckle, 379
Buckley, 379
Bucklin, 379
Buckney, 379
Buckridge, 379
Bucksey, 379
Budd, 454
Budden, 454
Buddicombe, 455
Budding, 454
Buddie, 454
Buddo, 454
Buddrich, 455
Budge, 454
Budlong, 454
Budmore, 455
Buffin, 422
Buffrey, 422
Bugg, 47, 110, 378
Buggeln, 379
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
565
Bugffin, 379
Buglea, 48, 379
Builder, 219
Buist, 408 (note), 409
Bulck, 281
Bulfinch, 104
Bulger, 281
Bull, 82, 280
BuUaker, 281
Bullard, 281
Bullen, 281
Buller, 281
Bulley, 280
Bulling, 281
BuUion, 281
Bulliss, 281
Bullmore, 281
BuUock, 281
Bullstrode, 3
Bulman, 281
Bulmer, 281
Bulwer, 281
Bundle, 235
Bundock, 235
Bundy, 235
Bunn, 416
Bunnett, 416
Bunney, 416
Bunning, 416
BuBsaU, 235
Bunse, 235
Bunsen, 236 (note)
Bunt, 102
Bunten, 236
Bunter, 236
Bunting, 102, 236
Bunyan, 416
Bunyer, 416
Burchard, 279
BurcheU, 279
Burd, 239
Burdekin, 93
BurdeU, 329
Burden, 329
Burder, 330
Burdett, 330
Burdock, 329
Burge, 279
Burger, 279
Burgess, 279
Burgwin, 279
Burke, 279
Burley, 69
Burling, 452
Bum, 70
Burnell, 70
Bumess, 70
Bumidge, 70
Burning, 70
Burnish, 24, 70
Burnman, 69
BurreU, 452
Burt, 106, 370
Buss, 407
Bussell, 407
Bussey, 407
Bussing, 407
Bussman, 407
Busst, 409
Bustard, 102, 409
Buszard, 407
Butiman, 455
Butlin, 454
Butling, 22, 454
Butolph, 72
Butt, 454
Buttel, 454
Buttemer, 455
Butter, 455
Butterfly, 455 (note)
Butterick, 455
Buttery, 455
Button, 454
Buttress, 455
Bvizzard, 102
Byard, 313
Bye, 47, 313
Byer, 313
Bynner, 177
Byron, 70
Cable, 285
Caddick, 525
Caddy, 525
Cade, 206
CadeU, 525
Cadman, 525
CadweU, 169, 525
Cahan, 174
Cain, 174, 482
Cains, 174
Calderon, 42, 477
Cale, 436
Caley, 436
Calf, 83
Calkin, 437
Calkling, 307
Callaway, 437
CaUow, 436
Camalary, 419
Camel, 89
Camm, 436
Cammegh, 436
CammeU, 419
Camp, 171
Campkin, 171
Camplin, 171
Campling, 171
Canary, 444
CandaU, 74
Cande, 74
Candelin, 74
Candy, 74
Caney, 174
Cann, 444
Cannar, 444
Cannel, 444
Canney, 444 ■
Canniffc, 201
Canning, 444
Cannon, 444
Cant, 74
Canty, 74
Cantelo, 74
Cantle, 74
Cantor, 74
Capstick, 227
Carary, 203
Caravan, 204
Card, 276
Carden, 277
Carder, 277
CardweU, 277
Carew, 202
Carey, 202
Cark, 481
Carl, 59
Carland, 203
Carless, 59
Carley, 59
Carlin, 202
Carling, 202
Carloss, 59
Carman, 203
Carr, 202
Carrett, 329
Carrick, 202
Carrier, 203
CarroU, 59
Carroway, 204
Cart, 276
CarteU, 276
Carter, 53, 277, 460
Carthew, 277
Carton, 277
Cartridge, 277
Cartwi-ight, 277, 460
Carty, 276
Case, 205
Casement, 205
Casey, 205
Cash, 205
Cashman, 205
Cashow, 205
Cask, 205
Casky, 205
CasseU, 296
Castang, 296
CasteUo, 296
Caster, 296
Castle, 296
Castley, 296
Caston, 296
Cate, 206
Cater, 206
Catmore, 499
Catmur, 168
Cato, 168, 206
Catomore, 168, 499
566
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Catt, 168
Cattey, 168
Cattle, 168
Cattley, 168
CattUu, 22, 168
Catto, 168
Caulk, 307
Caulking, 307
Caunce, 519
Cause, 309
Causer, 309
Causey, 309
Cayzer, 205
Cazaley, 205
Centre, 456
Chad, 168
Chadborn, 168
Chadbot, 168
Chaddock, 168
Chadman, 168
Chadwick, 169
Cbadwin, 169
Chaffinch, 104
Chalk, 307
Chalker, 307
Chalkey, 307
Chalklen, 307
ChalkUng, 307
Champ, 171
Chance, 519
Chancey, 519
Chant, 74
Chanter, 74
Chantrey, 74
Chapman, 459
Chard, 250
Charie, 231
Charity, 339
Charker, 232
Charles, 59
Charman, 46, 232
Charrott, 339
Chart, 250
Charter, 250
Chataway, 169
ChatweU, 169
Chaucer, 307
Cheapo, 460
Cheek, 357
Cheese, 459
Cheeseman, 459
Cheesewright, 460
Cheever, 285
Chenning, 329
Chequer, 358
CherriU, 202
Cherry, 231
Chesman, 459
Chesney, 459
Chcssen, 459
Chick, 357
Chicken, 357
Chidell, 438
ChHd, 162
ChUdren, 42, 46, 162
Childers, 162
ChiU, 162
Chilly, 162
Chillmaid, 46, 163
ChiUman, 46, 163
Chimlen, 423
Chimney, 423
Chin, 418
Chine, 327
Ching, 329
Chinnery, 328
Chipman, 285
Chipp, 45, 285
Chippen, 285
Chipper, 285
Chirney, 432
Chisel, 458
Chisholm, 459
Chislett, 458
Chisman, 459
Chittle, 438
Chittock, 438
Chitty, 438
Choat, 360
Choote, 360
Christ, 133, 134, 484
Christmas, 487, 522
Christo, 133
Christy, 133
Chrystal, 133
Chubback, 227
Chuck, 357
Chunn, 327
Chuter, 360
Chutter, 360
Circuit, 441
City, 431
Clack, 352
Clad, 435
Claggett, 352
Claplin, 183
Clapp, 183
Clai^per, 183
Clapson, 183
Clare, 374
Claremont, 374
Claret, 374
Claridge, 374
Claringbold, 39, 374
Claringbull, 39, 374
Claris, 374
Clarvis, 374
Clarvise, 374
Clary, 374
Class, 392
Classon, 392
Clavey, 183
Clay, 352
Clear, 374
Cleary, 374
Cleaver, 414
Clegg, 352
Cleggett, 352
Clench, 199
Cleveley, 415
Clever, 414
Cleverly, 415
Clewett, 352
Cliff, 415
CHft, 415
Clinch, 199
CUng, 199
Clingo, 199
Clink, 199
Clinkard, 199
Clissold, 392
Clive, 415
Cloak, 352
Clode, 377
Clogg, 352
Close, 391 (note)
Closer, 391 (note)
Clothier, 377, 460
Cloud, 46, 377
Cloudman, 378
Clout, 377
Clouting, 377
Cloutman, 378, 461
Clow, 352
Cluer, 352
Glutton, 377
Coachman, 446
Cob, 248
Cock, 446
Cocker, 446
Cockett, 446
Cockin, 446
Cocking, 446
Cockle, 446
Cocklin, 446
Cockman, 446
Cocks, 446
Cod, 106
Codd, 115
Codley, 17
Codling, 115
Cody, 115
Coe, 336
Coffey, 248
Coffman, 248
Coffin, 249
Cogger, 446
Coggin, 446
Coghill, 446
Coglin, 446
Coish, 336
Colbran, 226
Colbreath, 226
Colburn, 226
Cold, 477
Coldman, 81, 477
Coldrick, 477
CJole, 226
Colenso, 24, 226
I
Coleman, 22G, 461
Coley, 22G
Coll, 17
Colla, 17, 10, 226
Collamore, 226
Collar, 226
Collard, 226
College, 226
Colley, 226
Collide, 226
Collier, 58, 226, 460
Colling, 226
ColHns, 24, 226
Colman, 226
Colmer, 226
Colt, 81, 477
Coltart, 81
Colter, 81, 477
Colthard, 477
Coltmann, 81, 477
Combe, 59, 296
Combrids^r, 59
Comer, 60
Comley, 60
Commin, 63, 297
Comont, 60
Comrie, 60
Conder, 164
Condron, 164
Condry, 164
Condy, 163
Cone, 327
Conger, 328
Conker, 328
Conlan, 327
Conne, 327
Connell, 327
Connery, 328
Conny, 327
Conoff, 328
Conquest, 328
Conrath, 328
Consell, 163
Const, 360
Constable, 462, 486
Conybear, 328
Conyer, 328
Coode, 101, 115
Coolbreath, 226
Coote, 52, 101, 115
Cooze, 309
Copeman, 248, 459
CopeUn, 248
Copestake, 227
Copley, 248
Copp, 248
Coppard, 248
Copper, 476
CoppernoU, 221
Coppin, 249
Coijpock, 248
Copsey, 23, 248
Corbettj 98
OF ENGLISH NAMES. 5()7
Corbin, 98
Cow, 336
Corbould, 202
Cowan, .'•J.36
Corby, 98
Coward, 12, 336
Core, 202
Cowell, 336
Corker, 481
Cowie, 336
Corkcry, 481
Cowing, 336
Corking, 481
Cowland, 336
Corkling, 481
Cowman, 337
Corkman, 481
Cowpcr, 476
Cornell, 433
Craig, 97
Corner, 433
Craigie, 97
Corney, 433
Craik, 97
Cornick, 433
Crake, 97
Corning, 433
CrakeU, 97
Cornman, 433
Cram, 97
Corsan, 409
Cray, 401
Corsar, 409
Creah, 170
Corse, 409
Creak, 170
Cort, 409
Creaker, 170
Cory, 202
Crealey, 196
Cose, 309
Cream, 125
Cosier, 309
Creamer, 125
Cossack, 309
Crean, 465
Cossart, 309
Cree, 170
Cossey, 309
Creech, 170
Cosson, 309
Creelman, 196
Cost, 360
Creer, 170
Costall, 360
Crespel, 404
Costeker, 360
Crespin, 404
Costello, 360
CressaU, 401
Coster, 360
Cressy, 401
Costiff, 360
Crew, 401
Costlow, 360
Cribb, 188
Costly, 360
Crickmay, 25, 170
Cotman, 116
CriUy, 196
Cott, 115
Crimson, 125
Cottam, 115
Griper, 188
Cotter, 116, 514
Crippen, 188
Cottle, 115
Cripps, 404
Cotton, 117
Crisp, 404
Coulthred, 477
Crispin, 404
Cound, 163
Croad, 46, 371
Counsell, 163
Croager, 46, 372
Count, 163
Crock, 252
Counter, 164
Crocker, 253
County, 163
Crockett, 253
Countze, 163
Croker, 253
Courage, 337
CroU, 405
CourceUe, 409
Croly, 405
Courridge, 337
Crome, 372
Course, 409
Cromey, 372
Courser, 409
Cromley, 374
Court, 409
Croney, 465
Courtenay, 409
Crook, 46
Courtier, 409
Croon, 373
CourtneU, 221
Cropp, 424
Courtwright, 409
Cropper, 425
Cousin, 296, 309
Croser, 406
Coutts, 115
Cross, 405, 490
Covell, 248
Crossman, 406
Coveny, 249
Crotch, 46
Covert, 248
Crothers, 372
Covey, 248
Croton, 372
568
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Crotty, 371
Crowden, 372
Crowdy, 371
Crowe, 97
Crown, 465
Crowson, 97
Crucknell, 221
Crum, 373
Cruse, 404
Cruso, 404
CrusseU, 404
Crutwell, 373
Cryer, 53, 170
Cryme, 125
Cubbidge, 248
Cubby, 248
Cubitt, 144, 248
Cubley, 248
Cuckoo, 105
Cudd, 115
Cuddon, 117
Cuddy, 115
Cufman, 248
Cuff, 248
Cuffey, 248
Cuffley, 248
Cufflin, 248
Cull, 478
Cullen, 478
Culley, 478
Cumber, 234
Cumberbatch, 234
Cumberbeacb, 234
Cumberpatch, 234
Cumming, 297
Cumper, 234
Cunard, 328
CundeU, 163
Cundy, 163
Cuniffe, 328
Cunio, 327
Cunley, 327
CunUffe, 328
CunneU, 327
Cunnew, 328
Cunnings, 329
Cunnold, 328
Cupid, 143, 144
Cupit, 144, 248
Curling, 405
Curll, 405
Curnick, 433
Cumo, 433
Curson, 409
Curt, 409
CurtaU, 409
Curtze, 409
Curwen, 204
Cust, 360
Custance, 24, 360
Custard, 360
Cutlove, 40
Cutmorc, 116
Cutright, 116
CutteU, 115
Cutting, 115
Cutto, 19
Dabb, 428
Dack, 390
Backer, 391
Dacombe, 391
Dadd, 291
Daddy, 291
Dade, 291
Dadmun, 292
Dafford, 428
Daffy, 428
Dagan, 338
Dagg, 390
Dagger, 391
Dagley, 48, 390
Dagnall, 338
Daily, 390
Dainty, 310
Dairy, 391
Daisy, 390
Daldy, 375
Dale, 375, 491
DaUas, 375
DaUen, 375
Dallimore, 376
Dalling, 375
Dallor, 375
Dallow, 375
Dalloway, 376
DaUy, 375
Dalman, 376
Damer, 365
Dames, 365
Damm, 364
Damory, 365
Dana, 311
Dance, 310
Dancer, 310
Dancey, 310
Dand, 310
Dandelyon, 12, 310
Dando, 310
Dandy, 45, 310
Dane, 311, 338
Danes, 338
Danford, 311
Danger, 311, 338
Daniel, 484
Danks, 359
Dann, 311
Dannan, 311
Dannell, 311
Danner, 311
Danson, 310
Dapp, 428
Daracott, 208
Darcli, 397
Dardy, 208
Dargun, 208, 397
Dark, 397
Darker, 397
Darkies, 208
Darkin, 397
Darkman, 397
Darley, 208
Daly, 48
Darnell, 398
Darnley, 398
Darr, 208
DarreU, 208
Darrigon, 208
Darrow, 208
Dart, 209
Darter, 209
Dartnell, 221
Darwin, 208
Dasent, 385
Dassett, 385
Dassy, 385
Date, 291
Datt, 291
Daunt, 310
DavaU, 428
Daven, 428
Davidge, 428
Daviron, 428
Davock, 428
Davy, 428
Day, 390
Daybell, 390
Dayer, 391
Dayes, 390
Daykin, 390
Dayman, 391
Daymont, 391
Daze, 291, 390
Dazey, 291
Deal, 101
Dean, 311
Dear, 268
Dearbird, 268
Deai'love, 268
Dearman, 268
Dearth, 209
Deary, 27, 268
Deck, 390
Dederick, 333
Dedman, 333
Dedridge, 333
Deed, 332
Deedy, 332
Deer, 85
Deffell, 428
Deighen, 338
Delay, 375
Delhicr, 375
Dell, 375
Dellamore, 376
Deller, 375
Dellow, 375
Delmar, 376
Domaid, 457
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
569
Demon, 457
Dempsey, 3G5
Dench, lOd, 359
Dendy, 310
Denhard, 311
Denison, 45, 311
Denman, 312
Denn, 311
Dennell, 311
Denning, 311
Denny, 311
Denolf, 312
Denson, 311
Denyer, 311
Dern, 398
Derwin, 268
Dessert, 385
Dettman, 333
Dettmer, 333
Devey, 428
Devick, 428
Devlin, 428
DevoU, 488
Devon, 428
Dew, 427
Dewar, 427
Dewell, 427
Dewen, 427
Dewey, 427
Dewick, 427
Dewing, 427
Dey, 457
Diabogue, 457
Diack, 457
Diamond, 457
Dias, 351
Dicey, 351
Dick, 406, 484
Dicker, 407
Dickie, 406
Dickin, 407
Dickman, 407
Dietman, 333
Diggle, 406
Digman, 407
Digory, 407
Digweed, 42
Dilger, 189
Dilke, 189
DiU, 189
Diller, 189
DUley, 189
DiUicar, 189
Dillick, 189
Dillimore, 190
Dillman, 190
Dillmet, 190
Dillon, 190
DiUow, 189
DiUwyn, 190
Dilnut, 41
Dimes, 365
Dimmett, 365
Dimmick, 365
Dimmock, 365
Dine, 31
Dinelcy, 130
Ding, 367
Dingle, 367
Dingley, 367
Dingman, 367
Dingwell, 367
Dingy, 367
Dining, 31, 130
Dinn, 129
Dinning, 130
Disher, 229
Disliman, 229
Disniore, 352
Diss, 64, 65, 351
Ditchman, 407
Dix, 229
Dixie, 229
Dobel, 103
Dobie, 103
Doblin, 103
Dock, 427
Docker, 427
Docking, 427
Dodd, 45, 273
Doddridge, 273, 333
Dodnian, 273
Doe, 427
Doggett, 84, 427
Doke, 427
Doll, 63
DoUand, 40
Dolling, 63
Dolphin, 184, 513
Dommett, 364
Donelan, 130
Donn, 129
DonneU, 129
Donney, 129
Donno, 129
Donnor, 128
Doody, 273
Door, 208
Doran, 208
Dorbon, 208
Dorey, 208
Dorman, 208
Dormer, 208
Dorrell, 208
Dorton, 209
Dotghin, 273
Dotry, 273
Dottridge, 273, 333
Doubt, 273
Doubty, 273
Doudney, 274
Dove, 103
Dovey, 103
Dow, 427
Dowd, 273
Dowden, 274
T 3
Dowdle, 274
Dowdiken, 274
Dowding, 274
Dowdy, 273
Dowell, 427
Dower, 427
Dowey, 427
Dowland, 428
Dowling, 22, 427
Dowse, 273
Dowsing, 274
Dowson, 274
DozeU, 273
Dozy, 273
Drabble, 196
Drage, 100, 413
Dragon, 413
Drain, 413
Drake, 100, 413
Drawbridge, 495
Drawsword, 236
Drawwater, 502
Dray, 413
Draysey, 242
Dresser, 242
Drew, 195
Drewell, 195
Drewery, 196
Drewett, 429
Drinkwater, 502
Droop, 441
Drought, 270
Drowdy, 270
Drown, 196
Druce, 249
Druggan, 196
Drum, 243
Drummer, 243
Drummey, 243
Drummond, 243 (note)
Drury, 196
Dry, 429
Dryer, 429
Dubbins, 103
Duck, 100, 427
Ducker, 427
Duckett, 427
Duckling, 100, 427
Duckmau, 428
Duddle, 273, 332
Duddy, 273, 332
Dudgeon, 427
Dudin, 332
Duga, 100
Dugald, 428
Dugard, 427
Duggin, 100, 427
Dugmore, 428
Dugood, 428
DugweU, 428
I Duke, 427
, Duly, 427
! Dumbell, 364
570
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Dume, 363
Dumlin, 364
Dummelow, 364
Dummer, 364
Dummert, 364
Dumplin, 364
Dunavin, 130
Dunger, 130
Dungey, 361
Dunkin, 22
Dunn, 21, 22, 129
DunneU, 21, 129
Dunning, 130
Dunstone, 130
Durand, 197
DureU, 208
Durley, 208
Durman, 208
Durre, 208
Dutliie, 332
Dutt, 273, 332
Dyce, 351
Dye, 457
Dyer, 457
Dyett, 332
Dyson, 352
Dyte, 332
Bade, 381
Eadie, 381
Eadon, 381
Eager, 210
Eagle, 94, 154
Eagling, 154
Eames, 254
Earee, 94
Earheart, 95
Earl, 339
Early, 339
Earney, 95
Earwig, 94
Earwaker, 112 (note)
Earratt, 94
Earth, 139
Earthy, 139
East, 302
Easter, 302
Easterbrook, 303
Easterday, 303
Eastman, 302
Eastinure, 302
Easto, 302
Easty, 302
Eat, 381
EatweU, 382
Eaves, 366
Ebbetts, 61
Ebbidge, 60
Eber, 76
Ebert, 61
Eborall, 76
Edbrook, 382
Eddis, 381
Eddy, 381
EdeU, 337
Edelsten, 338
Edgar, 40, 382
Edge, 209
Ediker, 382
Edkins, 381
Edlery, 338
Edlesten, 338
Edlow, 337
Edmans, 382
Edmead, 382
Edmett, 382
Edmond, 382
Edolph, 382
Edridge, 382
Edward, 382
Edwell, 382
Edwick, 382
Edwin, 382
Eel, 416
Egg, 209
Egley, 154
Ego, 209
Elbow, 134
Elden, 418
Eldred, 418
Eldridge, 419
Element, 276, 299
Eley, 416
Elgar, 299
Elgood, 299
Elk, 142
Elkin, 299
EU, 17, 299
EUa, 17, 19, 299
EUacot, 299
Ellard, 299
EUen, 238
EUenor, 239
Ellery, 299
Elley, 17, 299
Ellice, 300
Elliker, 299
Elliman, 299
Ellion, 238
Ellis, 300
Ellmaker, 143
Ellwood, 299
Elmore, 299
Elphee, 134
Elphick, 134
Else, 300
Elsegood, 300
Elsey, 300
Elt, 418
Eltham, 418
Elton, 418
Elve, 134
Elvery, 135
Elves, 134
Elvidge, 134
Elvis, 134
Elvy, 134
Elwin, 299
Ember, 254, 312
Emblem, 143
Emblin, 143
Emblow, 143
Emeler, 143
Emeny, 254
Emerick, 254
Emery, 254
Emly, 143
Emlyn, 143
Emmett, 110, 284
Emms, 254
Emus, 284
EngaU, 213
England, 213
Engleburtt, 213
Engleheart, 213
English, 318
Enniss. 289
Enoch, 289, 482
Enock, 289
Enough, 289
Enright, 289
Enscoe, 119
EnseU, 119
Enser, 119
Enzer, 119
Epp, 60
Erasmus, 26
Erickson, 32
Erinine, 146
Erratt, 94
Erskine, 79
Esau, 483
Eslin, 119
Essel, 119
Este, 216
Estle, 216
Esty, 216
Ethel, 337
Ether, 282
Etheridge, 282
Etridge, 288
Etty, 287
Eve, 306, 482
Evelyn, 22, 290
Ever, 76
Everall, 76
Everard, 76
Evered, 76
Everett, 76
Every, 76
Evezard, 290
Evill, 366
Ewald, 367
Ewart, 366
Ewe, 85, 366
Ewell, 366
Ewer, 366
Ewing, 366
Eye, 209
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
571
Eyes, 475
Fachney, 435
Faddy, 62
Faed, 256
Fagan, 435
Fagg, 435
Faggots, 435
Fahey, 435
Fail, 307, 435
Fair, 323
Fairbeard, 323
Fairey, 323
Fairday, 325
Fairfoot, 323
Fairfoul, 93
Fairlan, 323
Fairless, 353, 354
FairUe, 467
Fairman, 324
Fairne, 324
Fairweather, 139
Faith, 256
Faithy, 256
Fake, 435
Faker, 435
FaU, 307
FaUbright, 333
FaUon, 307
FaUow, 307
Fanline, 234
Fann, 64, 234
Fanner, 234
Fanning, 64
Fannon, 234
Fanny, 64, 234
Fantom, 417
Faraday, 325
FardeU, 325
Farden, 325
Fardo, 325
Farefowl, 93
Farewell, 324
Fargo, 323
Farmont, 324
FarneU, 324
Farra, 323
Farragat, 324
Far rand, 323
FarreU, 323
Farren, 323
Farrer, 324
Farrier, 324
Farrimond, 324
Farrow, 323
Farthing, 325
Fast, 251
Fastaff, 72, 252
Faster, 252
Fastin, 251
Fastolf, 72
Father, 293
Fatman, 62
Fatt, 62
Fatty, 62
Faullon, 93
Faultless, 355
Faunce, 246
Fay, 4.35
Fearon, 323
Feasal, 247
Feast, 251
Feaster, 252
Fechter, 257
Feddon, 256
Fees, 246
Fehon, 435
FeUow, 307
Felthouse, 518
Feltoe, 518
Feltus, 518
Feltuss, 42
FendaU, 417
Fender, 417
Fendick, 417
Fenlon, 234
Fenton, 417
Fenn, 64, 234
FenneU, 234
Fenner, 234
Fenning, 64
Fentiman, 417
Fentum, 417
Ferdinand, 325
Feriner, 324
Fermin, 215
Fern, 324
Fernald, 324
Ferner, 324
Fernie, 324
Fernilow, 324
Ferny ough, 324
Ferrand, 323
FerreU, 323
Ferrier, 324
Ferriman, 324
Ferry, 323
Fester, 252
Fetman, 62
Fett, 62
Fetter, 293
Fetterman, 293
Ficker, 249
Ficklin, 249
Fickling, 249
Fiddaman, 430
Fiddament, 430
Fiddey, 430
FideU, 430
Fidge, 249
Fidoe, 430
Fieldhouse, 518
Figg, 249
Filbert, 473, 518
File, 517
Fileman, 518
Filer, 518
Filkin, 517
Fill, 517
Fillary, 518
Filldew, 518
Filley, 517
FiUing, 517
Fillmer, 518
Filpot, 518
Finbow, 315
Finch, 104
Fine weather, 139
Finger, 315
Fink, 104
Finn, 315
Finney, 315
Finnimore, 315
Firing, 323
Firkin, 323
Firminger, 216
Fish, 106, 247
FishHne, 247
Fisk, 106, 247
Fisken, 247
Fist, 251
Fister, 252
Fitkin, 430
Fitman, 430
Fitt, 430
Fitter, 430
Fix, 247
Fixson, 247
Fiz, 21 (note), 246
Fize, 246
Fizard, 247
Flack, 411
Flagg, 411
Flambard, 220
Flane, 220
Flatau, 393
Flatman, 394
Flatt, 393
Flattely, 394
Flatter, 394
Flattery, 12, 394
Flawn, 220
Flea, 411
Fleck, 411
Fleeman, 411
Flegg, 411
Flett, 393
Flewitt, 411
Flint, 131
FUtton, 394
Flook, 411
Floss, 412
Flowerday, 466
Fluck, 411
Finer, 411
Fly, 411
Flyer, 411
Flyger, 411
Fog, 136
572
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Foggo, 136
Folk, 333
Folkard, 334
Folker, 334
Folkitt, 334
Ford, 325
Forder, 325
Fordred, 325
Forget, 324
Forland, 324
Forney, 324
Fort, 325
Fortin, 325
Fortune, 325
Forty, 325
Fortyman, 325
Forward, 324
Foskey, 247
Foss, 246
Fossey, 246
Fossick, 246
Fouke, 333
Fowell, 10, 93
Fowkes, 333
Fowle, 10, 93
Fox, 247
FoxeU, 247
Foxen, 247
Foxery, 247
Frame, 215
France, 306
Franco, 306
Francourt, 306
Frank, 306
Frankel, 306
Franklin, 306
Frasi, 312
Fraser, 313 (note)
Fread, 261
Freak, 132
Freck, 132
Fred, 201
Frederick, 41, 261
Freebody, 261
Freeborn, 261
Freeborough, 261
Freebout, 261
Freebridge, 261
Freeland, 261
Freeling, 261
Freelove, 261
Freem, 215
Freestone, 42, 261
Freeth, 261
Freeze. 312
Freezor, 313 (note)
Fremlin, 205
Fremont, 215
French, 300
Fresh, 449
Fresher, 449
Frctliy, 261
Freutel, 350
Fricke, 132
Fricker. 132
Frickey, 132
Frid, 261
Friday, 261
Friend, 263
Friendship, 263, 351
Frisian, 313
Friskey, 449
Frith, 261, 491
Froger, 350
Fromunt. 215
Frood, 350
Frost, 135
Frostick, 136
Frostman, 136
Froude, 350
Frowd, 350
Frudd, 350
Fuel, 10, 93
Fuggel, 93
Fuggle, 10
Fulcher, 334
Fulke, 333
Full, 517
FuUalove, 518
Fulleck, 517
FuUerd, 518
Fullmer, 518
Furlong, 323
Furnell, 324
Furze, 449
Furzer, 449
Fuss, 246
Fussell, 246
Fussey, 246
Fuszard, 246
Fux, 247
Gabb, 285
Gable, 285
Gadban, 208 (note)
Gadd, 525
Gade, 206
Gadlan, 206
Gaff, 285
Gaffery, 285
Gaffin, 285*
Gagan, 174
Gahan, 174
Gain, 174
Gainer, 174
Gainey, 174
Gains, 174
Gaiter, 206
Galbot, 437
Gale, 436, 483
Galcy, 436
(Jalilee, 437
Galindo, 437
Gall, 436
Gallager, 437
Galland, 437
GaUant, 437
Gallard, 437
Gallery, 437
GaUon, 437
GaUow, 436
Galloway, 437
Gallows, 437
GaUy, 436
Gait, 76
Gamble, 419
Gambler, 419
Gamlin, 419
Gambling, 419
Game, 436
Gamer, 436
Gammage, 436
Gammon, 436
Gande, 74
GandeU, 74
Gander, 74, 100
Gandy, 74
Gann, 444
Gannaway, 318, 444
Gannon, 444
Gannow, 444
Gansman, 518
Gant, 74
Ganter, 74
Gapp, 285
Garbett, 203
Garbrand, 203
Garbutt, 39, 203
Gard, 276
Garden, 276
Gardie, 276
Gare, 20, 202
GareU, 202
Garey, 202
Garforth, 39, 203
Garing, 202
Garland, 40, 203, 276
Garlick, 203, 473
Garling, 202
Garman, 203
Garment, 41, 203
Garnett, 203
Garrard, 203
Garras, 202
Garraway, 204
Garrett, 41
Garrick, 20, 202
Garrod, 203
Garrold, 204
Garrow, 202
Garstin, 42
Garter, 277
Garvey, 204
Garwood, 37, 204, 223
Gash, 205
Gashry, 205
Gaskcll, 205
Gast, 296
Gaster, 296
INDEX
OF ENGLISH NAMES. 573
Gastin, 203, 296
Gidlow, 438
Gleadall, 435
Gastineau, 2*.)G
Gidnian, 438
Glecd, 435
Casting, 290
Gievc, 44, 285
Gleig, ;i52
Gataker, 206
GifTard, 285
Glew, 352
Gate, 206
Giffin, 285
Gliddon, 435
Gathergood, 525 (note)
Gilbert, 458
Glide, 435
Gatlitfe, 525
Gilbody, 458
Glissan, 392
Gatty, 525
Gilby, 442
Gloag, 352
Gaussen, 309
Gildawie, 478
Glock, 352
Gavelle, 285
Gilder, 478
Gloss, 391 (note)
Gavey, 285
Gildert, 478
Gluer, 352
Gayleard, 437
Gilding, 478
Goad, 115 (note)
Gayler, 437
Gilford, 458
Goat, 85
Gazard, 205
Gilfred. 458
Goater, 116
Gaze, 205
Gill, 458, 491
God, 106, 115, 484
GazeUe, 205
GiUard, 458
Godbold, 115
Gearing, 202
Gillen, 458
Godbolt, 115
Geary, 202
Giller, 458
Goddam, 115
Geazey, 205
Gillett, 458
Goddard, 116
Gebhard, 285
GiUey, 458
Godden, 28, 115 (note),
Gedd, 525
GilHam, 458
117
Gedney, 525
GiUibrand, 39, 199, 458
Godding, 49, 115
Geere, 202
GiUihom, 458
Goddy, 115
Geldert, 478
Gilling, 458
Godfrey, 115
Gelding, 478
Gill man, 458
Godhead, 116, 484
GeU, 436
Gilloch, 458
Godkin, 115
Gellan, 437
GiUow, 458
Godier, 116
GeUard, 437
Gilmore, 458
Godliman, 30, 117
GeUer, 437
Gilpin, 442
Godman, 49, 116
Gemble, 419
GHt, 478
Godmund, 116
GemmiU, 419
Gimber, 148
Godi-ich, 49
Gender, 74
Gimbert, 444
Godrick, 116
Genna, 444
GingeU, 419
GodscbaU, 116
Genner, 444
Ginger, 419
GodseU, 116
Gent, 74
Ginman, 444, 461
GodskaU, 116
Gentery, 75
Ginn, 444
Godso, 114
Gentle, 74
Ginneau, 444
Godsoe, 23, 114, 115
Gentry, 75
Ginvej', 444
Godward, 117
Geoffry, 437
Gipp, 44
Godwin, 49, 117
Gerard, 203
Gippert, 285
Goe, 336
Gerduck, 276
Gijjps, 285
Gogay, 446
Gerhold, 204
Gipsy, 285
Goggin, 446
Gerich, 202
Gii-1, 202
Goggs, 446
Gerish, 202
Girling, 202
Going, 336
Gerkin, 202
Gissing, 459
Gold, 81, 477
Gerloff, 203
Gist, 296
Goldbom-n, 477
German, 203
Given, 285
Golden, 477
Germany, 203
Glad, 435
Golder, 477
Get, 525
GladdeU, 435
Goldfinch, 104
Getler, 525
Gladden, 435
Goldie, 477
GetUve, 525
Gladding, 435
Golding, 477
Gettman, 525
Gladdisb, 435
Goldingay, 477
Getty, 525
Gladman, 435
Goldman, 81, 477
Gibb, 44, 285
Gladwin, 435
Goldney, 41, 477
Gibbard, 285
Gladwish, 435
Goldrick, 477
Giberne, 285
Glaisber, 395
Goldridge, 477
Giblen, 285
Glaskin, 392
Goldwin, 477
Gibbon, 285
Glass, 392
Gomery, 59
Gibbs, 285
Glassey, 392
Gomm, 59
Gibby, 285
Glasson, 392
Gondish, 163
Gidden, 438
Glaze, 392
Good, 101, 115
Giddy, 438
Glazard, 392
Goodacre, 116
Gidley, 438
Glazier, 53, 392
Goodair, 116
574
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
GoodaU, 115
Goodday, 115
Goodear, 116
Gooden, 117
Goodenough, 29, 117,
526
Goodere, 116
Goodered, 116
Goodess, 115
Goodey, 115
Goodheart, 116
Gooding, 49, 115
Goodlake, 116, 164
Goodland, 116
GoodUfife, 116
Goodluck, 11, 164
Goodman, 49, 116
Goodnow, 116
Goodram, 116
Goodrich, 49
Goodrick, 116
Goodridge, 116
GoodsaU, 116
GoodwiU, 117
Goodwin, 49, 117
Goodwright, 116, 460
Goodyear, 116
Gook, 105
Goose, 99, 309
Gooseman, 310
Goosey, 309
Gooze, 309
GorbeU, 203
Gorbold, 203
Gore, 202
Gorebrown, 39, 203
Goren, 204
Goring, 202
Gorman, 203
Gorway, 204
Gosbell, 309
Goshawk, 96
Gosheron, 310
Gosland, 310
Goslee, 310
Goslin, 309
Gosling, 100, 309
Gosmer, 310
Gosnell, 298
GospeU, 309
Goss, 309
Gossett, 309
Gostelow, 360
Goatling, 360
Goswell, 310
Goswold, 310
Goth, 308
Gothard, 116
Gott, 115
Gotto, 115
Gougou, 105
Gould, 477
Goult, 477
I Goulty, 477
Gow, 336
Gowa, 336
Gowan, 336
Goward, 336
Gower, 336
Gowing, 336
Gowland, 336
Gowk, 105
Goy, 336
Gozar, 309
Gozzard, 309
Grace, 401
Gracey, 401
Graseman, 464
Grass, 464
Grasset, 464
Grassick, 464
Grassie, 464
Graygoose, 100
Grayling, 401
Gream, 125
Greek, 170
Greele, 196
Greely, 196
Greer, 170
Green, 465
Greener, 465
Greenhouse, 465
Greening, 465
Greenish, 465
Greenman, 465
Greensmith, 462 (note)
Greenson, 465
Greensword, 462 (note)
Greeny, 465
Gregg, 170, 401
GreneU, 465
Gresley, 401
Greswold, 401
Grew, 401
Grey, 401
Grice, 77, 401
Grier, 170
Giigg, 170
Grill, 196
Grimaldi, 125 (note)
Grimbold, 125
Grimble, 125
Grime, 125
Grimley, 125
Grimm, 125
Grimmer, 125
Grimmet, 125
Grimmond, 125
Grimson, 125
Grisold, 401
Grissell, 77, 401
Grist, 134
Grobe, 424
Gronow, 405
Groom, 10, 59
Groombridge, 41, 59
Groffmann, 425
Grose, 45, 48, 346, 405
Groser, 406
Grosert, 406
Grossmith, 462
Grote, 45, 48, 49
Grouse, 49, 102, 405
Grover, 425
Grossman, 406
Grove, 424
Grubo, 424
Gruby, 424
Grueber, 401
Grumble, 11?
Grumley, 60
Grumman, 401
Grummant, 60
Grummer, 60
Gruner, 465
Gruneisen, 462 (note)
Gruning, 465
Guelpa, 88
Guelph, 46
Guest, 296
Guestling, 296
Guilan, 123
Guild, 478
Guillaume, 124
Guille, 122
Gulbert, 479
GuU, 478
GuUen, 478
GuUet, 479
Gullick, 478
GuUiford, 479
Gulliver, 478, 479
Gully, 478
Gum, 10
GumboH, 11, 50, 164
Gumm, 59
Gumma, 59
Gummoe, 59
Gundey, 163
Gundick, 163
Gundry, 164
Gunn, 163
Gunnell, 163
Gunner, 155, 164, 513
Gunnery, 39, 164
Gunning, 163
Guns, 163
Gunson, 32, 163
Gunston, 164
Gunter, 155, 164
Gunther, 155, 164
Gurnard, 433
GurneU, 433
Gurner, 433
Gurncy, 433
Gurr, 202
Gurwood, 42, 204
Gustard, 360
Gut, 115
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
575
Guthrie, 164
Gutman, 116
Gutterman, 117
Guy, 336
Guyatt, 336
Guyer, 336
Gwalter, 47, 345
Gwillam, 47
Gwillan, 47
Gwilt, 344, 447
Gwyer, 165
Gwynn, 263
Gwyther, 494
Gye, 336
Hack, 209
Hackaday, 39
Hackman, 210
Hacon, 211, 513
Hadaway, 169
Haddo, 19
Haddock, 106, 168
Hadkiss, 40, 168
Hadley, 168
Hadlow, 168
Hadnutt, 168
Hadow, 19, 168
Hadrot, 168
Hadwen, 169
Haedy, 168
Hagan, 155
Hagar, 210, 482
Hagdom, 467
Hagel, 209
Hagen, 211
Haggard, 209
Haggle, 209
Haig, 209
HaU, 209
Hailing, 209
Hailstone, 480
Hain, 211
Halbert, 427
Haldane, 318
Halfacre, 135
Halfhead, 135
Halfman, 135
Halfpenny, 134
Halfyard, 11
Hall, 480
HaUbower, 480
Halley, 426, 480
HaUgreen, 480
Halliday, 427
Halliley, 426
HaUingman, 239
Hallowbread, 427
HaUoway, 427
Hambling, 143
Hamer, 492
Hamlet, 40
HamUn, 492
Hamling, 143
Hammer, 130
Haramill, 143
Hammond, 210
Hamper, 312
Hance, 119
Hancock, 27
Hand, 417, 490
Handel, 417
Handey, 417
Handley, 417
Handright, 432
Hang, 212
Hanger, 289
Hankey, 289
Hankin, 289
Hanlon, 289
Hanman, 289
Hanmer, 289
Hann, 17, 101, 289
Hanna, 17, 101, 289
Hannay, 19
Hannell, 101, 289
Hanney, 17, 289
Hauny, 101
Hanrott, 289
Hansard, 119
Hansom, 119
Hanson, 32
Happey, 60
Haradon, 339
Harbar, 232
Harber, 232
Harbert, 232
Harboard, 232
Harbord, 232
Harbour, 232
Harbud, 232
Hard, 250
Hardacre, 250
Hardaway, 251
Harden, 251
Harder, 250
Harding, 250, 405
Hardham, 250
Hardiment, 251, 276
Hardofif, 251
Hardman, 251
Hardwick, 251
Hardwidge, 251
Hardy, 250
Hardyear, 250
Hare, 89, 231
Hargill, 40, 232
Hargood, 40, 232
Harker, 40, 232
Harknett, 432
Harland, 232, 318
Harle, 157, 231
Harley, 231
Harling, 157, 231
Harlot, 40, 232
Harlott, 12
Harlow, 231
Harman, 40, 46, 232
Harme, 147
Harmer, 147, 232
Harmond, 233
Harmony, 146
Harnard, 95
Harnett, 41
Harney, 95
Harnor, 95
Hamott, 41
Harold, 233, 513
Harp, 7, 386, 460
Harper, 386
Harral, 231
Harre, 89, 231
Harridan, 339
Harridge, 231
Harries, 231
Harris, 231
Hanitt, 339
Harrod, 339
Harrold, 514
Harrow, 89, 231
Harry, 89, 231, 484
Harryman, 232
Hart, 85, 250
HarteU, 250
Harter, 250
Hartie, 250
Harting, 250
Hartland, 251
Hartman, 461
Hartnall, 251
HartneU, 221
Hartnett, 251
Harton, 251
Hartridge, 251
Hartry, 251
Hartstonge, 250 (note)
Hartwright, 251, 460
Harvest, 95
Harvey, 42, 233
Harvig, 42
Harward, 233
Harwin, 233
Harwood, 233
Hase, 21, 89
Hasell, 21, 169
HaskeU, 216
Hasluck, 120
Hass, 89, 307
Hassan, 307
Hasselquist, 470
Hast, 448
Hastie, 448
Hastilovir, 448
Hastrick, 448
Hately, 519
Hathaway, 169
Hathway, 42, 169
Hatley, 168
Hatred, 519
Hatrick, 168
576
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Hatt, 14, 168
Hattemore, 168
Hatten, 28
Havard, 290
Havelock, 40, 160, 513
Haviland, 290
Haw, 209
Haward, 155
Hawke, 96
Hawken, 96
Hawthorn, 467
Hay, 209
Hayday, 19, 519
Haydock, 519
Haydon, 519
Hayman, 210
Haymes, 492
Haysman, 169
Hayter, 519
Hayzen, 169
Hazard, 169
Haze, 169
Head, 168
Headache, 168 (note)
Heading, 168
Headlam, 337
Headrick, 168
Hearing, 232
Hearl, 231
Hearly, 231
Hearse, 79
Heart, 250
Hearty, 250
Heasman, 475
Heath, 168
Heaven, 140
Heaver, 76
Heaverman, 76
Hebb, 60
Hebbert, 61
Heber, 76
Hebson, 32, 61
Heck, 209
Heckle, 209
Hector, 450
Heddy, 168
Hedge, 209, 491
Hedgman, 210
Hedley, 168
Heggie, 209
Heifer, 76
Height, 519
Heiser, 475
Helfrich, 275
Hellmorc, 163
Helm, 225
Helper, 275
Helps, 275
Hemberg, 225
Hcmbery, 225
Hembrow, 225
Hemment, 492
Hemmcr, 130
Henden, 417
Hender, 300
Hendy, 417
Henfrey, 289
Henn, 289
Hennell, 289
Hennessy, 289
Henney, 289
Henniker, 289
Henman, 289, 461
Henning, 289
Henniss, 289
Henry, 492
Henton, 417
Henty, 417
Heppey, 60
Herbert, 38, 232
Herbet, 232
Herd, 250
Herdman, 251
Herepath, 232
Heringaud, 232 (note)
Hermon, 232
Heme, 95
Herniman, 95
Herod, 339, 482
Herp, 386
Herper, 386
Herrick, 231
Herridge, 231
Herries, 231
Herring, 106, 232
Hersant, 42, 233
Hersey, 79
Hertocks, 339
Hesse, 307
Hessey, 307
Hession, 307
Hesson, 307
Hester, 448
Hetley, 168
Hett, 168
Hettich, 168
Heward, 357
Hewer, 358
Hewish, 357
Hewit, 358
Hewland, 358
He wry, 358
Hczel, 169
Hibbert, 01
Hibbitt, 61
Hibson, 61
Hick, 157, 210, 357
Hickley, 357
Hicklin, 357
Hickling, 157, 357
Hickman, 358
Hickmott, 41, 358
Hickock, 210
Hicks, 357
Hidden, 449
Hide, 449
Hider, 450
Higgin, 357
High, 340
Highatt, 341
Highmore, 341, 358
Higley, 357
Higman, 358
Hilber, 162
Hildebrand, 39, 162, 199
Hilder, 162
Hilding, 162
Hildreth, 163
Hildrup, 163
HUdyard, 162
Hilgers, 162
Hill, 162, 491
HiUam, 38
Hillary, 39, 162
Hilliam, 38
HiUiard, 162
Hillman, 163
HiUock, 358
HiUson, 162
Hilly, 162
HHlyer, 162
Hilmer, 163
Hilridge, 163
HHt, 162
Hincks, 3, 78
Hinge, 292
Hingeston, 78
Hinch, 292
Hinchey, 292
Hinchliff, 292
Hinchcliff, 292
Hine, 492
Hinman, 492
Hinxman, 78, 80
Hipkin, 61
Hipp, 60
Hipson, 32
Hipwood, 61
Hitt, 449
Hoadley, 168
Hobart, 341
Hoblin, 227
Hobman, 227
Hockaday, 341
Hocken, 340
Hockett, 341
Hockey, 340
Hocking, 340
Hockman, 341
Hocknell, 221
Hodd, 1681
Hodge, 357
Hodges, 357
Hodgkin, 257
Hodgkiss, 358
Hodgman, 358
Hoe, 340
Hoey, 340
Hogan, 357
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
'oil
Hogg, 76, 357
Hogmire, 358
Holder, 282
Holderricd, 282
Holding, 282
Hole, 282
Hdleman, 282
Holeyman, 427
Holker, 282, 427
HoU, 282
Hollaley, 426
Holland, 282
Holler, 282
Hollick, 426
Holliday, 427
Holliman, 427
HoUing, 282 (note)
Hollingsworth, 282
(note)
HoUoway, 427
Holt, 282
Holter, 282
Holtman, 282
Holy, 227
Homan, 58, 341
Home, 492
Homer, 492
Homeward, 493
Homewood, 493
Honey, 314
Honeyball, 314
Honeyman, 314, 463
.Honis, 314
Honner, 314
Hoof, 227
Hoofman, 227
Hoofnail, 221
Hoole, 105, 282
Hoop, 227
Hope, 227
Hopkin, 227
Hopraan, 227
Hord, 217
Horder, 218
Horn, 520
Horner, 520
Hornidge, 520
Horniman, 520
Horning, 520
Hornman, 520
Hornsby, 520 (note)
Horrocks, 341
Horsell, 79
Horsenail, 221
Horsey, 79
Horskins, 79
Horsman, 79
Hort, 217
Hoskin, 442
Hosking, 442
Hoste, 302
Houlet, 105
House, 491
Housego, 491
Household, 524
Houseman, 491
Houssart, 491
Howard, 42, 155, 341,
513
Howie, 105
Howley, 105
Howman, 290
Hoyle, 340
Hubback, 227
Hubbard, 227
Hubble, 227, 357
Hube, 227
Hubert, 357
Huck, 357
HuckeU, 357
Hucken, 357
Huckett, 358
Hucks, 357
Hudd, 280
Huddert, 280
Huddle, 280
Huddy, 280
Hudkin, 280
Huelins, 357
Hug, 357
HugaU, 357
Huggard, 357
Huggett, 358
Hugh, 357
Hughes, 357
Hughman, 358
Hugman, 358
Hugo, 357
Hugoun, 357
Huie, 357
Hulbert, 105
Hulett, 105
HuUah, 282
Hullock, 358
Human, 358
Humble, 468
Humphiey, 40, 314
Hund, 84
Hundy, 84
Hungate, 314
Hunger, 314
Hunhold, 314
Hunibal, 314
Hunking, 314
Hunn, 314
Hunnard, 314
Hunnex, 314
Hunns, 314
Hunt, 84
Hunting, 84
Huntress, 456
Hurdle, 217
Hurlbat, 340
Hurlburt, 340
Hurler, 310
Hurlock, 340
u 3
HuneU, 83
Hurry, 83
Husher, 442
Husk, 442
Huskisson, 442
Hussell, 491
Hussey, 491
Hussick, 491
Hutt, 280
Hutting, 280
Huttman, 280
Hutty, 280
Hux, 442
Huxen, 442
Hymes, 254
Ibbett, 61
Ibison, 61
Ice, 475
Icely, 475
Iden, 449
Idle, 449
Ife, 472
Igo, 210
Ihler, 416
Iley, 416
Illman, 163, 416
Image, 254
Imber, 312
Imbert, 254
Inch, 292
luchbald, 292
Inchboard, 11, 292
Inches, 292
Ing, 292, 491
Ingelow, 213
Ingle, 213
Ingledew, 39, 213
Inglesent, 213
IngUs, 318
Ingoe, 292
Ingold, 292
Ingram, 41, 292
Ingrey, 292
Ingwell, 428
Inkaon, 292
Inman, 492
Inward, 492
Ireland, 318
Iremouger, 146
Iron, 474
Ironbridge, 474, 495
Ironman, 475
Ironside, 158, 475
Irvin, 233
Irwin, 233
Isard, 475
Isborn, 326, 475
Isburg, 475
Iscariot, 483
Iselin, 475
Isern, 474
Ismer, 475
578
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Isnard, 475
IsneU, 221
Ison, 474
Ive, 472
Iver, 514
Iverson, 32
Ivory, 76
Ivy, 472
Ivyleaf, 472
Ivymey, 24, 472
Izard, 475
Izod, 475
Izon, 474
Jack, 452, 489
Jackall, 452
Jackett, 452
JackHn, 452
Jackman, 452
Jacks, 452
Jael, 483
Jaget, 453
Jaggard, 452
Jagged, 453
Jagger, 452
Jago, 452
Janaway, 444
Jane, 174
Janes, 174
Janeway, 318
Jannings, 444
January, 174
Jarman, 203
Jarrold, 204
Jarvie, 204
Jary, 202
Jax, 452
Jealous, 437
Jeanneret, 444
JeaiT, 202
Jebb, 44, 285
Jeff, 285
JekyU, 452
Jell, 436
Jelley, 436
JeUicoe, 21, 437
Jelliss, 21, 437
Jenkin, 444
Jenner, 444
Jennery, 444
Jennings, 444
Jennott, 444
Jenrick, 444
Jenvey, 444
Jephson, 32
Jarrold, 204
Jervis, 204
Jerwood, 204
Jessamine, 472
Jessiman, 472
Jessmay, 24, 459
Jesson, 32
Jeula, 244
Jew, 244
JeweU, 244
Jewery, 245
Jewett, 245
Jewin, 245
Jewiss, 244
Jipp, 44i
Job, 482, 485
Jobber, 485
Jobling, 485
Jockisch, 452
Jodwin, 306
John, 484
Jooth, 305
Jopling, 485
Jopp, 485
Jordan, 140
Jortin, 140
Joskyn, 309
Josland, 310
Jove, 485
Jowett, 245
Jubb, 485
Jubber, 485
Judas, 482, 483
Judd, 305
Jude, 482
Judge, 244
Judkin, 305
Judson, 305
Judwine, 306
Jugg, 244
Juggins, 244
Juggo, 244
Jukes, 244
June, 420
Junio, 420
Junner, 420
Juo, 244
Jurd, 139
Just, 429
Justamond, 429
Justey, 429
Jutson, 305
Jutting, 305
Kalkman, 307
Kalvo, 83
Karker, 481
Kay, 336
Kays, 205
Keast, 296
Kebel, 285
Keel, 322
Keeling, 322
Keoly, 322
Kcll, 436
Kelland, 437
Kellaway, 437
Kclloch, 437
Kellord, 437
Kellow, 436
Kelly, 436
Kelsey, 437
Kelting, 478
Kemp, 171
Kemplen, 171
Kench, 327
Kendray, 75
Kendrick, 75
Kenish, 327
Kenna, 327
Kennard, 328
Kennaway, 329
Kennell, 327
Kenning, 329
Kenny, 327
Kenrick, 328
Kenward, 329
Keppel, 285
Kerley, 202
Kerman, 203
Kerr, 202
Kerrell, 202
Kerridge, 202
Kesten, 296
Kettle, 128 (note)
Key, 336
Kibb, 285
Kibbe, 45
Kibbey, 285
Kidd, 438
Kiddle, 438
Kiddy, 438
Kidger, 438
Kidman, 438
Kidney, 438
Kilby, 442
Kilday, 478
Kilderry, 478
Kill, 458
Killduff, 478
Killer, 458
KiUey, 458
KilUck, 458
Killman, 458
Kilpin, 442
Kilt, 478
Kilto, 478
Kilty, 478
Kimm, 423
Kinch, 327
Kinchin, 327
Kindred, 328
Kine, 327
King, 329
Kinglake, 328
Kinipple, 328
Kinkee, 327
Kinloch, 328
Kinman, 328
Kinmouth, ;i28
Kinnaird, 328
Kinncar, 328
Kinnebrook, 328
Kinnell, 327
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
579
Kinner, 328
Kinney, 327
Kinniburgh, 328
Kinns, 327
Kinsey, 23, 327
Kipp, 44, 285
KipHng, 285
Kirner, 433
Kiss, 459
KisseU, 458
Kissick, 459
Kitt, 438
Kittle, 438
Kitto, 438
Kitty, 438
Knapman, 422
Knapp, 422
Knapping, 422
Knife, 201
Knipe, 201
Knitt, 255
Knope, 422
Knyvett, 201, 224
Labern, 387
Labor, 387
Labram, 387
Laby, 387
Lack, 365
Lackay, 365
Lackey, 365
Lackman, 366
Lacy, 353
Ladd, 195
Lady, 194
Ladyman, 195
Laggon, 366
Lahee, 365
Laid, 194
Laidman, 195
Lamb, 86
Lambert, 335
Lambey, 86
Lamboll, 86
Lambrook, 335
Lamelin, 86
Lamert, 86
Lammas, 522
Lamp, 86
Lampee, 86
Lamping, 86
Lampkin, 86
Lamprey, 86
Lampson, 86
Lanaway, 336
Lance, 335
Lancey, 335
Land, 335
Landell, 335
Landen, 335
Lander, 335
Landfear, 335
Landless, 353, 354
Landlord, 336
Landon, 28, 335
Landridgc, 336
Landy, 335
Lane, 366
Lanfear, 335
Lankin, 335
Lanning, 335
Lant, 335
Lanwer, 336
Lara, 356
Larard, 356
Larey, 356
Larkin, 356
Larman, 356
Larmer, 356
Larmuth, 356
Laroux, 356
Larrey, 356
Larwill, 356
Lassel, 353
Last, 355
Late, 194
Later, 195
Lateward, 195
Lath, 195
LathaU, 194
Lathangue, 194
Lathy, 194
Latimer, 195
LatHff, 195
Latta, 195
Latter, 195
Lattey, 195
Laud, 377
Laiirel, 356
Laurie, 356
Lavell, 387
Laver, 387
Laverick, 387
Lavey, 387
Lavin, 387
Lavis, 387
Law, 365
Lawes, 366
Lawley, 366
Lawless, 353, 354, 366
Lawman, 366
Lawyer, 366
Lay, 365
Layard, 366
Layman, 366
LayzeU, 353
Lazard, 353
Leader, 195
Leah, 365
Lean, 274
Leaning, 274
Leap, 265
Lear, 356
Learmouth, 356
Learra, 356
Leary, 356
Leason, 353
Lcasure, 353
Loath, 194
Lcathart, 195
Leather, 195, 481
Leatherby, 481
LeatherbaiTow, 481
Leatherdale, 481
Leatherhead, 481
Leathley, 194
Leddy, 330
Ledgard, 331
Ledger, 330
Ledward, 331
Ledwith, 331
Lee, 366
Leeding, 194
Leete, 194
Lefroy, 265
Legett, 366
Legg, 365
Leggy, 365
Legless, 353, 354, 366
Lely, 470
Lender, 335
Lennard, 87
Lent, 110
Leo, 87
Leonard, 87
Leopard, 87, 265
Leowolf, 87
Lepper, 265
Lerew, 356
Lerigo, 356
Lerway, 356
Le Souef, 353
Lesser, 353
Lessware, 353
Lessy, 353
Lester, 355
Lesty, 355
Lethead, 331
Letley, 194
Leuty, 330
LeveU, 265, 387
Lever, 265
Leveret, 387
Leveridge, 387
Levett, 387
Levey, 387
Levin, 387
Levinge, 265
Levis, 387
Lew, 87
Lewen, 87
Lewey, 87
Leyser, 353
Lezard, 353
Libbis, 265
Liberty, 265
Liddard, 331
Liddelow, 330
Lief, 264
580
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Life, 264
Lill, 470
Lilliman, 470
LiUo, 470
Lillyman, 470
LUy, 470
Lind, 110
Lindegreen, 109
Lindeman, 110
Linder, 110
Lindo, 110
Lindquist, 470
Line, 274
Liney, 274
Ling, 109
Lingard, 109
Lingen, 109
Lingo, 109
Lining, 274
Link, 87
Linn, 274
Linnegar, 274
Linnell, 274
Linnet, 104, 274
Linney, 274
Lion, 87
Lipp, 265
Liptrot, 265
Lisney, 353
Lissimore, 353
List, 355
Lister, 355
Liston, 355
Litolflf, 331
Litt, 330
Livemore, 265
Livesey, 265
Livey, 31
Livick, 265
Living, 31, 265
Loaden, 377
Loader, 377
Loadman, 378
Loat, 377
Lock, 446
Locke, 2, 131
Locker, 447
Lockett, 447
Lockie, 19, 131, 446
Lockhart, 4, 447
Locknian, 447
Loft, 131
Lollard, 284
Looney, 139
Loose, 331
Loosely, 331
Looscmore, 331
Lorey, 356
Lorimer, 356
Lorkin, 356
Lonirnan, 356
LoBh, 88
Lot, 482
Lotcho, 377
Lote, 377
Loton, 377
Lott, 377
Loud, 46
Loudon, 377
Lound, 495
Loup, 264
Love, 20, 265
Lovechild, 521
Loveday, 39, 265
Lovegod, 484
Lovegood, 484
Lovekin, 265
Lovelace, 354
Loveland, 265
Loveless, 353, 354
LoveU, 265
Loveman, 265
Lover, 265
Loveridge, 265
Lovesey, 265
Lovesy, 23
Loveys, 265
Lovick, 20, 265
Loving, 265
Lowance, 87
Lowdell, 377
Lowder, 377
Lowe, 87
Lowen, 87
Lowless, 366
Lowly, 366
Lowman, 366
Lowson, 32
Lowy, 87
Lubbock, 265
Luby, 265
Lucar, 330
Lucas, 331
Luce, 331
Lucre, 331
Lucy, 65, 331
Ludbrook, 330
Luden, 330
Ludkin, 330
Lugar, 330
Lulman, 284
Lull, 284
Lully, 284
Lumb, 86 (note)
Lump, 86 (note)
Lunii)kin, 86 (note)
Lumpy, 86 (note)
Lund, 495
Lundy, 495
Lune, 139
Lunt, 495
Lush, 88
Lusk, 88
Lutlicr, 331
Lutman, 331
Luton, 330
Lutto, 330
Lutwidge, 331
Lutwyche, 331
Lyde, 330
Lydekker, 330
Lynch, 87
Lyons, 87
Lys, 353
Lyteman, 331
Lyth, 330
Mabb, 471
Mabbutt, 471
Machine, 445
Maddam, 342
Madden, 342
Maddern, 342
Maddock, 341
Maddy, 341
Mader, 342
Madle, 361
Madlin, 361
Mager, 410
Maggot, 410
Maggy, 410
Mahood, 66
Maiden, 342
Maidman, 342
Maine, 410
Maisey, 410
Maize, 410
Malady, 180
Male, 410
Maliff, 179
Malkin, 178
MaU, 178
Mallard, 102, 179
Malley, 178
Mailing, 178
MaUock, 178
Mallory, 179
Malt, 180
Malthouse, 179
Malthus, 42, 179
Maltman, 181
Maltwood, 181
Mancer, 434
Manchee, 58
Manchin, 58
Mander, 434
Man die, 434
Mandy, 434
Manfred, 40, 58
Manger, 58, 410
Ma gles, 68
Manhood, 66
Manigault, 58
Manlove, 40, 58
Manly, 58
Mann, 21, 57, 58
Mannakay, 21, 58
Mannell, 58
Mannico, 21, 58
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
581
Manning, 58
Manuix, 58
Mannse, 434
Manship, 66
Mant, 434
Mantle, 434
Manton, 434
Iklanus, 514
Many, 58
Maple, 471
Mara, 79
March, 80
Marcher, 80
Marcus, 80
Mare, 79
Margot, 369
Mariga, 368
Marigold, 12, 369
Llarine, 369
Mariner, 369, 460
Maris, 368
Mark, 80, 482
Marker, 80, 460
Markey, 80
MarkHle, 80
ISIarklove, 80
Itlarkwick, 80
Marlin, 368
Marling, 368
Marman, 369
Marner, 369
' Marmont, 369
Marner, 369
Marr, 368
Marramore, 80
Marrs, 368
Marrian, 369
Marrow, 368
^larry, 368
Mars, 143, 144
Marvin, 369
Marvy, 369
Marwick, 369
Mary, 79
Maryman, 80
Mash, 445, 526
Mashman, 445, 523
Itlaskell, 445
Maslin, 522
MassaU, 522
Massie, 522
Massina, 522
Massingberd, 48, 523
Masson, 32, 522
Massure, 522
Matchin, 341
Mathams, 342
Mather, 342
Matilda, 411
Matkin, 341
Matland, 342
Mattam, 342
Matthewman, 342
Matthie, 341
INIattock, 341
Matts, 341
]\Iaule, 178
Blaury, 402
]\Iawnoy, 138
Maxey, 445
Maxon, 445
Maxse, 445
May, 410
MayaU, 410
Mayer, 410
ISIayhew, 410
Maylin, 410
Mayman, 410
INIajTiard, 48, 410
Mayne, 48
Mayo, 410
Mc.Auliffe, 514
Mc. Cambridge, 59 (note)
McCaskill, 514
Mc.Gary, 514
Mc.Hitterick, 514
Mc. Oscar, 514
Mc. Otter, 514
Mc RagnaU, 514
Mc.Shitterick, 514
Mc.Swiney, 514
Mc. Vicar, 514
Mead, 341, 379
Meaden, 342
Meader, 342
INIeadway, 342
Meall, 403
Mearing, 79
Measel, 522
Measure, 522
Meatman, 342
Medal, 361
INIedary, 342
Medd, 341
Medden, 342
Meddiman, 342
Medland, 342
Ttledlar, 361, 473
Medlen, 361
Medley, 361
Medlock, 342
Medhcott, 361
INIedwin, 342
Mee, 410
Meech, 200
Meek, 200
Meeker, 200
Meekey, 200
Meeking, 200
Meers, 79
Megen, 47
Meggy, 410
Megrin, 410
MeUer, 180
Melliard, 180
Melhs, 179
Mellish, 24, 179
Mello, 179
Mellodew, 180
MeUow, 179
Mellowday, 180
Melody, 12, 180
Mence, 4;i4
]\Ienday, 434
Mendes, 434
Menne, 58
Mennie, 58
Llennow, 58
Menser, 434
Mercy, 368
Merle, 368
Merrell, 368
Merrick, 368
Merriman, 80, 369
Merrin, 369
Merry, 368
Merryment, 369
Mesher, 445
Messeena, 522
Messiah, 485, 522
Messing, 522
Methold, 342
Methley, 361
]Methwin, 342
IMetman, 342
Mettam, 342
Mettee, 341
Metz, 341
Miall, 403
ISHchie, 406
Mico, 406
JNIichelmore, 406
Bfickle, 346, 406
]\Iicklewright, 406
mddle, 379
MieU, 403
IMiette, 379
Might, 411
Mighter, 411
Mildert, 283
INIildmay, 25, 282
Mildred, 283
MHe, 17
MUey, 17, 179
IVmk, 179
Millard, 180
Miller, 53, 180
MiUie, 179
Millicent, 42, 180
INIillige, 179
Millikin, 179
Millinge, 179
Millis, 23, 179
Mills, 23
Milo, 17, 179
Minard, 266
Mince, 266
Minchin, 266
Miner, 266
582
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Minke, 266
Minn, 106, 266
IVIinnet, 266
Minney, 27, 266
Minnow, 106, 266
IVHnns, 266
Minoch, 266
Missing, 380
Mist, 136
Mister, 136
MitteU, 379
Mitton, 380
Mizon, 380
Moat, 237
Mode, 237
Model, 237
Moder, 237
Moderate, 237
Moist, 238
Mole, 92, 178
MoU, 65, 92, 178, 484
Mollard, 179
MoUey, 178
MoUing, 178
Moncnr, 68
Monger, 58
Money, 58, 359
Montgomery, 485
Monument, 276, 359
Mood, 237
Moody, 237
Moon, 8, 138
Mooney, 3, 138
Mootham, 237
Moran, 402
Morday, 258
Morde, 258
Mordue, 258
More, 402
Morebread, 402
Morell, 402
Moreman, 403
Morey, 402
Morling, 402
Morlock, 402
Moore, 402
Moorhen, 402
Moorman, 403
Morrow, 402
Morse, 258
Morsel, 258
Morsman, 259
Mort, 258
Mortal, 258
Mortar, 258
Mortram, 258
Morward, 403
Mose, 237
Moaer, 237
Mosey, 237
Moslin, 237
MoBH, 237, 491
Mosaman, 237
Mostran, 238
Mote, 110, 237
Bloth, 110, 237
Mother, 293
Motion, 238
Motley, 237
Mott, 237
Mottow, 237
Mottram, 237
Mouat, 237
Mould, 180
Moulder, 180
Mouldick, 180
Moulding, 180
Moult, 180
Mound, 276
Mount, 276
Mountain, 276
Mouse, 92, 237
MouseU, 237
Mouser, 237
Mouth, 237, 418
Moutrie, 237
Mouttell, 237
Mouzon, 238
Moxey, 445
Moxon, 445
Much, 406
Muckelt, 406
Muckle, 406
Mucklewrath, 406
Muddiman, 237
Muddock, 237
Muddle, 237
Mudlin, 237
Mudridge, 237
Munday, 276
MundeU, 276
Munden, 276
Mundy, 276
Munn, 359
Munnew, 359
Munnings, 359
Munting, 276
Murdoch, 258
Mursel, 258
Murt, 258
Murta, 258
Murtard, 258
Murtha, 258
Musick, 237
Muspratt, 237
Mussard, 237
MusseU, 237
Must, 238
Mustard, 238
Muster, 238
Mustill, 238
Musto, 238
Mustolph, 42
Mustoph, 238
Musty, 238
Mutimer, 41
Mutlow, 237
Mutter, 237
Mutton, 238
Muzzy, 237
Mynn, 266
Myrtle, 258
Nabb, 422
NadaU, 256
Nadauld, 275
Nagle, 10, 220
NaU, 10, 220
Nalder, 256
Naldrett, 256
Nance, 239
Nann, 239
Nannery, 239
Nanny, 239, 484
Nans, 239
Nanson, 32, 239
Napkin, 422 ^
Narrowcoat, 301
Natkins, 275
Natt, 275
Navin, 420
Nay, 420
Naylor, 220
Neate, 255
Neck, 126, 418
Need, 258
Needle, 256
Needier, 256
Nefflen, 151
Negus, 255
Nenner, 239
Nerod, 421i
Nestle, 256
Nestling, 256
Nettle, 256
Neve, 420
Neville, 151
Nevin, 420
New, 420
Newey, 420
Newcome, 297, 421
Newcomb, 421
Newen, 420
Newick, 420
Newling, 420
Newlove, 421
Newman, 297, 421
Nex, 126
I^iavi, 420
Nibbs, 8
Nibbctt, 255
Nibloe, 151
Nice, 255
Nick, 126
Nickcrson, 126
Nicklcn, 126
Nicss, 255
Nightingale, 104
Nisbet, 255
INDEX OF ENGLJSIl NAMES.
583
Nivolcy, 151
Nix, 12()
Nixie, 120
Noad, 240
Nobbs, 8
Noble, 151
Noddle, 240
Nodder, 240
Noding, 240
Noel, 522
Noon, 439
Nooning, 439
Norcott, 301
Norfor, 301
Norgate, 301
Norlan, 301
Norman, 301
Norquest, 301
Norramore, 301
Norrie, 300
North, 300
Northard, 240
Northcott, 301
Northeast, 301
Northey, 240, 300
Northmore, 301
Noser, 240
Notman, 240
Nott, 240
Notter, 54
Nottidge, 240
NoveU, 151
Nunley, 439
Nunn, 439
Nunnery, 439
Nunney, 439
Nutt, 240, 473
NuttaU, 240
Nutter, 240
Nutting, 240
Nuttman, 240
Nusser, 240
Oake, 471
Oakey, 471
Oborn, 156
O'Bruadaii', 514
Odam, 381
Oddy, 217
OdeU, 334
Oden, 120
Odierne, 382
Odlam, 334
OdUn, 334
Odling, 334
Offen, 385
Offer, 385
Offey, 385
OffiU, 385
Offley, 385
Offlow, 385
Offord, 3S5
Ogborn, 193
Ogg, 193, 482
Ogicr, 193
Oiley, 154
Oldacre, 418
Old, 418
Oldis, 418
OhUng, 418
Oldnian, 418
Oldridge, 419
Oldry, 419
Oliff, 471, 513
Oliphant, 88
Olive, 471
Oman, 341
Omer, 492
Onslow, 119
Orchard, 388, 491
Ord, 217
Ordish, 217
Ordward, 218
Ordway, 218
Ore, 524
Organ, 524
Orgar, 217
Orger, 524
Oriel, 524
Ormau, 59
Orme, 108
Ormerod, 148
Orridge, 341
Orrin, 524
Orriss, 524
Orrock, 341
Orth, 217
Osborn, 119
Osburn, 39
Osgood, 119
Osman, 120
Osmer, 120
Osmond, 120
Ost, 302
OsteU, 302
Ostermoor, 303
Ostrich, 102, 303
Oswald, 42, 120
Oswin, 120
Osyer, 119
Ott, 194
Otter, 91, 513, 194
Ottey, 194
OttiweU, 382
Otway, 194
Ough, 385
Ought, 381
Oughton, 38]
Ousey, 524
Outing, 381
Outlaw, 12, 381
Outram, 41, 382
Outred, 382
Outridge, 382
Ouvry, 76
Oven, 524
Over, 76
Overacre, 76, 112 (note)
Overall, 76
Ovcred, 76
Overctt, 76
Overmore, 76
Overy, 76
Ovey, 290
Ower, 290
Owle, 105
Owler, 106
Owley, 105
Owst, 302
Oyster, 302
Oysterman, 303
rack, 172
Packard, 172
Packer, 53, 172
Packett, 172
Packman, 172
Paddick, 166
PadcUe, 166
Padley, 166
Paddy, 166
Padman, 167
Padmore, 167
Pail, 192
Paillard, 192
Pairo, 68
Painter, 87
Palairet, 192
Paler, 192
Paley, 192
Palfrey, 81, 192
Palfriman, 81
PaUng, 192
PaUace, 521
PaUiser, 521
Palmer, 192
Palsy, 241
Pan, 143
Pander, 87
Pann, 175
Pannell, 175
Pannier, 175
Pant, 31
Panter, 87, 236
Panther, 87, 236
Panting, 31, 236
PantUn, 235
Panton, 236
Pantry, 236
Pape, 291
PapiUon, 291
Paraday, 61
Paradise, 62
Paragreen, 69
Paragren, 69
Paramour, 12, 69
ParceU, 453
Pardar, 222
Pardew, 62
584
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Parding, 222
Pardee, 19, 222
Pardon, 12, 222
Parfrey, 61
Paris, 61
Parish, 61
Parkin, 22, 61
Parman, 62
Parr, 22, 61
Parramore, 69
Parrell, 61
Parrot, 62
Parry, 61
Parsey, 61
Parsley, 453
Part, 222
Parter, 222
Partrick, 370
Partridge, 102, 370
Pascoe, 487
Pash, 487
Pask, 487
Pass, 181
Passman, 181
Passmer, 181
Passey, 181
Paste, 183
Patmoi-e, 167
Patridge, 167
Patry, 167
Patte, 166
Pattie, 166
Pattle, 166
Pattman, 167
PatuUo, 166
Paulding, 241
Pavey, 291
Pavier, 291
Paxman, 487
Pay, 101
Pea, 101
Peabody, 39
Peach, 222
Peachy, 222
Peacock, 101
Peak, 222
Pear, 68
Pearl, 69
Pearman, 69
Pearse, 453
Peartree, 370
Peascod, 181
Peat, 166
Peatie, 166
Pechell, 222
Pecker, 222
Peckett, 222
Pedder, 166
Pedley, 166
Peede, 166
Peel, 219
Peeling, 219
Peer, 68
Peevor, 91
Peffor, 91
Pegg, 64, 65
Pelham, 269
Pell, 192
PeUett, 269
PeUew, 192
Pelly, 192
PendaU, 235
Pender, 236
Pendered, 236
Penk, 182
Penkett, 182
Penman, 177
Penn, 176
Pennant, 41, 177
Pennell, 177
Penner, 177
Pennick, 176
Penny, 176
Pennycad, 177
Pennymore, 177
Penson, 236
Pentecost, 487
Pentelow, 235
Pentin, 236
Pepin, 414
Peploe, 414
Peppard, 414
Peppercorn, 467
Percival, 453
Perch, 106
Percher, 69
Percy, 453
Perdue, 69
Peregrine, 69
Perkin, 69
Perley, 69
Perner, 69
Pero, 68
Perown, 69
Perram, 69
Perriam, 69
Perrigo, 69
Perrin, 70
Perrott, 69
Persac, 453
Pert, 370
Perton, 370
Perwort, 69
Pest, 183
Pester, 183
Pether, 166
Pethick, 166
Peto, 166
Petley, 166
Pctrick, 167
Pctric, 167
Pett, 166
Potter, 166
Petty, 166
Peverall, 91
Pevrell, 91
Pewtress, 455
Phair, 323
Pharaoh, 323, 482
Phillibrown, 39
PhUlimore, 41, 518
Physic, 21|
Physick, 247
Pick, 77, 177
Pickard, 178, 318
Pickell, 177
Picker, 178
Pickett, 178
Pickman, 178
Pidduck, 166
Pigg, 64, 77, 177
Piggott, 178
Pigram, 178
Pilate, 483
Pilbeam, 219
Pilford, 269
Pilgrim, 12, 269
Pill, 13, 17, 269
PiUey, 17, 269
Pillman, 269
PiUow, 13, 17, 269
PHon, 270
Pilot, 269
Pinard, 236
Pinch, 178
Pincheon, 178
Pinder, 236
Pingo, 178
Pink, 178
Pinkert, 178
Pinkey, 178
Pinn, 176
Pinnock, 176
Pinny, 176
Pino, 176
Pipe, 414
Piper, 91
Pippin, 414
Pippy, 414
Pitcher, 178
Pitt, 491
Pittock, 166
Plain, 396
Planche, 392
Plank, 392
Planner, 396
Plant, 396
Plater, 376
Platon, 376
Piatt, 376
Platten, 376
Play, 440
Player, 440
Pleaden, 440
Pledger, 440
Plevin, 184
Pleydoll, 440
Pliinmer, 440
Plinckc, 392
INDEX OF ENGLJSH NAMES.
585
Plomor, 4(55
Plough, 214
Ploughman, 215
Pluck, 214
Plucknett, 215
Plugg, 214
l*luni, 465
Pluinbridge, 465
Plume, 465
Plumer, 465
Plumley, 465
Plumridge, 465
Plunkett, 215 (note)
Pocock, 101
Podger, 455
Podmore, 455
Poe, 101
Pofley, 421
Pogmore, 225
Poignard, 225
Polden, 242
Pole, 281
Poleman, 281
PoUard, 281
PoUey, 281
PoUo, 281
PoUock, 281
Polwin, 281
Pond, 235
Ponder, 236
Ponson, 236
Pony, 175
Poodle, 454
Pool, 491
Poole, 280
Pooley, 281
Poore, 452
Poorman, 452
Pope, 421
Popkin, 422
Pople, 421
Poplett, 422
Popoff, 422
Poppy, 421, 473
Port, 229
Portman, 229
Portwine, 229
Post, 409
Postle, 409
Poston, 409
Poticary, 455
Potiphar, 483
Potipher, 455
Potman, 461
Pott, 454
Potten, 454
Potter, 53, 54, 455
Pottier, 455
Pottle, 454
Pottman, 455
Potto, 454
Potwine, 455
Poulter, 241
Poupard, 422
Poui)art, 422
I'oupin, 422
Povey, 421
Power, 12, 452
Powter, 241
Powder, 241
Prain, 185
Pram, 371
PrangneU, 221
Pratt, 2
Pray, 184
Preacher, 185
Preslin, 186
Pi'ess, 453
Pressey, 453
Pressney, 453
Presswell, 453
Preter, 185
Pretty, 185
Prettyman, 185
Prickle, 185
Priddy, 185
Pride, 185
Prigg, 184
Prime, 371
Primerose, 467
Primmer, 371
Prisley, 186
Priseman, 186
Prissey, 186
Prissick, 186
Pritt, 185
Prosser, 480
Protheroe, 218
Protyu, 218
Proud, 447
Proudfoot, 447, 455
Prout, 447
Prouting, 447
Prowse, 447
Pruday, 447
Prudence, 447
Pruse, 186
Pucket, 379
Puckle, 379
Puckridge, 379
Puddefoot, 447, 455
Puddick, 454
Pubdicombe, 455
Puddifer, 455
Pudding, 454
Puddy, 454
Pudney, 455
Pugin, 379
PuU, 281
Pullan, 281
PuUar, 281
PuUey, 281
Pulling, 281
Pulman, 281
Punelt, 416
Punnett, 416
V 3
Punter, 236
Puplet, 422
Pupp, 421
Purcell, 453
Purchase, 12, 69
Purches, 69
Purdie, 39
Purgold, 69, 279
Purkis, 69
Purland, 09
Purling, 69
PurneU, 70
Purney, 70
Purrior, 69
Purse, 453
Purser, 453
Pui'seglove, 3, 453
Purselove, 453
Pursey, 453
Piu'selow, 453
Pm-ssord, 453
Pui-t, 370
PurteU, 370
Purvis, 69
Pustard, 409
Pustin, 409
Putman, 455
Putt, 454
Puttick, 454
Pye, 313
Pyeman, 313
Quail, 102, 298
Qualey, 298
QuaUet, 298
Quantock, 316
Quaritch, 47
Quarman, 278
Quarrell, 47, 278
Quarrier, 47, 278
Quarry, 278
Quash, 244
Queen, 63, 263
Quennell, 263
Quick, 164
Quickly, 165
Quier, 165
Quiggle, 164
Quilke, 123
Quill, 47, 122
Quillan, 47
Quilliams, 47, 63, 124
Quilhnan, 41, 47, 124
Quillish, 123
Quillman, 124
Quilter, 345, 447
Quin, 47, 63, 263
Qmnce, 263
Quincey, 263
Quiney, 263
Quiner, 264
Quinlin, 263
Quint, 316
586
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Quintin, 316
Quomman, 03, 297
Quy, 164
Eaban, 97
Eabbit, 89
Rabone, 97
Raby, 187
Rack, 362
Racket, 363
Rackhal, 363
Radcliffe, 318
Raddall, 347
Radden, 348
Raddick, 347
Radish, 348
Radmond, 348
Radmore, 348
Radway, 348
Raflfell, 187
Raffold, 187
Rafter, 228
Raftery, 228
Ragg, 362^ ^
Raggett, 363
Ragin, 349
Ragless, 354 (note)
Ragon, 349
Rain, 85, 349
Rainbird, 349
Rainbold, 349
Rainbow, 137
Rainey, 349
Rainford, 349
Rainforth, 349
Rains, 349
Ralph, 72, 363
Ram, 85
Ramin, 97
Rampling, 228
Ramridge, 97
Ranaker, 349
Ranee, 228
Rancour, 230
Rand, 228
Randle, 228
Randolph, 42, 72, 228
Ranger, 48, 189, 349
Raniker, 189
Rann, 189
Rannic, 189
Ransom, 228
Rantem, 228
Raper, 187
Rap kin, 187
Rapp, 187
Rarcy, 363
Rastall, 448
Ras trick, 448
Rat, 347
Ratcliff, 40
Itather, 348
Ratherarn, 348
RatUffe, 348
Ratt, 92
Ratter, 348
Rattham, 348
Rattical, 348
Rattle, 347
Ratton, 348
Rattray, 348
Ratty, 347
Raven, 97
Ravenor, 97
Ravenshear, 97
Ravey, 187
Ray, 362
Raybaiild, 362
Rayment, 363
Raymond, 363
Rayner, 48, 350
Ray n ham, 350
Reader, 348
Reading, 348
Readman, 348
Readwin, 348
Ready, 347
Reavell, 188
Reckless, 344, 354
ReckneU, 349
Record, 343
Redband, 348
Reddall, 347
Reddaway, 348
Redden, 348
Reddelein, 348
Redding, 348
Reddish, 348
Redgell, 348
Redhead, 348
Redline, 348
Redman, 40, 348
Redmayne, 348
Redmond, 348
Red more, 348
Redmont, 41
Redout, 254
Redwar, 348
Redwood, 349
Redyear, 348
Reed, 347
Reffol, 188
Regal, 362
Regan, 349
Regans, 349
Reginald, 350
Regnart, 349
Reidy, 347
Rein, 349 ^
llchiman, 350
]leinwcll, 350
Ralph, 363
Remnant, 41
Renard, 48, 349
Jlenaud, 350
Rondol, 228
Render, 228
Renn, 104, 189
Rennell, 189
Rennie, 104, 189
Rennison, 189
Renno, 104, 189
Renter, 228
Rentle, 228
Rentmore, 228
Repuke, 188
Restell, 448
Restorick, 448
Retgate, 348
Revere, 188
Revill, 188
Reynal, 349
Reynard, 349
Reynolds, 350
Rhodes, 372
Ribb, 188
Ribbeck, 188
Ribread, 343
Rich, 343
Richan, 343
Richard, 343
RichbeU, 343
Richer, 343
Riches, 23, 343
Richley, 343
Richman, 344
Richmond, 344
Richold, 344
Rickard, 343
Rickett, 343
Rickman, 344
Ricks, 23, 343
Riddell, 254
Riddick, 254
Ridding, 254
Ride, 254
Rideout, 254
Rider, 254
Ridey, 254
Ridge, 343, 491
Ridger, 254
Ridges, 343
Ridgeway, 344
Ridgwell, 344
Ridgyard, 343
Ridhard, 254
Riding, 254
Ridlon, 254
Riekie, 343
Riff, 188
Riggall, 343
Rignault, 350
Rind, 140
Riudor, 140
Rindlc, 140
Iting, 230
Ringer, 53, 230, 4G0
Ringgold, 230
Rink, 230
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
587
Kipcr, 188
llipei-e, 188
Kii)key, 188
Kiplcy, 188
Jvippin, 188
Kist, 13:3, 134
Ritchie, 343
Ritchings, 343
River, 188
Rivers, 188
Riviere, 183
Roach, 252
Roaf, 187
RoaiU, 514
Roake, 252
Robb, 187
Robbie, 187
Robert, 372
Robley, 187
Roblow, 187
RoboHn, 187
Rochez, 253
Rock, 252
Rockey, 252
Rockett, 253
Rodaway, 373
Rodber, 372
Rodbourn, 372
Rodd, 371
Roddam, 372
Roddis, 372
Rode, 46
Roden, 372
Rodgard, 372
Rodger, 40, 372
Rodick, 371
Rodman, 373
Rodney, 41, 373
Rodrick, 373
Rodway, 373
RodweU, 373
Rodyard, 372
Roff, 187
Roffie, 187
Roger, 46
Roget, 253
Roker, 253
Rolf, 72
Rolf e, 253
RoUand, 373
Roman, 318
Rome, 373
Romer, 374
Romilly, 374
Rondeau, 228
Roof, 187
Rook, 46, 252
Rooke, 98
Rooker, 253
Room, 373
Roope, 187
Rooper, 187
Root, 371
Rooth, 371
Roots, 372
Rootsey, 372
Rope, 187
Roper, 187
Rosbcrt, 79
Roscoe, 79
Roseblade, 467
Rosery, 79
Rosethorn, 467
Rosier, 79
Rosinbloom, 467
Roskell, 79
Rosling, 79
Rosoman, 79
Ross, 79
Rosser, 79
Rost, 448
Rosterne, 467
Rotch, 46
Roth, 371
Rotheram, 373
Rothery, 372
Rothon, 372
Rothney, 373
RothweU, 373
Rottenfysche, 107
Rottenheiyng, 107
Rotton, 372
Rough, 187
Round, 228
RoupeU, 187
Rout, 371
Routh, 371
Routley, 372
Routledge, 373
Rowen, 472
Rowntree, 472
Rubb, 187
Ruby, 187
Rubery, 187
Rubidge, 187
Ruck, 252
Ruckei-, 253
Rudd, 371
Ruddell, 372
Rudder, 372
Ruddick, 372
Ruddiman, 373
Rudding, 372
Rudgard, 372
Rudkin, 372
Rudman, 373
Rudolph, 373
Rudwick, 373
Rue, 252
Ruff, 187
Ruffle, 187
Ruffy, 187
Rugg, 252
Rugman, 253
Rum, 373
Rumball, 38
Rumbclow, 374
liumblc, 38
Rumbold, 38, 374
Rumley, 374
Rummer, 374
Rummej', 373
Rundle, 228
Runicles, 22
Rust, 448
Rustich, 448
Ruston, 448
Ruth, 371, 482
Rutledge, 373
Rutky, 372
Rutt, 371
Rutter, 372
Rutty, 371
Rybauld, 343
Rye, 343
Ryman, 344
Rymer, 344
Sabbage, 424
Sabey, 423
Sabine, 424
Sable, 424
Sack, 171
Sackelld, 171
Sacker, 171
Sackmau, 171
Sadd, 430
Safe, 423
SaffeU, 424
Saffery, 424
Safford, 424
Safrau, 424
Sager, 171
Sago, 171
Sailor, 308
Sala, 308
Salamon, 308
Sale, 308
Saleman, 308, 461
Salkeld, 171 (note)
Sail, 65
Sallaway, 308
SaUes, 308
Sally, 484
Salmon, 308
Salt, 45, 44a
Salter, 443
Salve, 346
Salvin, 346
Sam, 75
Sampkiu, 75
Sandell, 430
Sanden, 431
Sander, 430
Sandman, 430
Sandoe, 430
Sands, 430
Sandwer, 431
Sandy, 430
588
INDEX or ENGLISH NAMES.
Sandys, 430
Saner, 170
Sang, 438 j
Sangwin, 438
Sankey, 438
Sans, 430
Sant, 430
Santer, 430
Santley, 430
Santy, 430
Saphin, 424
S-iplin, 424
Sapp, 423
Sapper, 424
Sapte, 424
Sarah, 230
Sarasin, 487
Sarch, 231
Sare, 230
Sarel, 230
Sargood, 230
Sarratt, 230
Sass, 451
Satcliell, 171
Satow, 451
Satter, 131, 451
Sauce, 266
Saul, 138, 482
Sault, 443
Savage, 424
Saveall, 424
SaveU, 424
Saverick, 424
Savidge, 424
Savory, 424
Saward, 322
Saxe, 200
Saxl, 201
Say, 171
Sayer, 171
Scaddan, 191
Scadlock, 191
Scaffold, 219
Scamp, 442
Scarfc, 356
Scarman, 223
Scarnell, 221
Scarr, 223
Scari'ow, 223
Scharb, 356
Schooley, 513
Scobell, 442
Scobie, 442
Scolding, 148, 228
Score, 223
Scotchmer, 317
Scotland, 317
Scott, 317
Scottock, 317
Scotting, 317
Scottoh, 19
Scottsmith, 317, 462
Scow, 495
Scullion, 12
Scurry, 223
Sea, 172
Seaber, 321
Seaborn, 321
Seabright, 321
Seabrook, 322
Seabury, 322
Seage, 172
Seago, 172
Seahorse, 323
Seaman, 322
Seamark, 323
Seamer, 173
Sear, 230
Search, 231
Seare, 173
Searight, 322
Seavy, 261 ,
SeawaU, 322
Seaward, 322
Seawen, 495
Seawood, 323
Seeker, 173
Sedger, 173
Sedgwick, 173
Seffert, 173
Sefowl, 94, 322
Segar, 173
Seguin, 173
Self, 346
SeU, 308
Sellar, 308
Selley, 308
Sellick, 308
Selling, 308
Sellis, 308
Sellon, 308
Selman, 308
Selves, 346
Selvey, 346
Selway, 308
Semy, 75
Sendall, 456
Senlo, 170
Sent, 456
Seppings, 262
Serbutt, 230
Serle, 230
Sermon, 230
Serrcll, 230
Sctriglit, 451
Sew, 267
Seward, 42, 322
Sewell, 322
Scwoy, 267
Sex, 200
Scxcy, 200
Scxmcr, 201
Seybuiri, 321
Scyfiicd, 173
Soymour, 7, 173
Shadbolt, 168
Shaddock, 168
Shade, 191
Shadrake, 168'
Shadwell, 191
Shaft, 219
Shafter, 219
Shafto, 219
Shakeshaft, 236
Shakespere, 236
Shalley, 456
ShaUow, 456
Shank, 438
Shankey, 438
Shark, 231
Sharkey, 231
Sharkley, 231
Sharp, 356
Sharpey, 356
Sharpin, 357
Sharpus, 356
Shaqjless, 354, 357
Sharpley, 357
Shaw, 495
Shawkey, 456
Shawman, 223, 457
Sheaf, 148
Shear smith, 462
Sheath, 191
Sheather, 191
Shebeare, 321
Sheen, 389
Sheer, 223
Sheniman, 389
Sherman, 223
Sherrell, 223
Sherry, 223
Shether, 191
Shick, 431
Shickle, 431
Shield, 148, 227
Shierbrand, 199, 223
Shillibeer, 361
Shilling, 360
Shillito, 361
Shin, 418
Shine, 389
Shiner, 389
Shinn, 389
Shinner, 389
Shipman, 322
Shirk, 231
Shirkey, 231
Shiverick, 262
Shlange, 108
Shoe, 495
Sliolto, 457
Shone, 389
Shoner, 389
Slioobcrt, 495
Shoobrick, 495
Shopp, 442
Shoppce, 442
Shopperie, 442
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
589
Shore, 223
Shorey, 223
Shorman, 223
Shotbolt, 317
Shoulder, 457
Shoult, 450, 457
Shovell, 442
Shover, 442
Shurey, 223
Sibbaia, 172
Sibbick, 262
Sibel, 2G2
Sibert, 173
Sibery, 262
Sibley, 262
Sibson, 262
Sibthorp, 262
Sickens, 172
Sickle, 172
Sicklemore, 30, 173
Sicklen, 172
SickHng, 172
Sickman, 173
Siddell, 431
Sidden, 431
Siddons, 431
Side, 431
Sidey, 431
Sidgear, 431
Sidney, 431
Sier, 173
Sievewiight, 262, 460
Sievier, 262
Siffken, 262
Siggers, 173
Siggs, 8, 172
Sigley, 172
Sigmund. 7, 173
Sigournay, 173
Sigourney, 30
Sigrist, 173
Sike, 172
Silliman, 433
SHva, 346
SHve, 346
Silver, 479
Sim, 21
Simco, 21, 262
Simberd, 456
Simkin, 262
Simkiss, 262
Simm, 262, 484
Simmell, 262
Simmonds, 173
Simmons, 7
Simon, 484
Sindrey, 456
Sinden, 456
Sinder, 456
Singer, 438
Single, 438
Sinker, 438
Sinton, 456
Sipless, 262
Sipling, 262
Sipp, 261
Sipthorp, 262
Sirkett, 441
Sisley, 272
Sistcrson, 293
Sitton, 431
Sivrac, 262
Six, 200
Size, 272
Sizeland, 272
Sizen, 272
Sizer, 272
Skate, 191
Skatliff, 191
Skeen, 389
Skeet, 191
Skelding, 148, 228
Skelt, 227
SkiU, 360
Skiller, 361
Skillett, 361
Skiney, 389
Skipper, 322
Skipwith, 37
Skoggin, 495
Skone, 389
Skoulding, 148, 228
Sky, 431
Slack, 257
Slade, 201, 491
Sladen, 201
Slader, 201
Slagg, 257
Slate, 201
Slater, 201, 460
Slay, 257
Slee, 257
Sleeman, 258
Slegg, 257
Slewey, 257
Slewman, 258
SUght, 201, 257
Slow, 257
Slowey, 257
Slowman, 258
Sly, 257
Slybody, 257
Slyman, 258
Slyoff, 258
Smelt, 106, 270
Smith, 461
Smither, 461
Smiter, 461
Smithy, 461
Smytha, 461
Snagg, 108
Snake, 108
Snare, 24S
Snarey, 246
Snipe, 102
Sneezy, 256
Snelgar, 245
Sncll, 245
Snelling, 245
Snook, 108
Snow, 130
SnowbaU, 137
Snowman, 403
Snugg, 108
Soane, 99
Soar, 441
Sodden, 431
Soddy, 430
Sodo, 430
Solberry, 138
Sole, 138
Soley, 138
SoUy, 230
Soltau, 443
SorHe, 230
Sorter, 198
SortweU, 198
Soul, 138
Souper, 304
Sour, 441
Sourk, 441
South, 301
Southard, 301
Souther, 302
Southey, 301
Southon, 301
Southward, 301 (note)
Spade, 200
Spademan, 200
Spader, 200
Spadey, 200
Spain, 317, 445
Spaniel, 445
Spar, 104
Spark, 415
Sparling, 104
Sparrow, 104
Sparrowhawk, 96
Speak, 207
Speakman, 207
Spear, 206
Spearing, 206
Spearman, 206
Speck, 207
Speed, 207
Speight, 200
SpeUar, 434
Spelman, 434
Spendlove, 445
Spenlove, 445
Sperling, 104
Sperwin, 206
Spice, 207
Spike, 207
Spikeman, 207
Spill, 434
Spillard, 434
Spiller, 434
Spilling, 434
590
INDEX or ENGLISH NAMES.
Spillman, 434
Spinney, 445
Spiring, 206
Spiiit, 485
Spite, 207
Spitta, 207
Spitty, 207
Spon, 445
Spoonei', 445
Sporne, 321
Sprack, 415
Spracklin, 415
Spragg, 415
Spratt, 207
Spray, 415
Spreck, 415
Spreckley, 415 .
Sprice, 415
Sprigg, 415
Spritt, 415
Sproat, 207, 415
Sprout, 207, 415
Spruce, 415
Spiy, 415
Spurge, 416
Spurgeon, 416
Spyer, 206
Sqxxare, 450
Squarey, 450
Stack, 213
Stackard, 213
Stackler, 213
Stackman, 213
Stag, 213
StaggaU, 214
Stagg, 85 .
Stagman, 213
Stain, 479
Stainburn, 479
Stainer, 480
Staker, 213
Staley, 476
Stalon, 476
StaUard, 476
StaUion, 81, 476
Stalman, 476
Stand, 252
Standing, 252
Stanger, 214
Stank, 214
Stannah, 479
Stannard, 480
Stark, 245
Starker, 245
Starkey, 245
Starkman, 245
State, 252
Stead, 252
Steady, 252
Steal, 476
Steulin, 476
Ste;ini})urg, 479
Stebbing, 469
Stedman, 252
Steed, 252
Steedman, 252
Steel, 476
Steelfox, 476
Steelman, 476
Steen, 479
Steggall, 214
Stelfox, 476
Stembridge, 479
Steneck, 479
StenneU, 479
Stenning, 479
Stent, 252
Sterckeman, 245
Stericker, 245
Stibbard, 469
Stick, 213
Sticker, 213
Stickle, 214
Stickler, 214
Stickman, 213
Stidolph, 72, 252
Stiff, 469
Stiffel, 469
Stiffin, 469
Stinchman, 214
Sting, 214
Stinger, 214
Stirk, 245
Stith, 252
Stitt, 252
Stobart, 469
Stobie, 469
Stobo, 469
Stock, 213
Stocker, 213
Stockill, 213
Stockman, 213
Stocqueler, 214
StoffeU, 469
Stoker, 213, 460
Stonah, 479
Stonard, 480
Stone, 479
Stonebridge, 479
Stoneheart, 480
Stonel, 479
Stoncman, 480
Stoner, 480
Stonhold, 480
Stonier, 480
Stony, 479
Stop, 469
Stopher, 469
Storah, 345
Store, 345
Storer, 345
Stork, 245
Storr, 345
Storron, 345
Storrow, 345
Storrs, 345
Story, 345
Stovell, 469
Stover, 469
Stovin, 469
Stovold, 365
Stow, 365
StoweU, 365
Stower, 365
Straker, 245
Street, 171, 491
Streeten, 171
Streeter, 171
Strettell, 171
Stride, 171
Strude, 190
Strudwick, 191
Struthers, 191
Strutt, 48, 190
Stubbe, 469
Stubber, 469
Stubbert, 469
Stubbing, 469
Stuber, 469
Stuck. 213
Stuckey, 213
Stupart, 469
Sturge, 106, 245
Sturgeon, 106
Sturia, 345, 513
Sturrock, 345
Such, 267
Suck, 267
Suckey, 267
Sucker, 268
Suckermore, 268
Suckley, 267
Suckling, 267
Suckman, 267
Sudden, 301
Suett, 206
Sugar, 268
Sugarman, 268
Sugg, 76, 267
Suggett, 267
Suit, 266
Summer, 140
Summersell, 94
Sumpter, 301
Sun, 8, 138
Sunday, 301
Sunrise, 139
Sunshine, 139
Sunter, 301
Supple, 804
Surgett, 441
Surgcy, 441
Suri^lice, 357
Susans, 45
Suse, 45, 206
Sutcliff, 267
Sutliery, 301
Sutlifr, 267
Swuaj), 304
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
591
Swabb, 304
Swabey, 304
Swain, 513
Swainsou, 513
Swale, 104
Swallow, 104
Swanberg, 99
Swann, 99
Swannack, 99
Swannell, 99
Swanwick, 99
Swearer, 450
Swearing, 450
Sweai's, 450
Sweat, 266
Sweden, 318
Sweeby, 304
Sweet, 45, 266
Sweetapple, 467
Sweeten, 45
Sweeting, 267
Sweetlove, 267
Sweetman, 267
Sweetsur, 318
Swenwiight, 99
Swire, 450
SwonneU, 99
Sword, 198
Sworder, 198
Sycamore, 30, 173
Sykes, 172
Syme, 262, 484
Syster, 293
Tabram, 428
Tackabarry, 391
Tackle, 390
Tackley, 390
Tackman, 391
Tadd, 291
Taddy, 291
Tadloo, 291
Tadman, 292
Tagart, 391
Tagg, 390
Tait, 271
Talbei-t, 375
Talbot, 39, 375
Talfourd, 375
Talker, 375
Tall, 375
TaUack, 375
Tallemach, 376
TalHss, 375
Tallman, 376
Tallon, 375
Talmage, 376
Tamborine, 365
Tame, 364
Tamiet, 365
Tamlyn, 365
Tammage, 365
Tamplin, 365
Tancred, 41, 359
Tandy, 45, 310
Tank, ^59
Tankard, 359
Tanker, ^59
Tanklin, 359
Tann, 311
Tanner, 53, 311
Tannock, 311
Tanqueray, 359
TanseU, 310
Tansey, 310
Tant, 310
Tanton, 310
Taplin, 428
Tapp, 428
Tappin, 428
Tappy, 428
Targett, 128
Tarn, 398
Tarner, 398
Tarr, 208
Tarratt, 209
Tarry, 208
Tarryer, 208
Tart, 209
Tarter, 209
Tasker, 53, 385, 460
Tasman, 385
TasseU, 385
Tassiker, 385
Tate, 271
Tatlock, 292
Tattle, 291
Tatuin, 292
Tay, 390
Tayburn, 391
Teale, 101, 375
Tear, 268
Tearey, 268
Teat, 271
Teather, 292
Tedd, 291
Tedder, 292
Tedman, 292
Teeling, 375
Tegart, 391
Tegg, 390
Teggiu, 338
TekeU, 390
Telbin, 375
Telfer, 375
Telford, 375
TeUer, 375
Telling, 375
Ten, 311
Tench, 106, 359
TendaU, 310
Tennant, 311
TenneUy, 311
Tenneman, 312
Tennyson, 45, 311
Tent, 310
Ternouth, 208
Terrier, 208
Terry, 208
Tetlow, 291
Teuten, 332
Tewart, 42, 427
Thackeray, 359
Thackwell, 359
Thain, 338
Thane, 338
Theed, 332
Theobald, a32
Theodore, 333
Teuthorn, 333
Thew, 457
Thick, 406
Thicket, 407
Thistle, 469
Thoden, 332
Thody, 332
Thomas, 484
Thorburn, 128
Thorgate, 128
Thorold, 129
Thoroughgate, 128
Thoroughgood, 11, 128
Thoroughwood, 129
Thotman, 129
Throssell, 103
Thrush, 103
Thumm, 363, 418
Thunder, 128
Thurber, 128
Thurgar, 128
Thurgood, 11, 128
Thurkettle, 129, 512
Thurkle, 129
Thurmott, 129
Thurston, 129
Thyer, 457
Tick, 406
Tickle, 406
Tidball, 332
Tidd, 332
Tiddeman, 333
Tidemore, 333
Tidman, 333
Tidy, 332
Tiffany, 488
Tiffin, 488
Tigg, 406
Tileman, 190
Tilgman, 190
Tilke, 189
TiU, 189
Tilleard, 189
Tiller, 189
TiUey, 189
Tillick, 189
TiUier, 189
Tilling, 189
Tillman, 190
TiUott, 189
592
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Tim, 364
Times, 365
Timlin, 365
Timperon, 365
Tims, 365
Tingey, 367
Tingle, 367
Tink, 367
Tinker, 367
TinkUng, 367
Tinley, 130
TinliHg, 130
Tinney, 129
Tinning, 130
Tisoe, 351
Titchen, 332
Titcomb, 297
Tite, 271, 332
Titmus, 104
Tizard, 352
Toby, 103
Todd, 45, 273
Toddy, 273
Todman, 273
Todrig, 333
Toe, 427
Toker, 427
Tolcher, 184
Tolken, 184
Tolkien, 184
Tom, 363
Tomb, 363, 484
Tombs, 364
Tomey, 363
Tomkies, 364
Tomkin, 364
Tomlin, 22, 364
TommeU, 364
Tomsey, 364
Ton, 129
Tonge, 361
Tongman, 362
Tongue, 361
Tonner, 128
Toodle, 274
Toogood, 428
Toomer, 364
Toot, 273
Tootal, 274
Toothaker, 274
Toovey, 103
Torr, 127
Torry, 127, 208
Totman, 273
TotteU, 273
Totten, 273
Tottcy, 273
Tournay, 190
Tovey, 103
Tow, 427
Towart, 427
Towell, 427
Tower, 427
Towgood, 428
Tozier, 273
Trace, 242
Tracy, 242
Traer, 413
Trahar, 413
Traies, 242
TraU, 141, 413
Train, 413*
Traiser, 242 .
Trapp, 196
Trass, 242
Travel, 196
Tray, 413
Treasure, 242
Treble, 196
Tree, 429
Tremble, 11, 243
Tress, 242
Tricker, 429
Trickett, 429
Trickey, 429
Trigg, 429
Trigger, 429
Tripp, 196
Trist, 249
Trister, 249
Tristram, 249
Trodden, 271
Troke, 195
Troll, 141
Trood, 270
Trott, 270
Trotter, 271
Trottman, 271
Troughton, 271
Troup, 441
Trout, 106, 270
Trow, 195
TroweU, 195
Trower, 196
Trowse, 249
Troy, 429
Truby, 441
Truce, 249
True, 195
Truefitt, 429
Truelove, 429
Trueman, 196
Trumbull, 243
Trump, 243
Trumper, 243
Trumpy, 243
Trush, 103
Truss, 249
Trussell, 249
Try, 429
Tubb, 103
Tubby, 103
Tuck, 100, 427
Tucker, 427
Tuckey, 427
Tuckwell, 428
Tudor, 333
TufeneU, 220
Tuggy, 427
Tubman, 428
Tuke, 427
Tuita, 332
Tulk, 184
Tun, 129
Tunaley, 130
Tungay, 361
Tunn, 106
Tunnay, 129
Tunnell, 130
Tunno, 129
Tunny, 106, 129
Tunstan, 130
Tupp, 103
Turk, 487
TurnbuU, 3, 243
Turnell, 190
Turner, 190, 460
Turney, 190
Turnley, 190
Turrell, 208
Turtle, 103
Tutching, 332
Tuting, 332
Tutt, 332
Tuttle, 332
Tutty, 332
Tway, 521
Twice, 521
Twigg, 521
Twine, 521
Twining, 521
Twiss, 521
Twyman, 521
Tyas, 131, 351, 457
Tysack, 352
Tyser, 352
Tyson, 352
Tyus, 131
Udall, 334
Udy, 282
Uffell, 385
UUer, 106
UUock, 358
UUmer, 106
Ulman, 106
Ulp, 71
Ulph, 71
Uncle, 294
Uncles, 354 (note)
Undey, 322
Ungless, 354
Unit, 286
Unna, 286
Unwin, 286
Urch, 387
Urc, 83
Urie, 83
Urling, 340
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
593
Urlwin, 340
Urquhart, 388
Urwick, 83
Urwin, 83
Usher, 442
Uttridge, 450
Vague, 523
Valder, 345
Valiant, 298
VaUer, 298
Vallily, 298
Vallis, 298
Valpy, 88
Vance, 316
Vandeleur, 317
Vandy, 316
Vane, 394
Vann, 394
Vanneck, 394
Vanner, 394
Vant, 316
Vanzller, 317
Varick, 278
VarneU, 305
Vamish, 24, 305
VarreU, 278
Vassall, 244
Vasser, 12, 244
Vaudelin, 344
Veale, 383
Venn, 394
VenneU, 394
Venner, 394
Venning, 394
Vension, 316
Vent, -316
Venus, 143
Verco, 73
Verge, 65, 73
Verger, 74
Vergoose, 278
Verity, 7, 257
VerUng, 278
Vermon, 278
Vemer, 305
Verney, 305
Vest, 303
Vestal, 303
Vesterman, 303
Vesty, 303
Vetch, 154, 493
Vibert, 165
Vick, 164
Vicary, 165
Vice, 351
Vickridge, 165
Vidy, 493
Vigor, 165
VinaU, 263
Vindin, 316
Vine, 263
Vinegar, 12, 264
Vinen, 264
Viney, 263
Vingoe, 412
Vink, 412
Vint, 316
Vinter, 316
Violett, 468
Virgin, 05, 73, 74
Viigo, 65, 73
Virtue, 257
Viscord, 351
Vise, 351
Visick, 351
Vizard, 351
Vizer, 351
Voak, 333
Volckman, 334
VoUam, 384
VoUer, 384
VoUet, 384
VoUum, 384
VoweU, 93
Vowles, 93
Vulliamy, 71
Vyse, 351
Wack, 362
Wadd, 152, 412
Wadden, 413
"Waddicar, 413
Waddilove, 413
Waddle, 412
Waddy, 412
Wade, 152, 412
Wadey, 412
Wadge, 413
Wadkin, 413
Wadling, 413
Wadman, 413
Wadmore, 413
Wageman, 362
Wager, 523
Wagg, 47, 523
Wagman, 523
Wain, 523
Wainman, 394
Wainwright, 395, 461
Wake, 362
Wakelin, 362
Wakem, 24, 362
Wakeman, 362
Waker, 362
Wakley, 362
Waland, 298
Walden, 28, 345
Waldie, 344
Waldman, 345
Waldo, 340
Waldron, 42, 345
Walduck, 344
Waldwin, 345
Wale, 102, 298
Waley, 298
w 3
Walford, 88
Walk, 298
Walker, 298, 460
Walkey, 298
Walking, 298
Walkley, 298
Walklin, 298
Wolkman, 298
Walko, 298
Wall, 298, 491
AVaUace, 298
WaUack, 298
Waller, 298
WaUet, 298
Wallfree, 298
Walliker, 298
Wallis, 23
Walliss, 298
WaUower, 298
Wallraven, 298
WaUs, 23, 298
Walrond, 41, 298
Walter, 47, 345
Wambey, 417
Wampen, 417
Wand, 316
Wander, 316
Wanding, 316
Wane, 394
Wanless, 354
WanneU, 394
Wannod, 394
Wansey, 316
Want, 316
Wantman, 316
Wanton, 12, 316
Warbolt, 278
Warbrick, 278
Ward, 277
Wardell, 277
Warder, 277
Wardman, 277
Wardy, 277
Ware, 278
Waiing, 278
Warland, 278
Warlock, 278
Warman, 278
Warmer, 39, 278
Warne, 305
Warner, 305
Warnett, 305
Warnock, 305
Warraker, 278
Wan-e, 278
Warrell, 47, 278
Warren, 278, 305
Warrenburg, 305
Warrener, 305
Warrier, 47, 278
Warring, 278
Warry, 278
Warter, 277
594
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
Warwicker, 278
Wash, 244
Washer, 244
Washman, 244
Wasman, 244
Wasp, 107
Wass, 244
WasseU, 244
Waste, 244
Wastell, 244
WastHng, 22
Waterfall, 502
Wathen, 413
Watker, 413
Watkin, 413
Watkiss, 40, 413
Watley, 412
WatKng, 413
Watmore, 413
Watney, 413
Watt, 32, 152, 412
Wattle, 412
Watts, 32, 413
Waud, 344
Way, 10, 47, 523
Wayland, 152, 383
Waygood, 523
Waylen, 523
Wayman, 523
Weakley, 362
Weaklin, 362
Weale, 383
Wearey, 278
Wearg, 73
Webling, 63
Wedd, 412
Weddell, 412
Weddon, 120
Wedge, 154, 413, 493
Wedlake, 40, 224, 494
Wedlock, 12, 224, 494
Weed, 493
Weedin, 493
Weeding, 494
Weekly, 362
Weeks, 362
Wegg, 10, 523
Weible, 63
Weir, 278
Weland, 152, 383
Welcome, 123, 297
Weld, 344
Welder, 345
Welding, 345
Weldon, 345
Welford, 88
Welland, 383
Wellard, 383
Wellcr, 383
Wellflin, 88
Welling, 383
Well man, 383
Wellock, 383
WeUow, 383
Welp, 88
Welpley, 88
Welton, 345
Wendelken, 317
Wendon, 316
Wenlock, 394
Wenman, 394
Wenmoth, 394
Wenn, 394
Wenning, 394
Went, 316
Werge, 73
Werk, 73
Werner, 305
Werrett, 257
Werritt, 7
Wesson, 244
West, 303
WestaU, 303
Wester, 303
Westerday, 303
Westerman, 303
WestfaU, 303
Wetman, 303, 413
Weybret, 523
Whalebelly, 107
Whatman, 413
Whatmare, 413
Wheelan, 383
Wheeler, 53, 383
Wheeley, 383
Wheeling, 383
Wheelock, 383
Wheelwright, 383
Wheen, 263
Whellock, 383
Whenman, 264
Whenn, 263
Whewell, 357
Whibley, 63
Whichelo, 165
Whigam, 165
Whincopp, 39
Whipday, 63
Whipp, 62
Whippy, 62
Whish, 121
Whisker, 122
Whiskered, 351
Whiskin, 351
Whiskyman, 122
Whistle, 351
Whitbread, 494
Whitburn, 494
White, 398, 400
Whitcar, 494
Whitecar, 494
Whitehart, 494
Whitehead, 494
Wliiteheat, 494
Whitchorn, 494
Whitehouse, 494
Whitelaw, 366, 494
Whitelegg, 366, 494
Whitell, 493
Whitelock, 494
Whiteman, 494
Whiter, 494
Whiterod, 494
Whitethread, 494
Whitewright, 494
Whitheron, 494
Whiting, 106, 494
Whitley, 493
WhitUng, 493
Whitmee, 24, 493
Whitmore, 494
Whitridge, 495
Whitsey, 493
Whittaker, 494
Whittock, 154
Wholey, 383
Wholework, 384
Whorlow, 325
Whytock, 493
Wibby, 62
Wiche, 164
Wichett, 165
Wick, 164
Wicker, 165
Wickey, 164
Wickson, 165
Wicking, 165
Wickman, 165
Widehose, 494
Wideman, 494
Widger, 494
Widow, 47, 493
Wigg, 164
Wiggett, 165
Wigle, 164
Wigman, 165
Wigmore, 165
Wigram, 165
Wigson, 165
Wilberforce, 500
Wilbourn, 123
Wilbraham, 123
Wilbur, 123
Wilcock, 27
Wilcomb, 123
Wild, 447
Wilday, 447
Wilder, 447
Wildey, 447
Wildgoose, 100
Wilding, 447
Wildish, 447
Wildman, 447
Wildsmith, 462
Wilford, 123
Wilfred, 123
Wilgoss, 123
Wilke, 123
Wilkie, 21, 123
I
INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES.
595
Wilkin, 22
Will, 22, 31, 47, 122
Willam, 38
Willament, 124
Willan, 47, 123
Willard, 124
Wilier, 124
Willett, 124
Willey, 21, 122
William, 38, 47
Williams, 47, 124
WilUment, 276
WiUin, 123
Willing, 31, 123
WiUink, 123
Willis, 23, 32, 123
Willmer, 124
Willmot, 41
Willmott, 124
Willock, 123
Willoe, 122
Wills, 23, 123
Wnt, 447
Willthew, 42
Wimble, 48, 264
Winbolt, 264
Winbridge, 264
Winch, 263, 412
Wincup, 264
Wind, 316
Windeler, 317
Winder, 316, 490
Windle, 317
Window, 316
Windram, 316
Windred, 264
Wine, 263
Winegar, 264
Wineman, 264
Winer, 264
Wing, 412
Wingate, 264
Winger, 412
Wingood, 264
Winlo, 263
Winlock, 264
Winmen, 264
Winn, 47, 263
Winney, 263
Winning, 263
Winship, 263
Winson, 263
Winston, 264
Wint, 316
Winter, 140, 316
Wintle, 317
Wipkin, 63
WippeU, 7, 63
Wire, 165
Wirgman, 74
Wisdom, 351
Wise, 351
Wiseman, 351
Wisewould, 351
Wish, 121
Wishart, 121
Wisher, 122
Wishman, 122
Wiss, 351
Witcher, 165
With, 493
Wither, 494
Withered, 494
Witherick, 495
Withy, 493
Wittering, 494
Wittewrong, 494
Wittich, 154
Witton, 493
Witty, 493
Woledge, 384
Wolf, 71, 513
Wolf em, 71
Wolfram, 72
WoU, 383
WoUatt, 72, 384
WoUen, 384
WoUey, 383
Wolper, 72
Woh-ige, 384
Wolsey, 71
Wolter, 378
WoodaU, 493
Woodard, 494
Woodbridge, 495
Woodcock, 494
Wooden, 493
Wooderson, 494
Woodey, 493
Woodger, 494
Woodhead, 494
Woodhouse, 494
Wooding, 494
Woodlin, 493
Woodman, 494
Woodyer, 494
Woolbert, 71
Woolcott, 71
Wooldridge, 378
Woolfolk, 71
Woolfreys, 71
Woolgar, 71
Woolger, 71
Woolhead, 71
Woollams, 72
WooUard, 71
Woolley, 72
Woolmer, 72
Woolnoth, 72
Woolrych, 72
Woolston, 72
Woolwright, 460
Worry, 325
Workey, 73
Workman, 74
Worknot, 74
Worin, 513
World, 325
Wormald, 108
Wormbolt, 108
Worme, 108
WorreU, 325
Worrow, 325
Wren, 104, 189
Wrentmore, 228
Wrinkle, 230
Write, 254
Writt, 254
Wright, 254
Writer, 254
Wroth, 371
Wurr, 325
Wyard, 165
Wyatt, 165
Wyberg, 165
Wybrow, 165
Wye, 164
Wyfolde, 63
Wyman, 165
Wymer, 165
Yea, 366
Yealfe, 367
Yeaj33Jrti, 367
¥^tman, 306
Yeld, 418
Yem, 253
Yeo, 366
Yeoman, 367
Yeoward, 367
Yesterday, 303
Yett, 305
Yewd, 282
Yorick, 367
Yost, 302
Youd, 282
Young., 419
Younger, 419
Youngman, 420
Youngmay, 25
Youring, 83
Yowden, 282
Zealey, 433
ZeaU, 433
Zetterquist, 470
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
Aar, 94
Abbe, 60
Abendrot, 139
Abendstern, 139
Abich, 60
Acke, 209
Acker, 210
Adal, 337
Ade, 287
Adelbart, 337
Adelung, 337
Adler, 338
Adolf, 288
Adolph, 72
Ablmann, 517
Ahlwardt, 517
Ahr, 94
Aicher, 210
Albel, 134
Albrecht, 516
Alder, 418
Alert, 516
Alf, 134
Alker, 516
AUe, 516
AUehn, 238
Allmer, 517
AUner, 239
Alt, 418
Alten, 418
Alter, 418
Altmann, 418
Ameis, 284
Amelung, 143
Anderburg, 300
Angele, 213
Anke, 212
Anselm, 119
Anser, 119
Anshelm, 227 (note)
Appe, 60
Arnhold, 95
Arnold, 95
Artelt, 251
Arve, 386
Asche, 216
Ascher, 217
Asel, 119
Asser, 119
Avcmann, 290
Babe, 291
Backc, 172
Bade, 166
liador, 166
Bader, 166
Badicke, 166
Bage, 172
Bahr, 68
Bald, 241
Baldauf, 242
Baldenius, 242
Balding, 241
BaU, 192
Baltz, 241
Baltzer, 241
Balz, 241
Banck, 182
Bandel, 235
Bandke, 235
Bang, 182
Banger, 175
Bannwart, 175
Banse, 235
Barde, 222
Bardel, 222
Barecke, 69
Barnhard, 423
Bart, 222
Barten, 222
Barth, 222
Barther, 222
Baithmann, 222
Basch, 181
Basel, 181
Baske, 181
Bass, 181
Bassmann, 181
Bath, 166
Bauch, 378
Baucke, 378
Bauer, 452
Bauermann, 452
Beckcl, 222
Beckh, 222
Beede, 166
Beer, 68
Beerin, 70
Behl, 192
Behn, 176
Behrens, 70
Belke, 269
Bellin, 270
Benckert, 182
BendeU, 235
Bender, 286
Beneken, 177
Benicke, 176
Bennemann, 177
Bcnnert, 177
Bcnning, 177
Bcnnold, 177
Bense, 235
Bente, 235
Bentingck, 236
Benzel, 235
Ber, 68
Berger, 69
Berghofle, 496
Bermann, 69
Bernard, 70
Berner, 71
Bernicke, 70
Berning, 70
Berringer, 70
Bert, 370
Berth, 370
Bertin, 370
Bertong, 370
Bertram, 370
Bertrand, 370
Bese, 181
Beste, 183
Bethe, 166
Bethke, 166
Bettack, 166
Bette, 166
Bever, 91
Bieber, 91
Bieck, 177
Biercher, 69
Bigge, 177
Bihn, 176
Bila, 269
BUger, 269
Bilhardt, 269
Bilke, 269
BiUe, 269
BiUer, 269
Billing, 269
Bilmer, 269
Binder, 236
Binnecke, 176
Bippart, 414
Blanckardt, 393
Blang, 392
Blank, 392
Blankennagel, 221
Blecher, 393
Blede, 440
Bledow, 440
Blenk, 392
]ilock, 214
Blockmann, 215
Blum, 465
Jilume, 465
]iliimel, 465
Blumcr, 465
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
597
Blunihardt, 465
Bobardt, 422
Bobbe, 421
Bobol, 421
Bochmann, 225
Kick, 224
Bode, 454
Bodeck, 454
Bodemann, 455
Bodemeyer, 455
Boden, 454
B<)ding, 454
Bodi'ich, 455
Boehner, 176
Beige, 224
Bogenhardt, 225
Bogert, 225
Bogner, 225
Bohl, 281
Bohling, 281
Bohn, 175, 225
Bohnbardt, 176
Bohtliugk, 454
Boldt, 241
BoHcke, 281
Bolke, 281
Boll, 281
Bollert, 281
Bollmann, 281
Boltche, 241
Bonn, 175
Bonne, 175
Bonnecke, 175
Boos, 407
Booth, 454
Bopp, 421
Bosel, 407
Bosewetter, 139
Boss, 408
Bosselt, 408
Bote, 454
Both, 454
Bothmer, 455
Bottger, 455
Boye, 313
Brach, 184
Brackmann, 185
Bramer, 371
Brandeis, 199
Brandel, 198
Brandlein, 199
Brandroth, 199
Brandt, 198
Braun, 399
Brecht, 370
Brechtel, 370
Brehm, 371
Breis, 186
Brese, 186
Brocke, 193
Brocker, 194
Brockmann, 194
Broockmanu, 194
Brosc. 480|
Bhisel, 480
Bruch, 193
Bruchhardt, 194
Bruckmann, 194
Briickmann, 185
Bruder, 218, 293
Briiderlein, 293
Brunck, 399
Brunn, 399
Brunnert, 400
Bruno, 399
Bry, 184
Bube, 421
Buck, 378
Buddel, 454
Buder, 455
Budge, 454
Budich, 454
Budke, 454
Bugge, 378
Buhl, 281
Buhler, 281
Buhhnann, 281
BuU, 281
Bund, 235
Biinning, 416
Bunsen, 236
Bunte, 235
Bunting, 236
Buol, 281
Burckhardt, 279
Biirde, 329
Burger, 279
Burger, 279
Burghold, 279
Burke, 279
Burth, 329
Buss, 407
Bussmann, 407
Butte, 454
Butter, 455
Butting, 454
Cahn, 174
Campe, 171
Christ, 133
Christel, 133
Conrad, 328
Coppel, 248
Cosmar, 310
Costis, 360
Cuno, 327
Daake, 390
Dabbert, 391
Dage, 390
Dahl, 375
Dahling, 375
Dahlmann, 376
Damm, 364
Danimer, 365
Dammert, 365
Danckcl, :i59
Dank, 359
Dankegott, 311
Dankcrt, 359
Dann, 311
Dannecker, 311
Darold, 208
Dasse, 385
Dassel, 385
Date, 291
Dau, 427
Daulf, 391
DiiumJin, 364
Deck, 390
Deckert, 391
Dederich, 333
Degel, 390
Degen, 338
Dehn, 311
Dein, 338
Demme, 364
Dencker, 359
Denk, 359
Dessman, 385
Detmann, 333
Dette, 291
Dettmer, 333
Dettrich, 333
Dewe, 427
Dick, 406
Dickert, 407
Didtchen, 332
Diebold, 332
Diede, 332
Diehr, 268
Diemann, 457
Dieme, 364
Dieter, 333
Dietert, 333
Dikmann, 407
Dill, 189
Dillemann, 190
Dillert, 189
Dilling, 189
Dinger, 367
Disch, 229
Ditt, 332
Dittmer, 333
Dixmann, 229
Dode, 273
Dohm, 363
Dohmeyer, 364
Doler, 375
Donaich, 364
Donn, 129
Dooer, 208
Dorand, 197
Dormann, 208
Dormeier, 208
Dorwald, 268
Droge, 195
Drey, 413
Drude, 270
598
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
Drucker, 196
Drue, 195
Drmnann, 196
Drute, 270
Ducke, 427
Diikher, 427
Dulcken, 184
Dulk, 184
Dumhoff, 496
Dumichen, 364
Diimling, 364
Dumm, 363
Diimmel, 364
Durand, 197
Dusendteufel, 488
Dnttke, 332
Ebbecke, 60
Ebbrecht, 61
Eber, 76
Eberhard, 76
Ebermann, 76
Eckardt, 210
Ecke, 209
Eckhoff, 496
Eckholdt, 210
Edel, 337
Edeler, 338
Ediling, 337
Egel, 154
Eger, 210
Egge, 209
Eisele, 475
Eiseln, 475
Eisemann, 475
Eisen, 474
Eisenhardt, 475
Eiser, 475
Elbe, 134
Elben, 134
EUenberg, 239
EUert, 299
Emele, 143
Emerich, 254
Emmel, 143
Emmert, 254
Ende, 432
Ender, 300
Enge, 292
Engel, 213
Engelhardt, 213
Engelin, 213
Englebrecht, 213
Englemann, 213
Englen, 213
Engler, 213
Enger, 292
Engert, 292
Engwald, 292
Ensle, 119
Entrich, 432
Erb, 386
Erchc, 387
Erck, 387
Erd, 139
Erdmann, 251
Erhardt, 95
Erker, 388
Erie, 339
Erlecke, 340
Erler, 340
Ermel, 147
Ermen, 146
Ermisch, 147
Erpel, 386
Erpf, 386
Esch, 216
Escher, 217
Eschmann, 217
Eschrich, 217
Essich, 119
Estrich, 216
Ette, 287
Evers, 76
Ewaldt, 367
Ewert, 367
Ewich, 366
Eyl, 154
Fack, 435
Fabl, 307
Fahne, 234
Fahr, 323
Farenbeit, 324
Faster, 252
Fechter, 257
Fecke, 435
Feder, 293
Fehr, 323
Fehrlen, 323
Fehrmann, 324
Fendt, 417
Ferrach, 323
Fest, 251
Fetter, 293
Ficbte, 257
Fick, 249
FidaU, 430
Fiege, 249
Fielmann, 518
Filbert, 518
Fillmer, 518
Fisch, 247
Fischart, 247
Fischhof, 247, 496
Fix, 247
Flatbe, 393
Flogel, 411
Fluemann, 411
Fliigel, 411
Folke, 333
Folkcl, 333
Fortmann, 325
Francke, 306
Frank, 300
Franklin, 306
Freche, 132
Frede, 261
Freitag, 261
Fretter, 261
Freund, 263
Freutel, 350
Frick, 132
Fricker, 132
Friderich, 261
Fried, 261
Friedel, 261
Friess, 312
Frisch, 449
Friscblin, 449
Fuchsel, 247
FiiU, 517
Gabe, 285
Gabel, 285
Gabold, 286
Gade, 525
Gaedcke, 525
Gaide, 206
GaUiger, 437
Gamann, 436
Gamm, 436
Gammert, 436
Gans, 518
Gante, 74
Ganter, 74
Ganzlen, 518
Gapp, 285
Gast, 296
Gau, 336
Gause, 309
Gavel, 285
Gayl, 436
Gebel, 285
Geber, 285
Gebhardt, 285
Gede, 525
Gehl, 436
Gehr, 202
Gehrer, 203
Geilich, 437
Geisel, 458
Geiss, 459
Gelpke, 442
Genedl, 74
Genderich, 75
Gener, 444
Genet, 444
Gennerich, 444
Gent, 74
Gentz, 518
Gepp, 285
Gerbert, 203
Gerboth, 203
Gerhard, 203
Gerhold, 204
Gericke, 202
Gering, 202
Gerlach, 203
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
599
Germann, 203
Gem, 4;«
Gerncr, 4'Mi
Gernhardt, 433
Gerning, 4.'^
Genilein, 433
Gerold, 204
Gerwin, 204
Gessler, 458
G€u, 336
Gey, 3.36
Gherken, 202
I Giese, 459
Giesemann, 459
Giesing, 459
Gilbert, 458
GUI, 458
Giltemann, 478
Gisbrecht, 459
Gisecke, 459
Gisselbrecht, 458
Glade, 435
Gladisch, 435
Glaser, 392
Glass, 392
Gleiss, 392
Gockel, 446
Grockingky 446
Gode, 115
Godecke, 115
Godel, 115
Godehard, 116
Goemann, 337
Goethe, 309
Gogel, 446
Gohr, 202
Goldmann, 477
Gomm, 59
Goren, 204
Gorich, 202
Goring, 202
Goschen, 309
Gose, 309
Goseken, 309
Gosling, 309
Gbss, 309
Gossman, 310
Gothe, 309
Gottel, 115
Gotter, 116
Gottfried, 116
Gotthardt, 116
Gotting, 115
Gottleib, 116
GottHeb, 484
Gbtze, 115
Graesse, 464
Gramann, 401
Grashoff, 496
Grassmann, 464
Grau, 401
Grimm, 125
Grimmel, 125
Grimmer, 125
Griibe, 425
Grobe, 425
Griibel, 425
Grohn, 4G5
Grohnert, 465
Gronar, 465
Groning, 465
Gross, 405
Grun, 465
Griin, 465
Griiner, 465
Grunert, 465
Griinert, 465
GriinLng, 465
Gude, 115
Guibert, 165
Guldenapfel, 467
Giilich, 478
GiiU, 478
Gummrich, 60
Gundel, 163
Giinther, 164
Gunz, 163
Giinzel, 163
Guter, 116
Giitermann, 117
Gutte, 115
Giittel, 115
Guttman, 116
Guttwein, 117
Gutwasser, 502
Haberkom, 467
Hachmann, 210
Hacke, 209
Hackel, 209
Hackert, 210
Hadank, 168
Hadel, 168
Hadicke, 168
Haertel, 250
Hagart, 210
Hagedorn, 467
Hagelen, 209
Hagen, 211
Hager, 210
Hagner, 211
Hahl, 480
Haid, 519
HaU, 480
HaUich, 426
Halm, 225
Hamelmann, 143
Hammer, 130
Handel, 417
Handt, 417
Hanelt, 289
Hanewald, 289
Hanisch, 289
Hanke, 212
Hanne, 289
Hanneken, 289
Hanneniann, 289
Haunicke, 289
Harder, 250
Hardt, 250
Hardweck, 251
Hiiricke, 231
Harke, 231
Hiirle, 231
Hiirlin, 231
Harless, 340
Harmann, 232
Harpe, 386
Harprecht, 232
Harring, 232
Hartmann, 251
Hiirtnagel, 221, 251
Harting, 250
Hartrot, 251
Hartung, 250
Hartz, 250
Harward, 233
Hass, 307
Hatt, 168
Haube, 227
Hause, 491
Haussmann, 491
Haydn, 519
Hayer, 210
Haymann, 210
Heb, 60
Hecht, 450
Heckmann, 210
Hedde, 168
Hedrich, 168
Heer, 231
Heering, 232
Hehr, 231
Heidel, 519
Heilig, 426
Heiliggeist, 486
Heiligmann, 427
Heim, 492
Heinhardt, 211
Heinrich, 492
Heiter, 519
Helf, 275
Helfrich, 275
Helm, 225
Helmar, 163
Hemmer, 130
Henne, 289
Hennert, 289
Hennemann, 289
Hennicke, 289
Henning, 289
Herber, 232
Herbert, 232
Herbothe, 232
Herde, 250
Herden, 251
Herel, 231
Herger, 232
Herken, 432
600
INDEX OP GERMAN NAMES.
Herkner, 432
Herl, 231, 339
Herm, 147
Hermann, 232
Herold, 233
Herpfer, 386
Herr, 231
Herring, 232
Herrle, 231
Herrmuth, 233
Herth, 250
Hertrich, 251
Herwig, 233
Herzog, 339
Hess, 307
Hetz, 169
Hetzel, 169
Heyden, 519
Heydt, 519
Heye, 209
Heyne, 211
Hilbert, 162
Hild, 162
HUdebrand, 162
Hilger, 162
HiU, 162
Hiller, 162
Hillmann, 163
HiUmer, 163
Hilt, 162
HUtmann, 163
HHtnip, 163
Himmel, 140
Hinck, 292
Hobreclit, 341
Hoch, 340
Hock, 340
Hockel, 340
Hocker, 341
Hoffmann, 227
Hoge, 357
Hohman, 341
Hold, 282
Holder, 282
HoUe, 282
HoUer, 282
Hollmann, 282
Holt, 282
Homan, 341
Honer, 314
Honicke, 314
Honigmann, 314
Honke, 314
Hopke, 227
Hiipken, 227
Horder, 250
Horn, 520
Homeck, 520
Hornemann, 520
Homhard, 520
Homig, 520
Hbmlein, 520
Homung, 520
Hoske, 442 »
Hubert, 357
Hucke, 357
Hudemann, 280
Hufnagel, 221
Huge, 357
Hiigel, 357
Hugo, 357
Huhn, 314
Hiihnert, 314
Hulde, 282
Humbert, 314
Humboldt, 314
Hunecken, 314
Hunger, 314
Hunn, 314
Hunnemann, 314
Hunold, 315
Hupe, 227
Husung, 491
Huthel, 280
Hutte, 280
Ibe, 60
Icke, 210
Ide, 449
Ihl, 416
Ihle, 416
Ikm, 253
Ihn, 492
Imm, 253
Immich, 254
Imse, 254
Ingel, 213
Isanbart, 474
Isenberg, 474
Isert, 475
Itter, 450
Ive, 472
Iwe, 366
Jackel, 452
Jaeger, 452
Jagemann, 453
Jagenteufel, 488
Jechlin, 452
Jeckel, 452
Jenichen, 444
Jochen, 452
Jocher, 452
Jock, 452
Jordan, 140
Jiide, 305
Jung, 419
Jiingerich, 420
Jungher, 419
Junghoff, 496
Jungmann, 420
Jiinke, 419
Juppe, 485
Jiitte, 305
Kabe, 285
Kade, 525
Kahlert, 437
Kalb, 83
Kalfs, 83
Kalker, 307
Kalthoff, 496
Kaltwasser, 502
Kamler, 419
Kamm, 436
Kammer, 436
Kant, 74
Kanter, 74
Karl, 59
Karmann, 203
KartMn, 277
Kasch, 205
Kaske, 205
Kast, 296
Katt, 168
Kaumann, 337
Kaup, 248
Kaupert, 336
Keber, 286
Kehl, 436
Kehler, 437
Kehr, 202
Kebrer, 203
Kemp, 171
Kendel, 74
Kerhle, 202
Kern, 433
Kernmann, 433
Kerwin, 204
Kessler, 458
Kettler, 525
Kiehl, 322
Kiesel, 458
Kille, 458
Killin, 458
KHlmer, 458
Kinreich, 328
Kiss, 459
Kissling, 458
Klaber, 183
Klapp, 183
Klass, 392
Klencke, 199
KUng, 199
KHnk, 199
KHnkhardt, 199
Klocke, 352
Klockmann, 352
Klode, 377
Kloth, 377
Kloverkom, 467
Kluck, 352
Kluge, 352
Knabb, 422
Knapp, 422
Kniep, 201
Kocli, 446
Kocher, 446
Kochlin, 446
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
601
Kockert, 446
Kohl, 226
Kohlhardt, 226
Kohlmann, 226
Kohlig, 226
KoliHng, 226
Kohnert, 328
Kohnle, 327
Kohrssen, 409
KoU, 226
KoUer, 226
Kollmeyer, 226
Komm, 59
Kone, 327
Konemann, 328
Koner, 328
Konicke, 327
Konter, 164
Kopisch, 248
Kopp, 248
Korner, 433
Koss, 309
Kost, 360
Kott, 115
Kotting, 115
Krieger, 170
Kriegk, 170
Krimmer, 125
KroU, 405
Kron, 465
Kroner, 465
KruU, 405
Kruse, 404
Kubbe, 248
Kuckkuck, 105
Kude, 115
Ktihn, 327
Kiihnel, 327
Kuhnert, 328
Kuhnhardt, 328
Kiilinhold, 328
Kubnke, 327
Kumm, 59
Kunde, 163
Kiinemund, 328
Kuner, 328
Kiinicke, 327
Kiinsel, 163
Kunte, 163
Kunth, 163
Kuntke, 163
Kunz, 163
Kupfer, 476
Kupfernagel, 221
Kutter, 116
Lachman, 366
Lacher, 366
Laiber, 387
Lambert, 335
Lamberg, 335
Lamle, 86
Lamm, 86
Lanipe, 86
Land, 335
liandherr, 335
Landt, 335
Landwehr, 336
Landwig, 336
Lanfried, 335
Lanz, 335
Laue, 87
Lebin, 387
Leder, 195
Leding, 194
Leff, 387
Lege, 366
Lehn, 366
Leine, 274
Leiter, 195
Lende, 110
Lenhard, 87
Leonhard, 87
Lepert, 387
Leppoc, 265
Lepsius, 265
Lesse, 353
Lessing, 353
Lethe, 194
Lette, 194
Leuchs, 88
Leue, 87
Leuthold, 331
Leutiger. 331
Leuze, 331
Lewald, 87
Leyde, 194
Lieb, 265
Liebegott, 484
Liebel, 265
Lieber, 265
Liebert, 265
Liebetrut, 265
Liebich, 265
Liebig, 265
Liebmann, 265
Linck, 87
Linde, 110
Lindhof, 496
Linn, 174
Liphard, 265
Lippe, 265
Lippel. 265
Lippert, 265
List, 355
Listing, 355
Lochmann, 447
Lode, 377
Lohle, 284
Loth, 377
Lother, 377
Lott, 377
Lotter, 377
Lubbe, 265
Lubbecke, 265
Lude, 330
X 3
Liidecking, 330
Ludolf, 331
Ludtmann, 331
Ludwig, 331
Luth, 330
Luthardt, 331
Luther, 331
Luttkus, 331
Lutz, 331
Luz, 331
Machen, 410
Machold, 410
Mack, 410
Madchen, 341
Madel, 361
Mader, 342
Madicke, 341
Madler, 361
Madler, 361
Mager, 410
Mahl, 178
Mahr, 368
Maldt, 180
INIaUe, 178
Mandt, 434
Manecke, 58
Manfried, 58
Mangold, 58
INIanhardt, 58
Mann, 58
Mannchen, 58
Manneck, 58
Mannel, 58
Mannert, 58
Mannikin, 58
Manz, 434
March, 80
MiireU, 368
Mark, 80
Marker, 80
Markloff, 80
Markwardt, 80
Marr, 368
Martyrt, 258
Masch, 445
Maske, 445
Mass, 522
Massel, 522
Massen, 522
Massl, 522
Massman, 523
Mather, 342
Matticke, 341
Maurer, 402
Maywald, 410
Meeder, 342
Meer, 368
Meerbott, 369
Meerwein, 369
Mehne, 410
Mehrle, 368
Mehrwald, 369
602
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
Meiner, 410
Meinert, 410
Mende, 434
Mennel, 58
Blense, 434
Mentzel, 434
Menzel, 434
Meske, 445
Mess, 522
Messer, 522
Metke, 341
Mette, 341
Metto, 341
Meye, 410
Michelmann, 406
Mielecke, 179
Mielert, 180
Miercke, 368
Milch, 179
Milcke, 179
MUde, 283
Miller, 180
Mirich, 368
Mode, 237
Model, 237
Moder, 237
Mohl, 378
Mohr, 402
Mohrhard, 402
Mohrin, 402
Mohrle, 402
Mohrmann, 403
Monscliein, 139
Mordt, 258
Mordtmann, 259
Morgenrot, 139
Morgenstern, 139
Morhof, 496
Moring, 402
Mortz, 258
Mortzschke, 258
Most, 238
Moster, 238
Mosthal, 238
Moth, 237
Mozart, 237
Mucke, 406
Muckel, 406
Muckert, 406
Mudder, 293
Mudel, 237
Mugge, 406
Mund, 276
Munding, 276
Mundt, 276
Muntz, 276
Mushacke, 237
Mushard, 237
Miislein, 237
Muss, 237
Muth, 237
Muthrcich, 237
Mutter, 237
Mutterlein, 293
Miitz, 237
MiitzeU, 237
Nadelin, 256
NadeU, 256
Nadler, 256
Nagel, 220
Nagler, 220
Nahl, 220
Naning, 239
Nanne, 239
Nanny, 239
Nanz, 239
Nath, 275
Nebel, 151
Neidl, 256
Nendel, 239
Nenne, 239
Nessel, 256
Nesselrath, 256
Nessler, 256
Neue, 420
Neurath, 421
Neuwert, 421
Ney, 420
Nibel, 151
Nick, 126
Nied, 255
Nieder, 255
Niedhardt, 255
Niedling, 256
Niemann, 297, 421
Niepoth, 255
Niete, 255
Nippolt, 255
Nitze, 255
Nitzert, 255
Nizze, 255
Nonne, 439
Nord, 300
Nordmann, 301
Nordmeyer, 301
Normann, 301
North, 300
Notel, 240
Noth, 240
Notter, 240
Nuding, 240
Nutt, 240
Nutzer, 240
Oberlin, 76
Odebrecht, 381
Odemann, 382
Oeffele, 385
Oertling, 217
Oester, 302
Oettel, 334
Off, 385
Oken, 524
Orling, 340
Ort, 217
Ortel, 217
Orteln, 217
Orth, 217
OrtUeb, 218
Ost, 302
Ostermann, 303
Ostermeier, 303
Osterrath, 302
Ostertag, 303
Ostmann, 302
Oswald, 120
Ott, 381
Packe, 172
Padel, 166
Pahl, 192
Paldamus, 241
PaUas, 143, 521
Panse, 235
Pantke, 235
Pape, 291
Pappe, 291
Pass, 181
Patel, 166
Pathe, 166
Pathe, 166
Pattke, 166
Pauck, 378
Peck, 222
Pedel, 166
Peel, 219
Pelegaard, 269
Pelldram, 241
Penn, 176
Pennicke, 176
Pesel, 181
Pethke, 166
Petter, 166
Pfanner, 234
Pfau, 101
Pfefferkorn, 467
Pich, 177
Pick, 177
Pickel, 177
Pickhardt, 178
Piehl, 219
Pielert, 219
Pielke, 269
Piper, 91
Pippe, 414
Pippert, 414
Planck, 392
Plessing, 440
Ploger, 215
Plucker, 215
Plugge, 214
Pogge, 224
Poggel, 224
Pohler, 281
Pohlert, 281
Pohlmann, 281
Polgar, 281
Polte, 241
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
603
Polten, 242
Popel, 421
Popkeu, 422
Popp, 421
Pose, 408
Poth, 454
Pott, 454
Potthoflf, 496
Prechtel, 370
Preim, 371
Preiss, 186
Prutz, 447
Puche, 378
Pupke, 422
Puppe, 421
Putter, 455
Piittmann, 455
Quaritch, 278
QuUe, 123
Quilling, 123
Quin, 263
Eaben, 97
Rabener, 97
Rack, 362
Rack, 362
Rade, 347
Radel, 348
Radel, 348
Rader, 348
Rademann, 348
Radicke, 347
Radle£f, 348
Raffel, 187
Rahardt, 362
Rahn, 189
Raimund, 363
Ralfs, 363
Ralphs, 72
Rampf, 228
Rand, 228
Randolff, 228
Ranke, 230
Ranter, 228
Rath, 347
Rathen, 348
Ratter, 348
Ratti, 347
Ratting, 348
Ranch, 253
Raumer, 374
Reaumur, 374
Recknagel, 221
Redde, 347
Reden, 348
Reder, 348"
Redmann, 348
Redmer, 348
Reede, 347
Regel, 362
Regenbogen, 137
Regner, 350
Reibe, 187
Reiber, 188
Reich, 343
Reichardt, 343
Reichen, 343
Reichhelm, 343
Reichmann, 344
ReifiF, 187
Rein, 349
Reincke, 349
Reiner, 350
Reinhard, 349
Reinhart, 349
Reinhold, 350
Reiniger, 349
Reinmann, 350
Rencker, 230
Renter, 228
Henz, 349
Reyger, 363
Reyher, 363
Reyne, 349^
Reynold, 350
Rhode, 371
Richard, 343
Rick, 343
Rickert, 343
Rickher, 343
Rickman, 344
Ridder, 254
Rieck, 343
Riedl, 254
Riegel, 343
Riekelt, 344
Riemann, 344
Riemar, 344
Riffel, 188
Rinck, 230
Range, 230
Ringel, 230
Ringer, 230
Ringert, 230
Ringwald, 230
Ritt, 254
Ritter, 254
Robert, 372
Rocke, 253
Rodde, 371
Rodeck, 372
Rodel, 372
Rodemann, 373
Roder, 373
Rodewig, 373
Rodger, 372
Roding, 372
Rodnagel, 221
Rodwald, 373
Roger, 372
Rogge, 253
Rohloff, 253
Rohm, 373
Rohm, 373
Rolf, 72
RoUand, 373
Rom, 373
Romei", 374
Rommel, 374
Rosenblatt, 467
Rosenblut, 467
Rosengarten, 467
Rosenhagen, 467
Rosenkranz, 467
Rosenstengel, 467
Rosensteil, 467
Rosenstock, 467
Rosenweber, 467
Rosenzweig, 467
Rosnagel, 221
Rost, 448
Rostel, 448
Roth, 371
Rothardt, 372
Rothschnd, 227 (note)
Rott, 371
Riibe, 187
Riicke, 253
Riicker, 253
Ruckert, 253
Rudel, 372
Rudeloflf, 373
Ruder, 373
Rudolph, 373
Riidon, 372
Rudrich, 373
Ruhe, 253
Rummel, 374
Rundnagel, 221
RiippeU, 188
Rupprecht, 372
Rust, 448
Rusting, 448
Ruth, 371
Rutte, 371
Saarmann, 230
Sach, 171
Sachs, 200
Sacke, 171
Sager, 171
Sahl, 308
Sahm, 75
Salir, 230
Sallmann, 308
Saltzmann, 443
Salz, 45, 443
Sancke, 438
Sand, 430
Sanden, 431
Sander, 430
Sandhoff, 431, 496
Sandt, 430
Sann, 170
Santer, 430
Santz, 430
Saphir, 424
Sarrazin, 487
604
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
Sass, 451
Sause, 266
Savert, 424
Sax, 200
Scar, 223
Schaarschmidt, 462
Schade, 191
Schalk, 456
Schar, 223
Schai'f, 356
Scharpff, 356
Schat, 191
Scheer, 223
Schelck, 456
Scheurbrand, 223
Schick, 431
Schiermann, 223
Schildt, 227
SchiU, 360
Schnier, 361
Schilling, 360
Schinnagl, 221
Schlagenteufel, 488
Schlauch, 257
Schlech, 257
Schmedding, 462
Schmidlin, 462
Schmieder, 461
Schmiedecke, 462
Schmiedel, 462
Schnauber, 326
Schnebern, 326
SchneU, 245 •
Schon, 389
Schoner, 389
Schonwetter, 139
Schopf, 442
Schoppe, 442
Schuldt, 457
Schiirmann, 223
Schurr, 223
Schwabe, 304
Schwable, 304
Schwann, 99
Schwanecke, 99
Schweppe, 304
Schweidt, 198
Schwinge, 412
Sebert, 321
Sebode, 173
Sceburg, 322
Seemann, 322
Seewald, 322
Sehr, 230
Selke, 308
Selle, 308
Sello, 308
Semm, 75
Senke, 438
Seunc, 170
Senner, 170
Scnncrt, 170
Scppe, 261
Serre, 230
Seydel, 431
Seyer, 173
Seyfrid, 173
Seymer, 173
Sicher, 173
Sichert, 173
Sick, 172
Sickel, 172
Siebe, 261
Siebecke, 262
Siebert, 173
Siebold, 172
Sieg, 172
Siegfried, 173
Sieger, 173
Sieghardt, 173
Siegmann, 173
Siegmund, 173
Sieke, 172
Sieveking, 262
Sigel, 172
Sigg, 172
Sigle, 172
Sigien, 172
Silber, 479
Silberard, 479
Silbermann, 479
Simund, 173
Sint, 456
Sinz, 456
Sitte, 431
Sohl, 138
Sorg, 441
Spaeth, 200
Spanier, 445
Sparwasser, 502
Spat, 200
Speck, 207
Speckmann, 207
Speer, 206
Spiel, 434
Spieler, 434
Spielmann, 434
Spiess, 207
Spohn, 445
Sporing, 206
Si^rotte, 415
Stacke, 213
Stackemann, 213
Stade, 252
Stiihelin, 476
Stahl, 476
Stahlinann, 476
Stang, 214
Stark, 245
Stecker, 213
Steckcrt, 213
Steding, 252
Stedmann, 252
Stcgomann, 213
Steinecke, 479
Steiner, 480
Steinhart, 480
Steinhoff, 496
Steinmann, 480
Sterk, 245
Sterker, 245
Stichert, 213
Stich, 213
Stickel, 214
Stiebel, 469
Stiegler, 214
Stobwasser, 503
Stock, 213
Stockel, 214
Stockhardt, 213
Stockmann, 213
Stoff, 469
Strauss, 48, 190
Streit, 171
Streiter, 171
Stucke, 213
Stiiber, 469
Stiive, 469
Suckard, 267
Summer, 141
Sundelin, 301 (note)
Sundrehoff, 496
Siindrehoff, 302
Suppe, 304
Susman, 267
Siiss, 266
Sybel, 262
Tabold, 391
Tack, 390
Tade, 291
Taddel, 291
Tag, 390
Tagel, 390
Tiiger, 391
Tagmann, 391
Tanne, 311
Taube, 103
Teichhof, 496
Tegen, 338
Tell, 375
Temm, 364
Tessmann, 385
Teufel, 488
Teufelskind, 488
Teufelskopf, 488
Thai, 375
Thaler, 375
Thalhammer, 376
Tlialmann, 376
Thalmeier, 376
Thamm, 364
Thein, 338 "
Thciner, 339
Tlicinert, 339
Tlieobald, 332
Theuor, 268
Thie, 457
Thiedt, 332
INDEX i)F GERMAN NAMES.
605
Thiemke, 365
Thier, 2G8
Thics, 351
Thiinm, 364
Thonia, 363
Thurnagel, 221
Tieck, 406
Tiede, 332
Tiedemann, 333
Tiedt, 332
Tieler, 375
TiU, 189
Tillmaun, 190
Tilo, 189
Timm, 364
Tischer, 229
Titel, 332
Tock, 427
Tode, 273
Todt, 273
Todtmann, 273
Tonne, 129
Tott, 273
Trappe, 196
Traswalt, 242
Traub, 441
Traum, 243
Ti-autman, 271
Treyer, 413
Troche, 195
Troder, 271
Triibe, 441
Triiger, 196
Trummei', 243
Tsjisse, 459
Tuch, 427
Tucher, 427
Tiimmel, 364
Turhold, 208
Tiirk, 487
Tiitel, 332
Uhle, 105
Ubr, 83
Uhthoflf, 496
Ulbricht, 105
UUnaann, 106
Vater, 293
Vetter, 293
Vetterlein, 293
Violet, 468
Vogel, 93
Volhardt, 334
Volk, 333
Viilker, 334
Volkmann, 334
Wach, 362
Wacker, 362
Wackemagel, 221
Wadt, 412
Wage, 522
Wager, 523
Wahl, 298
Wahler, 298
Walilort, 298
Wahliuan, 298
Wahhnar, 298
Wahren, 305
Walcker, 298
Wald, 344
Waldniann, 345
Waldschniidt, 462
Widke, 298
WaU, 298
WaUer, 298
WaUick, 298
Walther, 345
Wande, 316
Wandel, 317
Wandt, 316
Wandtke, 316
Wannick, 394
Warbui-g, 278
WarUck, 278
Wamecke, 305
Warner, 305
Wart, 277
Warth, 277
Waiiiman, 277
Wass, 244
WasserfaU, 502
AVassmann, 244
Wedding, 494
WedeU, 413
Wedlich, 494
Weede, 493
Wege, 523
Wegel, 165
Wegelein, 165
Weger, 523
Wegerich, 165
Wehde, 412
Wehling, 383
Wehr, 278
Wehrlen, 278
Webrmann, 278
Weidel, 493
Weiger, 165
Weih, 164
Weiher, 165
Weilert, 383
WeiUer, 383
Wein, 263
Wyinberg, 264
Weinen, 264
Weinger, 264
Weinhardt, 264
Weinbold, 264
Weinkopf, 264
Weinmann, 264
Weise, 351
Weiswald, 351
Weitmann, 494
Welde, 344
Welden, 345
Welf, 88
Wellmann, 383
Welte, 344
Welten, 345
Wend, 316
Wendel, 317
Wendeler, 317
WendUng, 317
Weniger, 394
Wening, 394
Went, 316
Werck, 73
Werker, 74
Weme, 305
Werner, 305
Wernert, 305
Wessel, 244
Westermann, 303
Westphal, 303
Weygold, 165
Weyland, 383
Weymann, 623
Wibel, 63
Wibking, 63
Wich, 164
Wichman, 165
Wick, 164
Wickardt, 165
Widmann, 494
Widmer, 494
Wiebe, 62
Wiegel, 165
Wiehl, 383
Wieland, 383
Wiemann, 165
Wiemer, 165
Wiesel, 351
Wiethorn, 494
Wieting, 494
Wiggele, 165
Wiggert, 165
Wnd, 447
Wndt, 447
WilbeLm, 124
Wilke, 123
WiUberg, 123
WiUcomm, 297
WiUe, 123
WiUer, 124
WiUert, 124
Willet, 124
WiUicb, 123
WiUiez, 123
AYilUng, 123
Willisch, 123
Wi]lkomm, 123
WiUmann, 124
Wilmar, 124
Wilz, 123
Winck, 412
Wind, 316
Winder, 316
606
■VVinecke, 263
"Winlieer, 264
Winke, 263
Winne, 263
Winning, 263
Winter, 316
Wippel, 63
Wissman, 351
With, 493
Witte, 493
Witten, 493
Witter, 494
INDEX OF GERMAN NAMES.
Witthaus, 494
Wittich, 493
Wittling, 493
Wittrich, 495
Wohl, 383
Wolf, 71
Wolfer, 72
WoU, 383
WoUmer, 384
Worle, 325
Wulfert, 71
Wunsch, 121
Wunscher, 122
Wurm, 108
Zaiser, 272
Zeiz, 272
Ziehle, 433
Zillmann, 433
Zuck, 267
Zucker, 268
Zuckert, 267
i
FRENCH NAMES
Occurring in Notes, and omitted in their proper 'places.
Anquetil, 128
Chanteclaire, 74
Chantoiseau, 74
Cloez, 391
Closier, 391
Closse, 391
Dietsch, 229
Drumond, 243
Frasier, 313
Frezier, 313
^. ;^. .^-\j.
CARLISLE :
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